Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for non-small cell lung cancer staging

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 189, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 640-649

  Kinsey, C Matthew ^a   Arenberg, Douglas A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration; Non small cell lung cancer; Staging

Indexed keywords

ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY; CANCER CELL; CANCER STAGING; CANCER TISSUE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED FINE NEEDLE BIOPSY; HUMAN; IMAGE GUIDED BIOPSY; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPH NODE; LYMPHOCYTE; MEDIASTINOSCOPY; MEDIASTINUM; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TRANSBRONCHIAL ASPIRATION;

BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; BRONCHI; CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION; HUMANS; IMAGE-GUIDED BIOPSY; LUNG NEOPLASMS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MEDIASTINOSCOPY; MEDIASTINUM; NEOPLASM STAGING; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL;

EID: 84896530004     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: 15354970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2007CI     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Tanner NT, Pastis NJ, Silvestri GA. Training for linear endobronchial ultrasound among US pulmonary/critical care fellowships: A survey of fellowship directors. Chest 2013;143:423-428.
2. The American Thoracic Society and The European Respiratory Society. Pretreatment evaluation of non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:320-332.
3. Detterbeck FC, Jantz MA, Wallace M, Vansteenkiste J, Silvestri GA, American College of Chest Physicians. Invasive mediastinal staging of lung cancer. American College of Chest Physicians evidencebased clinical practice guidelines, 2nd ed. Chest 2007;132: 202S-220S.
4. Crino L, Weder W, van Meerbeeck J, Felip E; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Early stage and locally advanced (non-metastatic) non-small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2010;21: V103-v115.
5. Detterbeck FC, Lewis SZ, Diekemper R, Addrizzo-Harris D, Alberts WM. Executive Summary: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013;143:7S-37S.
6. Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K, Giroux DJ, Groome PA, Rami-Porta R, Postmus PE, Rusch V, Sobin L; International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer International Staging Committee; Participating Institutions. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM Classification of malignant tumours. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:706-714.
7. Silvestri GA, Gonzalez AV, Jantz MA, Margolis ML, Gould MK, Tanoue LT, Harris LJ, Detterbeck FC. Methods for staging non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013;143:e211S-e250S.
8. Little AG, Rusch VW, Bonner JA, Gaspar LE, Green MR, Webb WR, Stewart AK. Patterns of surgical care of lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:2051-2056; discussion 2056.
9. Varela-Lema L, Fernández-Villar A, Ruano-Ravina A. Effectiveness and safety of endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration: A systematic review. Eur Respir J 2009;33:1156-1164.
10. Eapen GA, Shah AM, Lei X, Jimenez CA, Morice RC, Yarmus L, Filner J, Ray C, Michaud G, Greenhill SR, et al.; American College of Chest Physicians Quality Improvement Registry, Education. Complications, consequences, and practice patterns of endobronchial ultrasound- guided transbronchial needle aspiration: Results of the AQuIRE registry. Chest 2013;143:1044-1053.
11. Asano F, Aoe M, Ohsaki Y, Okada Y, Sasada S, Sato S, Suzuki E, Senba H, Fujino S, Ohmori K. Deaths and complications associated with respiratory endoscopy: A survey by the Japan Society for Respiratory Endoscopy in 2010. Respirology 2012;17:478-485.
12. Rusch VW, Asamura H, Watanabe H, Giroux DJ, Rami-Porta R, Goldstraw P, Members of IASLC Staging Committee. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: A proposal for a new international lymph node map in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009;4:568-577.
13. Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C. TNM classification of malignant tumours. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
14. Detterbeck F, Puchalski J, Rubinowitz A, Cheng D. Classification of the thoroughness of mediastinal staging of lung cancer. Chest 2010;137: 436-442.
15. Tournoy KG, Annema JT, Krasnik M, Herth FJF, van Meerbeeck JP. Endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasonography according to the proposed lymph node map definition in the seventh edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009;4:1576-1584.
