A solution processed flexible nanocomposite electrode with efficient light extraction for organic light emitting diodes

Scientific Reports

Volumn 4, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Li, Lu ^a   Liang, Jiajie ^a   Chou, Shu Yu ^a   Zhu, Xiaodan ^a   Niu, Xiaofan ^a   Yu, Z ^a   Pei, Qibing ^a  

^a University of California   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896502367     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep04307     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Gather, M. C., Kohnen, A. & Meerholz, K. White organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 23, 233-248 (2011).
2. Xiao, L. et al. Recent progresses on materials for electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 23, 926-952 (2011).
3. Reineke, S. et al. White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency. Nature 459, 234-238 (2009).
4. Friend, R. H. et al. Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers. Nature 397, 121-128 (1999). (Pubitemid 29050908)
5. Wu, H. B. et al. Efficient single active layer electrophosphorescent white polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 20, 696-702 (2008).
6. Zou, J. et al. Simultaneous optimization of charge-carrier balance and luminous efficacy in highly efficient white polymer light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 23, 2976-2980 (2011).
7. Yu, Z. et al. Highly flexible silver nanowire electrodes for shape-memory polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 23, 664-668 (2011).
8. Yu, Z., Niu, X., Liu, Z. & Pei, Q. Intrinsically stretchable polymer light-emitting devices using carbon nanotube-polymer composite electrodes. Adv. Mater. 23, 3989-3994 (2011).
9. Williams, E. L., Haavisto, K., Li, J. & Jabbour, G. E. Excimer-based white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency. Adv. Mater. 19, 197-202 (2007). (Pubitemid 46178028)
10. Xiao, L., Su, S., Agata, Y., Lan, H. & Kido, J. Nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in an organic blue-light electrophosphorescent device using a weal electron transportingmaterial with a wide energy gap. Adv. Mater. 21, 1271-1274 (2009).
11. Helander, M. G. et al. Chlorinated indium tin oxide electrodes with high work function for organic device compatibility. Science 332, 944-947 (2011).
12. Adachi, C., Baldo, M. A., Thompson, M. E. & Forrest, S. R. Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5048-5051 (2001). (Pubitemid 33597058)
13. Chutinan, A., Ishihara, K., Asano, T., Fujita, M. & Noda, S. Theoretical analysis on light-extraction efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes using FDTD and mode-expansion methods. Org. Electron. 6, 3-9 (2005). (Pubitemid 40537229)
14. Bulovic, V. et al.Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices. Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730-3740 (1998). (Pubitemid 128481605)
15. Yu, G., Burrows, P. E., Venkatesh, S., Forrest, S. R. & Thompson, M. E. Highexternal- quantum-efficiency organic light- emitting devices. Opt. Lett. 22, 396-398 (1997).
16. Ziebarth, J. M., Saafir, A. K., Fan, S. & McGehee, M. D. Extracting light from polymer light-emitting diodes using stamped Bragg gratings. Adv. Funct. Mater. 14, 451-456 (2004).
17. Sun, Y. & Forrest, S. R. Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids. Nature Photon. 2, 483-487 (2008).
18. Choulis, S. A., Mathai, M. K. & Choong, V. E. Influence of metallic nanoparticles on the performance of organic electrophosphorescence devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 213503 (2006).
19. Shiga, T., Fujikawa, H. & Taga, Y. Design ofmultiwavelength resonant cavities for white organic light-emitting diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 19-22 (2003).
20. Cho, T., Lin, C. & Wu, C. Microcavity two-unit tandem organic light-emitting devices having a high efficiency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 111106 (2006).
21. Ozbay, E. Plasmonics: merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions. Science 311, 189-193 (2006). (Pubitemid 43108176)
22. Atwater, H. A. & Polman, A. Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices. Nature Mater. 9, 205-213 (2010).
23. Do, Y. R., Kim, Y., Song, Y. & Lee, Y. Enhanced light extraction efficiency from organic light emitting diodes by insertion of a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure. J. Appl. Phys. 96, 7629-7636 (2004). (Pubitemid 40044461)
24. Agarwal, M., Sun, Y., Forrest, S. R. & Peumans, P. Enhanced outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes using aperiodic dielectric mirrors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 241112 (2007).
