The renewable energy directive and cereal residues

Applied Energy

Volumn 122, Issue , 2014, Pages 207-215

  Whittaker, Carly ^a   Borrion, Aiduan Li ^a,b   Newnes, Linda ^a   McManus, Marcelle ^a,b  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^b University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cereal straw; Greenhouse gas emissions; Renewable energy directive; Second generation biofuels; Straw removal

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOETHANOL; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; ETHANOL; FOSSIL FUELS; LIFE CYCLE; SOILS;

AGRICULTURAL LAND; CEREAL STRAWS; GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG); LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); RENEWABLE ENERGIES; RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE (RED); SECOND GENERATION; SOIL ORGANIC CARBON;

GREENHOUSE GASES;

BIOFUEL; BIOMASS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CEREAL; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; GREENHOUSE GAS; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; RENEWABLE RESOURCE; SOIL QUALITY;

EID: 84896799065     PISSN: 03062619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.091     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Hammond G.P., Kallu S., McManus M.C. Development of biofuels for the UK automotive market. Applied Energy 2008, 85(6):506-515.
2. EC, DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, European Commission, Belgium, 2009/28/EC, April 2009.
3. DECC, UK Renewable energy roadmap, Department of Energy and Climate Change, London, UK, July 2011.
4. EEA, Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012 - Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets: United Kingdom Greenhouse gas profile, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, EEA Report No 6/2012, 2012.
5. DTI, Meeting the energy challenge: A white paper on energy, Department of Trade and Industry, London, UK, 2007.
6. Royal Society, Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges, The Royal Society, UK, Policy Document 01/08, January 2008.
7. Sanchez S.T., Woods J., Akhurst M., Brander M., O'Hare M., Dawson T.P., et al. Accounting for indirect land-use change in the life cycle assessment of biofuel supply Chains. J. R. Soc. Interface 2012, 9(71):1105-1119.
8. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Biofuels: Ethical Issues, London, UK, ISBN 978-1-904384-22-9, April 2011.
9. Brander M, Tipper R, Hutchison C, Davis G. Consequential and Attributional Approaches to LCA: a Guide to Policy Makers with Specific Reference to Greenhouse Gas LCA of Biofuels, Ecometrica, UK, Techical Paper TP-090403-A, April 2009.
10. Ekman A., Wallberg O., Joelsson E., Börjesson P. Possibilities for sustainable biorefineries based on agricultural residues - a case study of potential straw-based ethanol production in Sweden. Appl Energy 2013, 102:299-308.
11. Leal M.R.L.V., Horta Nogueira L.A., Cortez L.A.B Land demand for ethanol production. Appl Energy 2013, 102:266-271.
12. ICCT, Proposed amendments to EU Fuel Quality and Renewable Energy Directives, The International Council on Clean Transportation, Policy Update, November 2012.
13. Kindred DR, Mortimer N, Sylvester-Bradley R, Brown G, Woods J. Understanding and managing uncertainties to improve biofuel GHG emissions calculations, Home Grown Cereals Authority, London, UK, Project Report No. 435 Part 2, 2008.
14. Whittaker C, McManus MC, Hammond GP. The renewable energy directive and cereal residues. In: presented at the 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Milan, Italy, vol. 5DO.1.2, 2012. p. 2049-57.
15. Louwagie G, Hubertus Gay S, Burrel A. Addressing soil degradation in EU agriculture: relevant processes, practices and policies, JRC, Seville, Spain, JRC Scientific and Technical Report EUR 23767 EN - 2009, 2009.
16. Lal R. Crop residues as soil amendments and feedstock for bioethanol production. Waste Manage 2008, 28(4):747-758.
17. Mondini C., Sequi P. Implication of soil C sequestration on sustainable agriculture and environment. Waste Manage 2008, 28(4):678-684.
18. Lal R. World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel. Environ Int 2005, 31(4):575-584.
19. Garrigues E., Corson M.S., Angers D.A., van der Werf H.M.G., Walter C. Soil quality in life cycle assessment: towards development of an indicator. Ecol Indic 2012, 18:434-442.
20. Cherubini F. GHG balances of bioenergy systems - overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns. Renew Energy 2010, 35(7):1565-1573.