16. Folch E, Santacruz J, Machuzak M, Gildea T, Majid A. Safety and efficacy of EBUS-guided TBNA through the pulmonary artery: A preliminary report [abstract]. Chest 2011;140:600A.
17. Annema JT, van Meerbeeck JP, Rintoul RC, Dooms C, Deschepper E, Dekkers OM, De Leyn P, Braun J, Carroll NR, Praet M, et al. Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: A randomized trial. JAMA 2010;304:2245-2252.
18. Hwangbo B, Lee G-K, Lee HS, Lim K-Y, Lee S-H, Kim H-Y, Lee HS, Kim MS, Lee JM, Nam B-H, et al. Transbronchial and transesophageal fine-needle aspiration using an ultrasound bronchoscope in mediastinal staging of potentially operable lung cancer. Chest 2010;138:795-802.
19. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Eloubeidi MA, Frederick PA, Minnich DJ, Harbour KC, Dransfield MT. The true false negative rates of esophageal and endobronchial ultrasound in the staging of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;90:427-434.
20. Detterbeck FC. Integration of mediastinal staging techniques for lung cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;19:217-224.
21. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, Ballman K, Malthaner RA, Inculet RI, Jones DR, McKenna RJ, Landreneau RJ, Rusch VW, et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non-small cell carcinoma: Results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141:662-670.
22. Yasufuku K, Chiyo M, Sekine Y, Chhajed PN, Shibuya K, Iizasa T, Fujisawa T. Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Chest 2004;126:122-128.
23. Herth FJF, Ernst A. Endobronchial ultrasound. New York: Springer Science 1 Business Media; 2009.
24. Casal RF, Staerkel GA, Ost D, Almeida FA, Uzbeck MH, Eapen GA, Jimenez CA, Nogueras-Gonzalez GM, Sarkiss M, Morice RC. Randomized clinical trial of endobronchial ultrasound needle biopsy with and without aspiration. Chest 2012;142:568-573.
25. Nakajima T, Yasufuku K. How I do it-optimal methodology for multidirectional analysis of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration samples. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6: 203-206.
26. Bulman W, Saqi A, Powell CA. Acquisition and processing of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration specimens in the era of targeted lung cancer chemotherapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:606-611.
27. Herth FJF, Eberhardt R, Krasnik M, Ernst A. Endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes in the radiologically and positron emission tomography-normal mediastinum in patients with lung cancer. Chest 2008;133:887-891.
28. Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Motoori K, Sekine Y, Shibuya K, Hiroshima K, Fujisawa T. Comparison of endobronchial ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and CT for lymph node staging of lung cancer. Chest 2006;130:710-718.
29. Watanabe Y, Shimizu J, Tsubota M, Iwa T. Mediastinal spread of metastatic lymph nodes in bronchogenic carcinoma: Mediastinal nodal metastases in lung cancer. Chest 1990;97:1059-1065.
30. Kawano R, Hata E, Ikeda S, Yokota T. Lobe-specific skip nodal metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;14:9-14.
31. Herth FJF. Nonsurgical staging of the mediastinum: EBUS and EUS. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011;32:62-68.
32. Herth FJF, Eberhardt R, Vilmann P, Krasnik M, Ernst A. Real-time endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes. Thorax 2006;61:795-798.
33. Yarmus LB, Akulian JA, Gilbert C, Mathai SC, Sathiyamoorthy S, Sahetya S, Harris K, Gillespie C, Haas A, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Comparison of moderate versus deep sedation for endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013;10:121-126.
34. Cetinkaya E, Seyhan EC, Ozgul A, Gencoglu A, Ozgul G, Cam E, Kamiloglu E. Efficacy of convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS) assisted transbronchial needle aspiration for mediastinal staging in non-small cell lung cancer cases with mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;17:236-242.
35. Yasufuku K, Chiyo M, Koh E, Moriya Y, Iyoda A, Sekine Y, Shibuya K, Iizasa T, Fujisawa T. Endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2005;50:347-354.
36. Szlubowski A, Herth FJF, Soja J, Kolodziej M, Figura J, Cmiel A, Obrochta A, Pankowski J. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in non-small-cell lung cancer restaging verified by the transcervical bilateral extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy- a prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;37:1180-1184.
