"East Asian Paradox": Challenge for the current antiplatelet strategy of "one-guideline-fits-all races" in acute coronary syndrome

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2014, Pages

  Jeong, Young Hoon ^a  

^a Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Antiplatelet strategy; East asian paradox; Race; Thrombogenicity; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CLOPIDOGREL; PRASUGREL; RIVAROXABAN; TICAGRELOR; TICLOPIDINE; WARFARIN; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PURINERGIC P2Y12 RECEPTOR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTICLE; ASIAN; BLEEDING; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CAUCASIAN; CHINESE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; HEART INFARCTION; HISPANIC; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; JAPANESE (PEOPLE); LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PLATELET REACTIVITY; STENT THROMBOSIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG EFFECTS; ETHNOLOGY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAR EAST; FEMALE; MALE; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BLOOD PLATELETS; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FAR EAST; FEMALE; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HUMANS; MALE; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PLATELET AGGREGATION; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P2Y12; TICLOPIDINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WARFARIN;

EID: 84896551095     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: 15343170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-014-0485-4     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/ SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2550-83.
2. • Tantry US, Bonello L, Aradi D, et al. Consensus and update on the definition of on-treatment platelet reactivity to ADP associated with ischemia and bleeding. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:2261-73. Good review for the recent evidence of "therapeutic level of platelet reactivity" during P2Y12 receptor inhibitors.
3. Ahn SG, Lee SH, Yoon JH, et al. Different prognostic significance of high on-treatment platelet reactivity as assessed by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay after coronary stenting in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:259-67.
4. Park DW, Ahn JM, Song HG, et al. Differential prognostic impact of high on-treatment platelet reactivity among patients with acute coronary syndromes vs stable coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2013;165:34-42.e1.
5. Shen AY, Yao JF, Brar SS, Jorgensen MB, Chen W. Racial/ethnic differences in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage among patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:309-15. (Pubitemid 47061504)
6. Ma C. Current antithrombotic treatment in East Asia: some perspectives on anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:1014-8.
7. Ogawa S, Aizawa Y, Atarashi H, Inoue H, Okumura K, Kamakura S. Guidelines for pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation. Circ J. 2008;72(Suppl IV):1639-58.
8. Yamaguchi T. Optimal intensity of warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Japanese Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation-Embolism Secondary Prevention Cooperative Study Group. Stroke. 2000;31:817-21. (Pubitemid 30198421)
9. • Scott SA, Sangkuhl K, Stein CM, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2013 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94: 317-23. Good review for updated pharmacogenetic information of clopidogrel treatment.
10. Jeong YH, Abadilla KA, Tantry US, et al. Influence of CYP2C19*2 and*3 loss-of-function alleles on the pharmacodynamic effects of standard- and high-dose clopidogrel in East Asians undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the results of the ACCEL-DOUBLE-2 N3 study. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:1194-7.
11. Kim IS, Jeong YH, Tantry US, et al. Relation between the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay and light transmittance aggregometry in East Asian patients after high-dose clopidogrel loading. Am Heart J. 2013;166: 95-103.
12. Jeong YH. Accelerated inhibition on platelet aggregation, inflammation andmyonecrosis by adjunctive cilostazol loading in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the results of the ACCEL-LOADING-ACS multicenter randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:E455.
13. Zhang HZ, Kim MH, Jeong YH. Predictive values of post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by different platelet function tests on ischemic events in East Asian patients treated with PCI. Platelets. 2013. [Epub ahead of print].
14. Ko YG, Suh JW, Kim BH, et al. Comparison of 2 point-of-care platelet function tests, VerifyNow Assay and Multiple Electrode Platelet Aggregometry, for predicting early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2011;161:383-90.
15. Suh JW, Lee SP, Park KW, et al. Multicenter randomized trial evaluating the efficacy of cilostazol on ischemic vascular complications after drug-eluting stent implantation for coronary heart disease: results of the CILON-T (influence of CILostazol-based triple antiplatelet therapy ON ischemic complication after drug-eluting stenT implantation) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57: 280-9.