25. Koo, W. et al. Light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes enhanced by spontaneously formed buckles. Nature Photon. 4, 222-226 (2010).
26. Wang, Z. B. et al. Unlocking the full potential of organic light-emitting diodes on flexible plastic. Nature Photon. 5, 753-757 (2011).
27. Koo, W. H. et al. Light extraction of organic light emitting diodes by defective hexagonal-close-packed array. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 3454-3459 (2012).
28. Madigan, C. F., Lu, M. H. & Sturm, J. C. Improvement of output coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes by backside substrate modification. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 1650-1652 (2000).
29. D'Andrade, B. W. & Brown, J. J. Organic light-emitting device luminaire for illumination applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 192908 (2006).
30. Cheng, Y. H., Wu, J. L. & Cheng, C. H. Enhanced light outcoupling in a thin film by texturing meshed surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 091102 (2007).
31. Peng, H. J., Ho, Y. L., Yu, X. J. & Kwok, H. S. Enhanced coupling of light from organic light emitting diodes using nanoporous films. J. Appl. Phys. 96, 1649-1654 (2004).
32. Tsutsui, T., Yahiro, M., Yokogawa, H., Kawano, K. & Yokogawa, M. Doubling coupling-out efficiency in organic light-emitting devices using a thin silica aerogel layer. Adv. Mater. 13, 1149-1152 (2001). (Pubitemid 32798070)
33. Shiang, J. J., Faircloth, T. J. & Duggal, A. R. Experimental demonstration of increased organic light emitting device output via volumetric light scattering. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 2889-2895 (2004).
34. Li, F., Li, X., Zhang, J. & Yang, B. Enhanced light extraction from organic lightemitting devices by using microcontact printed silica colloidal crystals. Org. Electron. 8, 635-639 (2007). (Pubitemid 47451860)
35. Moller, S. & Forrest, S. R. Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 3324-3327 (2002).
36. Wei, M. & Su, I. Method to evaluate the enhancement of luminance efficiency in planar OLED light emitting devices for microlens array. Opt. Exp. 12, 5777-5782 (2004).
37. Hsu, S., Lee, M., Lee, K. & Wei, P. Extraction enhancement in organic light emitting devices by using metallic nanowire arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 013303 (2008).
38. Li, L. et al. Efficient white polymer light-emitting diodes employing a silver nanowire-polymer composite electrode. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 14249-14254 (2012).
39. Gaynor, W. et al. Color in the corner: ITO-free white OLEDs with angular color stability. Adv. Mater. 25, 4006-4013 (2013).
40. Shiang, J. J. & Duggal, A. R. Application of radiative transport theory to light extraction from organic light emitting diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 2880-2888 (2004).
41. Van de Hulst, H. C. Multiple Light Scattering (Academic, New York, 1980).
42. Fang, C. et al. Nanoparticle stacks with graded refractive indices enhance the omnidirectional light harvesting of solar cells and the light extraction of lightemitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 1412-1421 (2012).
43. Li, L. et al. Efficient flexible phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes based on silver nanowire-polymer composite electrode. Adv. Mater. 23, 5563-5567 (2011).
44. Liang, J., Li, L., Niu, X., Yu, Z. & Pei, Q. Fully solution-based fabrication of flexible light-emitting device at ambient conditions. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 16632-16639 (2013).
45. Kim, K. K. et al. Enhanced light extraction efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with ZnO nanorod arrays grown using aqueous solution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 071118 (2009).
46. Chang, H. et al. Nano-particle based scattering layers for optical efficiency enhancement of organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 113, 204502 (2013).
47. Parker, I. D. Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer lightemitting- diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 75, 1656-1666 (1994).
48. Jung, S. et al. Extremely flexible transparent conducting electrodes for organic devices. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1300474 (2014).
49. Wang, C., Hu, Y., Lieber, C. M. & Sun, S. Ultrathin Au Nanowires and Their Transport Properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 8902-8903 (2008). (Pubitemid 352000824)
50. Sun, Y. G., Gates, B., Mayers, B. & Xia, Y. N. Crystalline silver nanowires by soft solution processing. Nano Lett. 2, 165-168 (2002). (Pubitemid 135706285)
51. Wu, H. et al. Electrospun metal nanofiber webs as high-performance transparent electrode. Nano Lett. 10, 4242-4248 (2010).