37. Memoli JSW, El-Bayoumi E, Pastis NJ, Tanner NT, Gomez M, Huggins JT, Onicescu G, Garrett-Mayer E, Armeson K, Taylor KK, et al. Using endobronchial ultrasound features to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with lung cancer. Chest 2011;140:1550-1556.
38. Hwangbo B, Kim SK, Lee HS, Lee HS, Kim MS, Lee JM, Kim H-Y, Lee G-K, Nam B-H, Zo JI. Application of endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle aspiration following integrated PET/CT in mediastinal staging of potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2009;135:1280-1287.
39. Herth FJF, Ernst A, Eberhardt R, Vilmann P, Dienemann H, Krasnik M. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes in the radiologically normal mediastinum. Eur Respir J 2006;28:910-914.
40. Nakajima T, Yasufuku K, Nakajima M, Baba M, Yoshikawa K, Kamada T, Hiroshima K, Nakatani Y, Fujisawa T, Yoshino I. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for lymph node staging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in non-operable patients pursuing radiotherapy as a primary treatment. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:606-611.
41. Szlubowski A, Kuzdzal J, Kolodziej M, Soja J, Pankowski J, Obrochta A, Kopinski P, Zielinski M. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in the non-small cell lung cancer staging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:332-335; discussion 335-336.
42. Bauwens O, Dusart M, Piérard P, Faber J, Prigogine T, Duysinx B, Nguyen B, Paesmans M, Sculier J-P, Ninane V. Endobronchial ultrasound and value of PET for prediction of pathological results of mediastinal hot spots in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2008;61:356-361.
43. Steinfort DP, Irving LB. Patient satisfaction during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration performed under conscious sedation. Respir Care 2010;55:702-706.
44. Yasufuku K, Pierre A, Darling G, de Perrot M, Waddell T, Johnston M, da Cunha Santos G, Geddie W, Boerner S, Le LW, et al. A prospective controlled trial of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration compared with mediastinoscopy for mediastinal lymph node staging of lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:1393-1400.e1.
45. Fujiwara T, Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Chiyo M, Yoshida S, Suzuki M, Shibuya K, Hiroshima K, Nakatani Y, Yoshino I. The utility of sonographic features during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for lymph node staging in patients with lung cancer: A standard endobronchial ultrasound image classification system. Chest 2010;138:641-647.
46. Nakajima T, Anayama T, Shingyoji M, Kimura H, Yoshino I, Yasufuku K. Vascular image patterns of lymph nodes for the prediction of metastatic disease during EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal staging of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:1009-1014.
47. Satterwhite LG, Berkowitz DM, Parks CS, Bechara RI. Central intranodal vessels to predict cytology during endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2011;18:322-328.
48. Lee HS, Lee G-K, Lee HS, Kim MS, Lee JM, Kim H-Y, Nam B-H, Zo JI, Hwangbo B. Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer: How many aspirations per target lymph node station? Chest 2008;134:368-374.
49. Nakajima T, Yasufuku K, Suzuki M, Hiroshima K, Kubo R, Mohammed S, Miyagi Y, Matsukuma S, Sekine Y, Fujisawa T. Assessment of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Chest 2007;132: 597-602.
50. Nakajima T, Yasufuku K, Nakagawara A, Kimura H, Yoshino I. Multigene mutation analysis of metastatic lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Chest 2011;140:1319-1324.
51. Sakairi Y, Nakajima T, Yasufuku K, Ikebe D, Kageyama H, Soda M, Takeuchi K, Itami M, Iizasa T, Yoshino I, et al. EML4-ALK fusion gene assessment using metastatic lymph node samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:4938-4945.
52. Jurado J, Saqi A, Maxfield R, Newmark A, Lavelle M, Bacchetta M, Gorenstein L, Dovidio F, Ginsburg ME, Sonett J, et al. The efficacy of EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for molecular testing in lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;96:1196-1202.