16. Park KW, Jeon KH, Kang SH, et al. Clinical outcomes of high on-treatment platelet reactivity in Koreans receiving elective percutaneous coronary intervention (from results of the CROSS VERIFY study). Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1556-63.
17. Jin HY, Yang TH, Kim DI, et al. High post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by a point-of-care assay predicts long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary coronary stenting. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:1877-81.
18. Goto S, Toda E. Antiplatelet therapy after coronary intervention in Asia and Japan: the Asian perspective of antiplatelet intervention. Hamostaseologie. 2009;29:321-5.
19. • Mak KH, Bhatt DL, Shao M, et al. Ethnic variation in adverse cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding complications in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study. Am Heart J. 2009;157:658-65. Important clinical data showing different clinical efficacy and safety across the races in high-risk patients during aspirin monotherapy or dual antiplatelet therapy.
20. Park DW, Yun SC, Lee SW. Stent thrombosis, clinical events, and influence of prolonged clopidogrel use after placement of drug-eluting stent data from an observational cohort study of drug-eluting vs bare-metal stents. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1: 494-503.
21. Kimura T, Morimoto T, Nakagawa Y, et al. J-Cypher Registry Investigators antiplatelet therapy and stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Circulation. 2009;119:987-95.
22. Daemen J,Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, et al. Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study. Lancet. 2007;369:667-78. (Pubitemid 46281313)
23. • Kumar RS, Douglas PS, Peterson ED, et al. Effect of race and ethnicity on outcomes with drug-eluting and bare metal stents: results in 423,965 patients in the linked National Cardiovascular Data Registry and centers for Medicare & Medicaid services payer databases. Circulation. 2013;127:1395-403. Important large scale clinical data to compare clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention between the races.
24. Tsukahara K, Kimura K, Morita S, et al. Impact of high-responsiveness to dual antiplatelet therapy on bleeding complications in patients receiving drug-eluting stents. Circ J. 2010;74:679-85.
25. Jeong YH. Correlation between platelet reactivity and type of post-discharge bleeding events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ACCEL-BLEED study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:B221.
26. Cuisset T, Loosveld M, Morange PE, et al. CYP2C19*2 and *17 Alleles have a significant impact on platelet response and bleeding risk in patients treated with prasugrel after acute coronary syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:1280-7.
27. Jerjes-Sanchez C. Venous and arterial thrombosis. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:3-4.
28. Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, et al. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005;294:1799-809. (Pubitemid 41434626)
29. Ye Z, Liu EH, Higgins JP, et al. Seven haemostatic gene polymorphisms in coronary disease: meta-analysis of 66,155 cases and 91, 307 controls. Lancet. 2006;367:651-8. (Pubitemid 43289155)
30. Gorog DA. Prognostic value of plasma fibrinolysis activation markers in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55: 2701-9.
31. Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, et al. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:132-40.
32. Ketch TR, Turner SJ, Sacrinty MT, et al. Derived fibrinogen compared with C-reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide for predicting events after myocardial infarction and coronary stenting. Am Heart J. 2008;156:234-40.
33. Ang L, Thani KB, Ilapakurti M, Lee MS, Palakodeti V, Mahmud E. Elevated plasma fibrinogen rather than residual platelet reactivity after clopidogrel pre-treatment is associated with an increased ischemic risk during elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:23-34.
34. Park DW, Lee SW, Yun SC, et al. A point-of-care platelet function assay and C-reactive protein for prediction of major cardiovascular events after drug-eluting stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2630-9.
35. Müller K, Aichele S, Herkommer M, et al. Impact of inflammatory markers on platelet inhibition and cardiovascular outcome including stent thrombosis in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2010;213:256-62.
36. Schoos MM, Kelbæk H, Kofoed KF, et al. Usefulness of preprocedure high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to predict death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis according to stent type in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction randomized to bare metal or drug-eluting stenting during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1597-603.
37. • Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, et al. ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 Investigators. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:9-19. Large scale clinical data to show the benefit of new oral Xa inhibitor in addition to dual antiplatelet therapy on thrombotic events in acute coronary syndrome patients.
38. White RH, Keenan CR. Effects of race and ethnicity on the incidence of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2009;123 Suppl 4:S11-7.