21. Gabrielle B., Gagnaire N. Life-cycle assessment of straw use in bio-ethanol production: A case study based on biophysical modelling. Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 32(5):431-441.
22. Brandão M., Milà i Canals L., Clift R. Soil organic carbon changes in the cultivation of energy crops: implications for GHG balances and soil quality for use in LCA. Biomass Bioenergy 2011, 35(6):2323-2336.
23. Powlson D.S., Riche A.B., Coleman K., Glendining M.J., Whitmore A.P. Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: limitations and alternatives. Waste Manage 2008, 28(4):741-746.
24. Kochsiek A.E., Knops J.M.H. Maize cellulosic biofuels: soil carbon loss can be a hidden cost of residue removal. GCB Bioenergy 2012, 4(2):229-233.
25. Cherubini F., Ulgiati S. Crop residues as raw materials for biorefinery systems - A LCA case study. Applied Energy 2010, 87(1):47-57.
26. Punter G, Rickeard D, Larive JF, Edwards R, Mortimer N, Horne R, Bauen A, Woods J. Well-to-wheel evaluation for production of ethanol from wheat. A report by the LowCVP fuels working group, WTW sub-group, FWG-P-04-024, October 2004.
27. De Klein CAM, Novoa RSA, Ogle S, Smith KA, Rochette P, Wirth TC, McConkey BG, Mosier A, Rypdal K. N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application. In: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. vol. 4, The Netherlands: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; 2006. [Chapter 11].
28. Borrion A.L., McManus M.C., Hammond G.P. Environmental life cycle assessment of bioethanol production from wheat straw. Biomass and Bioenergy 2012, 4:9-19.
29. Webbs J, O'Brien S, Vad K, Cardenas L, Misselbrook TH, Berry P, Garstang J. Regional emissions from biofuels cultivation. AEA Technology, Didcot, Oxford, UK, ED56610 Final Report - Issue Number 1, December 2010.
30. Nix J. The john nix farm management pocketbook 2011, The Anderson Centre, UK. 41st ed.
31. Aden A, Ruth M, Ibsen K, Jechura J, Neeves K, Sheehan J, Wallace B, Montague L, Slayton A, Lukas J. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Current and Futuristic Scenarios. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, Technical, Report NREL/TP-510-32438, 2002.
32. Wooley R, Ruth M, Sheehan J, Ibsen K, Majdeski H, Galvez A, Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis current and futuristic scenarios. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, Technical, Report NREL/TP-580-26157, July 1999.
33. Wang M., Han J., Dunn J.B., Cai H., Elgowainy A. Well-to-wheels energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol from corn, sugarcane and cellulosic biomass for US use. Environ Res Lett 2012, 7(4):045905.
34. Tomás-Pejó E., Negro M.J., Sáez F., Ballesteros M. Effect of nutrient addition on preinoculum growth of S. cerevisiae for application in SSF processes. Biomass Bioenergy 2012, 45:168-174.
35. Slade R., Bauen A., Shah N. The greenhouse gas emissions performance of cellulosic ethanol supply chains in Europe. Biotechnol Biofuels 2009, 2(1):15.
36. Hamelinck C.N., van Hooijdonk G., Faaij A.P. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle- and long-term. Biomass Bioenergy 2005, 28(4):384-410.
37. Bird ND, Cowie A, Cherubini F, Jungmeier G. Using a life cycle assessment approach to estimate the net greenhouse gas emissions of bioenergy. IEA Bioenergy, IEA Bioenergy: ExCo:2011:03, 2011.
38. EcoInvent, EcoInvent Database. Dubendorf, Switzerland: EcoInvent, 2007.
39. Thomas M. The British survey of fertilizer practice: fertilizer use on farm crops for crop year 2010 2011, Economics and Statistics Programme, Defra, York, UK.
40. Hillier J. Cool farm tool 2012, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
41. Guo M., Murphy R.J. LCA data quality: sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Sci Total Environ 2012, 435-436:230-243.
42. Borrion A.L., McManus M.C., Hammond G.P. Environmental life cycle assessment of lignocellulosic conversion to ethanol: a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2012, 16(7):4638-4650.
43. St Clair S., Hillier J., Smith P. Estimating the pre-harvest greenhouse gas costs of energy crop production. Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 32(5):442-452.
44. Hillier J., Whittaker C., Dailey G., Aylott M., Casella E., Richter G.M., et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from four bioenergy crops in England and Wales: integrating spatial estimates of yield and soil carbon balance in life cycle analyses. GCB Bioenergy 2009, 1(4):267-281.