53. Folch E, Yamaguchi N, VanderLaan PA, Kocher ON, Boucher DH, Goldstein MA, Huberman MS, Kent MS, Gangadharan SP, Costa DB, et al. Adequacy of lymph node transbronchial needle aspirates using convex probe endobronchial ultrasound for multiple tumor genotyping techniques in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2013;8:1438-1444.
54. Navani N, Brown JM, Nankivell M, Woolhouse I, Harrison RN, Jeebun V, Munavvar M, Ng BJ, Rassl DM, Falzon M, et al. Suitability of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration specimens for subtyping and genotyping of non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter study of 774 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:1316-1322.
55. Yarmus L, Akulian J, Gilbert C, Feller-Kopman D, Lee HJ, Zarogoulidis P, Lechtzin N, Ali SZ, Sathiyamoorthy V. Optimizing endobronchial ultrasound for molecular analysis. How many passes are needed? Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013;10:636-643.
56. Kinsey CM, Sequist LV, Iafrate AJ, Engelman JA, Dias-Santagata D, Fidias P, Shaw AT, Lennes IT, Heist RS, Temel J, et al. Multiplex genetic analysis in lung cancer using endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle aspiration [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:A2987.
57. Yarmus LB, Akulian J, Lechtzin N, Yasin F, Kamdar B, Ernst A, Ost DE, Ray C, Greenhill SR, Jimenez CA, et al.; American College of Chest Physicians Quality Improvement Registry, Education, and Evaluation (AQuIRE) Participants. Comparison of 21-gauge and 22-gauge aspiration needle in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: Results of the American College of Chest Physicians Quality Improvement Registry, Education, and Evaluation Registry. Chest 2013;143:1036-1043.
58. Nakajima T, Yasufuku K, Takahashi R, Shingyoji M, Hirata T, Itami M, Matsui Y, Itakura M, Iizasa T, Kimura H. Comparison of 21-gauge and 22-gauge aspiration needle during endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle aspiration. Respirology 2011;16:90-94.
59. Skov BG, Baandrup U, Jakobsen GK, Kiss K, Krasnik M, Rossen K, Vilmann P. Cytopathologic diagnoses of fine-needle aspirations from endoscopic ultrasound of the mediastinum: Reproducibility of the diagnoses and representativeness of aspirates from lymph nodes. Cancer 2007;111:234-241.
60. Ernst A, Anantham D, Eberhardt R, Krasnik M, Herth FJF. Diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathy-real-time endobronchial ultrasound guided needle aspiration versus mediastinoscopy. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3: 577-582.
61. Vilmann P, Krasnik M, Larsen SS, Jacobsen GK, Clementsen P. Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) biopsy: A combined approach in the evaluation of mediastinal lesions. Endoscopy 2005; 37:833-839.
62. Ohnishi R, Yasuda I, Kato T, Tanaka T, Kaneko Y, Suzuki T, Yasuda S, Sano K, Doi S, Nakashima M, et al. Combined endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer. Endoscopy 2011;43: 1082-1089.
63. Wallace MB, Pascual JMS, Raimondo M, Woodward TA, McComb BL, Crook JE, Johnson MM, Al-Haddad MA, Gross SA, Pungpapong S, et al. Minimally invasive endoscopic staging of suspected lung cancer. JAMA 2008;299:540-546.
64. Herth FJF, Krasnik M, Kahn N, Eberhardt R, Ernst A. Combined endoscopic-endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes through a single bronchoscope in 150 patients with suspected lung cancer. Chest 2010;138:790-794.
65. Szlubowski A, Zielinski M, Soja J, Annema JT, Sosnicki W, Jakubiak M, Pankowski J, Cmiel A. A combined approach of endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in the radiologically normal mediastinum in non-small-cell lung cancer staging- a prospective trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;37:1175-1179.
66. Szlubowski A, Soja J, Kocon P, Talar P, Czajkowski W, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Cmiel A, Kuzdzal J. A comparison of the combined ultrasound of the mediastinum by use of a single ultrasound bronchoscope versus ultrasound bronchoscope plus ultrasound gastroscope in lung cancer staging: A prospective trial. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012;15:442-446; discussion 446.
