The Egyptian transition, 2011-13: How strategic to Europe?

Middle East Policy

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 154-165

  Isaac, Sally Khalifa ^a  

^a CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896897933     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: 14754967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12065     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Cf. for instance Nathalie Tocci and Jean-Pierre Cassarino (2011), "Rethinking the EU's Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11," IAI Working Papers 11/06, Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali
2. Volker Perthes, "Europe and the Arab Spring," Survival, 53, no. 6 (2011): 73-84
3. Susi Dennison, "The EU and North Africa after the Revolutions: A New Start or 'Plus ca change'?" Mediterranean Politics 18, no. 1, (2013): 123-128
4. Jakob Horst et. al. Euro-Mediterranean Relations after the Arab Spring: Persistence in Times of Change (England: Ashgate, 2013
5. European Commission, "Delivering on a New European Neighborhood Policy: Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions," Brussels: JOIN (May 15, 2012
6. Antonello Cabras, "The Implications of the Youth Bulge in Middle East and North African Populations," NATO Parliamentary Assembly, p. 2http://www.nato-pa. int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2342
7. Statistics differ significantly depending on if the source is an Egyptian institution or a European Union member state. For further information
8. Philippe Fargues and Christine Fandrich, "Migration after the Arab Spring," Migration Policy Center & EUI: RSCAS, 2012, accessed May 20, 2013http://www.migrationpolicycentre. eu/docs/MPC%202012%20EN%2009.pdf
9. Giles Merritt "Maritime Security in the Mediterranean: Challenges and Policy Responses," Security and Defense Agenda, 2011, accessed July 10, 2013http://www.securitydefenceagenda.org/Portals/14/ Documents/Publications/2011/Maritime_Discussion_Paper_FINAL.pdf
10. Andrew Rettman, "EU Fears Economic Migrants from Egypt," EU Observer, October 11, 2013www.euobserver.com/foreign/121757
11. CIA World Factbook, accessed May 16, 2013https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ rankorder/2179rank.html
12. Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Egypt," July 18, 2013, accessed May 16, 2013http://www.eia.gov/cabs/Egypt/Full.html
13. "Berlusconi Calls Mubarak Wise Man, Urges Continuity," Reuters, February 4, 2011, accessed July 10, 2013http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/04/egypt-italy-berlusconi-idAFLDE7131GX20110204
14. "Obama Says Egypt's Transition Must Begin Now," CNN, February 2, 2011, accessed July 10, 2013http:// edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/02/01/us.egypt.obama/index.html
15. Sally Khalifa Isaac, "Rethinking the New ENP: A Vision for an Enhanced European Role in the Arab Revolutions," Democracy and Security 9, no. 1 (2013): 40-60
16. European Commission, "Joint Staff Working Document: Implementation of the European Neighborhood Policy in Egypt: Progress in 2011 and Recommendations for Action," May 15, 2012, and "Joint Staff Working Document: Implementation of the European Neighborhood in Egypt: Progress in 2012 and Recommendations for Action," March 20, 2013
17. European Commission, "EU's Response to the Arab Spring: The State-of-Play after Two Years," February 8, 2013
18. Katharina Peters and Severin Weiland, "Sanctions Debate: EU Scrambles to Address Egyptian Violence," Der Spiegel, August 21, 2013, accessed on November 26, 2013http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/ violence-in-egypt-eu-foreign-ministers-meet-to-debate-sanctions-a-917741.html
19. Ian Black, "Egypt Condemns European Union Threats to Halt Aid As Death Toll Rises," Guardian, August 19, 2013, accessed November 26, 2013http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/egypt-eu-aid-deathtoll
20. Calculated from "The Military Balance," SIPRI, March 2013, 556