45. Smith W.N., Grant B.B., Campbell C.A., McConkey B.G., Desjardins R.L., Kröbel R., et al. Crop residue removal effects on soil carbon: measured and inter-model comparisons. Agric, Ecosyst Environ Oct. 2012, 161:27-38.
46. Reijnders L. Ethanol production from crop residues and soil organic carbon. Resour, Conserv Recycl Feb. 2008, 52(4):653-658.
47. Liu C., Wang K., Meng S., Zheng X., Zhou Z., Han S., et al. Effects of irrigation, fertilization and crop straw management on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a wheat-maize rotation field in northern China. Agric, Ecosyst Environ 2011, 140(1-2):226-233.
48. Limon-Ortega A., Govaerts B., Sayre K.D. Straw management, crop rotation, and nitrogen source effect on wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Eur J Agron Jul. 2008, 29(1):21-28.
49. CORN, nutrient removal of wheat straw by baling - agronomic crops network. [Accessed: 04-Marge-2011]. http://corn.osu.edu/newsletters/2010/2010-19/nutrient-removal-of-wheat-straw-by-baling.
50. NRCS, Plant Nutrient Content Database | NRCS. [Accessed: 04-Marge-2011]. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/nutrient/tbb1.html.
51. Withers P.J.A. Removal of phosphorus and potassium from the soil in wheat and barley straw. J Agric Sci 1991, 117:221-224.
52. Whittaker C., McManus M.C., Hammond G.P. Greenhouse gas reporting for biofuels: a comparison between the RED, RTFO and PAS2050 methodologies. Energy Policy Oct. 2011, 39(10):5950-5960.
53. Ahlgren S., Röös E., Di Lucia L., Sundberg C., Hansson P.-A. EU sustainability criteria for biofuels: uncertainties in GHG emissions from cultivation. Biofuels 2012, 3(4):399-411.
54. Malhi S.S., Lemke R., Wang Z.H., Chhabra B.S. Tillage, nitrogen and crop residue effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. Soil Tillage Res 2006, 90(1-2):171-183.
55. Malhi S.S., Lemke R. Tillage, crop residue and N fertilizer effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality and nitrous oxide gas emissions in a second 4-yr rotation cycle. Soil Tillage Res 2007, 96(1-2):269-283.
56. Glithero N.J., Ramsden S.J., Wilson P. Farm systems assessment of bioenergy feedstock production: integrating bio-economic models and life cycle analysis approaches. Agric Syst Jun. 2012, 109:53-64.
57. Bhogal A, Chambers BJ, Whitmore AP, Powlson DS. The effects of reduced tillage practices and organic material additions on the carbon content of arable soils. ADAS and Rothamsted Research, Nottingham, UK, and Harpenden, UK, Scientific Report for Defra Project SP0561, 2007.
58. Bickel K, Richards G, Kohl M, Leonardo LVR, Stahl G. Consistent representation of lands, in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006.
59. Coleman K., Jenkinson D.S. A model for the turnover of carbon in the soil: model description and windows users guide 2008, Rothamstead Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire.
60. Petersen B.M., Olesen J.E., Heidmann T. A flexible tool for simulation of soil carbon turnover. Ecol Modell 2002, 151(1):1-14.
61. MAFF, The Crop Residues (Burning) Regulations 1993, 1993. [Accessed: 07-November-2012]. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/1366/contents/made.
62. Agro Business Consultants Ltd., The Agricultural Budgeting & Costing Book, 72nd ed. Leicestershire, UK: 2011.
63. PDA, Nutrients in crop material - Phosphate and Potash Removal by Crops.http://www.pda.org.uk/others/pandprbyc.html. [Accessed: 04-Marge-2011].
64. Whitbread A., Blair G., Konboon Y., Lefroy R., Naklang K. Managing crop residues, fertilizers and leaf litters to improve soil C, nutrient balances, and the grain yield of rice and wheat cropping systems in Thailand and Australia. Agric, Ecosyst Environ 2003, 100(2-3):251-263.
65. Heyne S., Harvey S. Assessment of the energy and economic performance of second generation biofuel production processes using energy market scenarios. Appl Energy 2013, 101:203-212.
66. HGCA, Assessing the nutrient content of cereal straw, Home Grown Cereals Authority. London, UK: Information Sheet 05, 2009.
67. Morris N.L., Miller P.C.H., Orson J.H., Froud-Williams R.J. The effect of wheat straw residue on the emergence and early growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Eur J Agron 2009, 30(3):151-162.
68. King J.A., Bradley R.I., Harrison R. Current trends of soil organic carbon in English arable soils. Soil Use Manage 2005, 21(2):189-195.
69. Edwards R, Mulligan D, Marelli L. Indirect land use change from increased biofuels demand. JRC, Ispra, Italy, JRC Scientific and Technical Report EUR 24485 EN - 2010, 2010.