Real-time demand response through aggregate electric water heaters for load shifting and balancing wind generation

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 769-778

  Pourmousavi, S Ali ^a   Patrick, Stasha N ^b   Nehrir, M Hashem ^a  

^a Montana State University   (United States)

^b Rocky Mountain Power   (United States)

Author keywords

Aggregate electric water heaters (EWHs); balancing reserve; demand response; load shifting; smart grid; time of use (ToU) pricing; wind generation

Indexed keywords

BALANCING RESERVES; DEMAND RESPONSE; ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS; LOAD SHIFTING; SMART GRID; TIME-OF-USE PRICING; WIND GENERATION;

ECONOMICS; WATER HEATERS;

AGGREGATES;

EID: 84896826870     PISSN: 19493053     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2290084     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. U.S. Department of Energy, "Smart grid," Sep. 28, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid
2. H. Holttinen et al., "Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power," VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, Rep. 2493, 2009.
3. R. Doherty and M. O'Malley, "A new approach to quantify reserve demand in systems with significant installed wind capacity," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 587-595, May 2005. (Pubitemid 40699684)
4. P. Denholm, E. Ela, B. Kirby, and M. Milligan, "The role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-6A2-47187, Jan. 2010.
5. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Residential energy consumption survey," Sep. 28, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/electronics.cfm
6. M. H. Nehrir, B. J. LaMeres, and V. Gerez, "A customer-interactive electric water heater demand-side management strategy using fuzzy logic," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meet., New York, 1999, pp. 433-436.
7. M. H. Nehrir, R. Jia, D. A. Pierre, and D. J. Hammerstrom, "Power management of aggregate electric water heater loads by voltage control," in Proc., IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meet., Tampa, FL, USA, 2007, pp. 492-497.
8. N. Lu and S. Katipamula, "Control strategies of thermostatically controlled appliances in a competitive electricity market," in Proc., IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meet., San Francisco, CA, USA, 2005, pp. 202-207. (Pubitemid 41496921)
9. N. Lu and T. Nguyen, "Grid FriendlyTM appliances-Load-side solution for congestion management," in Proc., 2005/2006 IEEE PES Transm. Distrib. Conf. Exhib., Dallas, TX, USA, 2006, pp. 1269-1273. (Pubitemid 46894519)
10. D. S. Callaway, "Tapping the energy storage potential in electric loads to deliver load following and regulation, with application to wind energy," Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1389-1400, 2009.
11. S. Parkinson, D. Wang, C. Crawford, and N. Djilali, "Comfort- constrained distributed heat pump management," in Proc. IEEE Intersoc. Electr. Electron. Eng. (ICSGCE 2011), Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2011.
12. D. Wang, S. Parkinson, W. Miao, H. Jia, C. Crawford, and N. Djilali, "Online voltage security assessment considering comfort-constrained demand response control of distributed heat pump systems," Appl. Energy, 2012.
13. N. Lu, D. J. Hammerstrom, and S. N. Patrick, "Grid friendly device model development and simulation," Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, Rep. 18998, 2009.
14. J. A. Short et al., "Stabilization of grid frequency through dynamic demand control," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1284-1293, Aug. 2007. (Pubitemid 47278388)
15. J. Kondoh, N. Lu, and D. J. Hammerstrom, "An evaluation of the water heater load potential for providing regulation service," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1309-1316, Aug. 2011.
16. N. Lu, "An evaluation of the HVAC load potential for providing load balancing service," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1263-1270, Sep. 2012.
17. N. Lu and Y. Zhang, "Design considerations of a centralized load controller using thermostatically controlled appliances for continuous regulation reserves," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 914-921, Jun. 2013.
18. D. Shively et al., "Energy storage methods for renewable energy integration and grid support," in Proc., IEEE Energy 2030 Conf., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2008, pp. 1-6.
19. Bonneville Power Administration, "Wind generation and total load in the BPA balancing authority" [Online]. Available: http://transmission. bpa.gov/Business/Operations/Wind/
20. P. S. Dolan and M. H. Nehrir, "Development of a residential electric water heater model using energy flow analysis," in Proc. 24th North Amer. Power Symp., Reno, NV, USA, Oct. 1992, pp. 272-277.
21. "Descriptions of electric energy use in single family residences in the Pacific Northwest, 1986-1992," Office of Energy Resources Bonneville Power Administration. Portland, OR, USA, Dec. 1992.
22. S. N. Patrick, "Control of aggregate EWHs for load shifting and balancing intermittent renewable energy generation in a smart grid environment," M.S thesis, Electrical Engineering, Montana State University-Bozeman, 2011.
23. M. L. Katcher, "Scald burns from hot tap water," J. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 246, no. 11, pp. 1219-1292, Sep. 1981.
24. A. Brooks, E. Lu, D. Reicher, C. Spirakis, and B. Weihl, "Demand dispatch: Using real-time control of demand to help balance generation and load," IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 20-29, May/Jun. 2010.
25. Pacific Power, Comparing Your Power Options, May 31, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www.pacificpower.net/content/dam/pacific-power/doc/Your- Account/Pay-Your-Bill/Highlights-August- 10/2190-37-PP-LabelInsert-Residential- OR.pdf
26. Pacific Power, Oregon On-Peak&Off-Peak Hours, May 31, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www.pacificpower.net/ya/po/otou/ooh.html