39. • Zakai NA, McClure LA. Racial differences in venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9:1877-82. Good review that suggests the clinical data and potential mechanisms in terms with the different risk of venous thromboembolism across the races.
40. Collins SD, Torguson R, Gaglia Jr MA, et al. Does black ethnicity influence the development of stent thrombosis in the drug-eluting stent era? Circulation. 2010;122:1085-90.
41. Lutsey PL, Cushman M, Steffen LM, et al. Plasma hemostatic factors and endothelial markers in four racial/ethnic groups: the MESA study. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:2629-35. (Pubitemid 44741559)
42. Iso H, Cui R, Date C, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A. JACC Study Group. C-reactive protein levels and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese: the JACC Study. Atherosclerosis. 2009;207:291-7.
43. Kelley-Hedgepeth A, Lloyd-Jones DM, Colvin A, et al. SWAN Investigators. Ethnic differences in C-reactive protein concentrations. Clin Chem. 2008;54:1027-37. (Pubitemid 351793410)
44. Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Buring J, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein levels among women of various ethnic groups living in the United States (from the Women's Health Study). Am J Cardiol. 2004;93: 1238-42. (Pubitemid 38595677)
45. •• Gorog DA, Yamamoto J, Saraf S, et al. First direct comparison of platelet reactivity and thrombolytic status between Japanese and Western volunteers: possible relationship to the "Japanese paradox". Int J Cardiol. 2011;152:43-8. The first study to directly compare the level of thrombotic status and fibrinolytic activity between East Asians and Westerners.
46. Faber DR, de Groot PG, Visseren FL. Role of adipose tissue in haemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Obes Rev. 2009;10:554-63.
47. Jeong YH, Park Y, Kim IS. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2011;305:2520.
48. Jeong YH, Bliden KP, Park Y, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. Pharmacogenetic guidance for antiplatelet treatment. Lancet. 2012;380:725.
49. Kim K, Johnson JA, Derendorf H. Differences in drug pharmacokinetics between East Asians and Caucasians and the role of genetic polymorphisms. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;44:1083-105. (Pubitemid 39202454)
50. • Small DS, Kothare P, Yuen E, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy Chinese, Japanese, and Korean subjects compared with healthy Caucasian subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66:127-35. Comprehensive study comparing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data during prasugrel treatment between East Asians and Caucasians.
51. Li H, Butler K, Yang L, Yang Z, Teng R. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, sequential, two-cohort, single-center study. Clin Drug Investig. 2012;32:87-97.
52. Teng R. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic profile of the oral antiplatelet agent ticagrelor. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51:305-18.
53. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel vs clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-15. (Pubitemid 350106708)
54. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor vs clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1045-57.
55. Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KA, et al. TRILOGY ACS Investigators. Prasugrel vs clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1297-309.
56. Bonello L, Mancini J, Pansieri M, et al. Relationship between post-treatment platelet reactivity and ischemic and bleeding events at 1-year follow-up in patients receiving prasugrel. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:1999-2005.
57. Jin HY, Yang TH. Randomized comparisons of the platelet inhibitory effect of clopidogrel and two doses of prasugrel in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation. Daejeon, Korea: Korean Society of Cardiology. 2012.
58. •• Saito S, Isshiki T, Ogawa H, Kimura T, Yokoi H, Nakamura M. PRASugrel compared to clopidogrel For Japanese PatIenTs with ACS undergoing PCI (PRASFIT-ACS) study. Presented at Late Breaking Clinical Trials Session at the 77th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society; March 16, 2012, the Pacifico: Yokohama. The first study to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of low-dose prasugrel vs standard-dose clopidogrel in East Asians with acute coronary syndrome.
59. •• PHILO Trial. A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel group, international, multicenter, Phase 3 study to assess the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor vs clopidogrel on top of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid in Asian/Japanese patients with non-ST or STelevation ACS for whom PCI is planned. Available from: http://www.astrazenecaclinicaltrials.com/-mshost800325/ content/clinical-trials/resources/pdf/D5130C00027. Accessed 19 Nov 2013. The first study to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of guideline-recommended ticagrelor vs standard-dose clopidogrel in East Asians with acute coronary syndrome.