67. Rintoul RC, Glover MJ, Jackson C, Hughes V, Tournoy KG, Dooms C, Annema JT, Sharples LD. Cost effectiveness of endosonography versus surgical staging in potentially resectable lung cancer: A health economics analysis of the ASTER trial from a European perspective. Thorax (In press)
68. Hammoud ZT, Anderson RC, Meyers BF, Guthrie TJ, Roper CL, Cooper JD, Patterson GA. The current role of mediastinoscopy in the evaluation of thoracic disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118: 894-899.
69. Kanzaki R, Higashiyama M, Fujiwara A, Tokunaga T, Maeda J, Okami J, Kozuka T, Hosoki T, Hasegawa Y, Takami M, et al. Occult mediastinal lymph node metastasis in NSCLC patients diagnosed as clinical N0-1 by preoperative integrated FDG-PET/CT and CT: Risk factors, pattern, and histopathological study. Lung Cancer 2011;71: 333-337.
70. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Distribution and likelihood of lymph node metastasis based on the lobar location of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1969-1973; discussion 1973.
71. Tournoy KG, Keller SM, Annema JT. Mediastinal staging of lung cancer: Novel concepts. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e221-e229.
72. Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, Becker HD, Cavaliere S, Colt H, Diaz-Jimenez JP, Dumon JF, Edell E, Kovitz KL, et al.; European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society. ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. Eur Respir J 2002;19:356-373.
73. Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D; American College of Chest Physicians. Interventional pulmonary procedures: Guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 2003;123: 1693-1717.
74. Groth SS, Whitson BA, D'Cunha J, Maddaus MA, Alsharif M, Andrade RS. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes: A single institution's early learning curve. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86:1104-1109; discussion 1109-1110.
75. Hu Y, Puri V, Crabtree TD, Kreisel D, Krupnick AS, Patterson AG, Meyers BF. Attaining proficiency with endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle aspiration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;146:1387-1392.e1.
76. Steinfort DP, Hew MJ, Irving LB. Bronchoscopic evaluation of the mediastinum using endobronchial ultrasound: A description of the first 216 cases carried out at an Australian tertiary hospital. Intern Med J 2011;41:815-824.
77. Kemp SV, El Batrawy SH, Harrison RN, Skwarski K, Munavvar M, Rosell A, Cusworth K, Shah PL, Shah PL. Learning curves for endobronchial ultrasound using cusum analysis. Thorax 2010;65:534-538.
78. Fernández-Villar A, Leiro-Fernández V, Botana-Rial M, Represas- Represas C, Núnez-Delgado M. The endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle biopsy learning curve for mediastinal and hilar lymph node diagnosis. Chest 2012;141:278-279.
79. Kinsey CM, Channick CL. Counterpoint: Are .50 supervised procedures required to develop competency in performing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for lung cancer staging? No. Chest 2013;143:891-893; discussion 893-894.
80. Folch E, Majid A. Point: Are .50 supervised procedures required to develop competency in performing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for mediastinal staging? Yes. Chest 2013;143:888-891; discussion 894-895.
81. Wahidi MM, Hulett C, Pastis N, Shepherd RW, Shofer SL, Mahmood K, Lee H, Malhotra R, Moser B, Silvestri GA. Learning experience of linear EBUS among pulmonary trainees. Chest (In press)
82. Davoudi M, Colt HG, Osann KE, Lamb CR, Mullon JJ. EBUS-STAT: Assessing the validity evidence for a test of EBUS-TBNA operator skill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;186:773-779.
83. Ost DE, Ernst A, Lei X, Feller-Kopman D, Eapen GA, Kovitz KL, Herth FJF, Simoff M; AQuIRE Bronchoscopy Registry. Diagnostic yield of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: Results of the AQuIRE Bronchoscopy Registry. Chest 2011;140:1557-1566.
84. Lee BE, Kletsman E, Rutledge JR, Korst RJ. Utility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided mediastinal lymph node biopsy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;143: 585-590.