21. Cf. Official Journal of the European Union, "Fourteenth Annual Report according to Article 8(2) of Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP Defining Common Rules Governing Control of Exports of Military Technology and Equipment," December 14, 2012, accessed November 25, 2013http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2012:386:0001:0431:EN:PDF
22. In 2011, France led the way with €26.5 million of electronic components, €25 million of arms-production equipment, €23 million of military aircraft and €21 million of bombs, rockets and missiles. Spain authorized the sale of €78.5 million of military aircraft. Germany gave permits for €57.3 million of military ground vehicles, €9 million of electronic equipment and €6 million of naval vessels. Other notable exporters were Bulgaria (€12.7mn of mostly missiles, ammunition and military armor), Italy (€11mn of mostly ammunition), the Czech Republic (€6.6mn of mostly ammunition) and Slovakia (€3mn of ground vehicles). Belgium, Poland and the UK also sold around €2 million each of arms. Cf. Andrew Rettman, "EU Reconsiders Arms Sales, Financial Aid to Egypt," EU Observer, August 19, 2013, accessed November 25, 2013http://euobserver.com/ foreign/121149
23. Sally Khalifa Isaac, "Mehr Demokratie wagen in Ägypten? Von der Änderung der Verfassung profitieren alte Kräfte und die Islamisten," Internationale Politik (German Council on Foreign Relations, April 1, 2011
24. Marc Lynch, "Did We Get the Muslim Brotherhood Wrong?" Foreign Policy, 10 April 2013, accessed July 10, 2013http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/10/did_we_get_the_muslim_brotherhood_wrong
25. Khalifa Isaac, "Egypt's Transition: How Is It under Brotherhood Rule?" Milan: Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale, ISPI Analysis, 1382012
26. Amnesty International, "Egypt's New Constitution Limits Fundamental Freedoms and Ignores the Rights of Women," November 30, 2012, accessed July 10, 2013http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/egypt-s-new-constitution- limits-fundamental-freedoms-and-ignores-rights-women-2012-11-30
27. Bahgat Mohamed Khalil, Sabah-On, ON-TV, Cairo, May 22, 2013
28. "In Search of 'True' Islam: Salafists Abandon Germany for Egypt," Der Spiegel, August 13, 2012, accessed May 20, 2013http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-islamists-travel-to-egypt-a-849802.html
29. Jeremy M. Sharp, "The Egypt-Gaza Border and Its Effects on Israeli-Egyptian Relations," CRS Report for Congress, February 1, 2008, 4
30. International Security Information Service-Europe, "EUBAM Libya: Story of a Long Awaited CSDP Mission," European Security Review, ESR 66, May 2013, accessed July 10, 2013http://isis-europe.eu/sites/ default/files/publications-downloads/esr66_EUBAMLibya_May2013MHLA_1.pdf
31. Delegation of the European Union to Egypt, accessed July 10, 2013http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ egypt/eu_egypt/trade_relation/investment/index_en.htm
32. European Commission, "Countries and Regions: Egypt," accessed July 10, 2013http://ec.europa.eu/trade/ policy/countries-and-regions/countries/egypt/
33. In 2010, ODA to Egypt by donor is estimated at (in millions of USD): 256.291 from EU institutions, 455.751 from Germany, 242.059 from France, 29.359 from Spain, 16.745 from the UK, 14.921 from Denmark, 9.109 from Greece, 6.18 from Austria, 5.674 from Italy, 4.69 from Switzerland, 3.612 from Finland, 2.403 from the Netherlands, 1.777 from Sweden, 0.708 from Belgium, 0.692 from Norway, 0.114 from Ireland, and 0.09 from Luxemburg. These figures are higher than ODA delivered to Egypt in the same year by the USA (342.365), Japan (489.289), and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AFESD (316.23).
34. European Commission, "A New and Ambitious European Neighborhood Policy," May 25, 2011
35. "EU 6.5 billion grant dependent on Egypt IMF loan: Van Rompuy," Ahram Online, January 18, 2013, accessed May 19, 2013http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/62776/Business/Economy/EU--billiongrant- dependent-on-Egypt-IMF-loan-Van-aspx