Whoonga: Potential recreational use of HIV antiretroviral medication in South Africa

AIDS and Behavior

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 511-518

  Grelotti, David J ^a,d   Closson, Elizabeth F ^b   Smit, Jennifer A ^c   Mabude, Zonke ^c   Matthews, Lynn T ^d   Safren, Steven A ^b,d   Bangsberg, David R ^d,e   Mimiaga, Matthew J ^a,b,d  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b FENWAY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral diversion; Recreational HIV antiretroviral use; South Africa; Substance abuse; Whoonga and nyaope

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; STREET DRUG;

ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERVIEW; MALE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOUTH AFRICA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; MALE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK-TAKING; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOUTH AFRICA; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84896389227     PISSN: 10907165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0575-0     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Celentano DD, Galai N, Sethi AK, et al. Time to initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS. 2001;15(13):1707-15.
2. Fisher JC, Bang H, Kapiga SH. The association between HIV infection and alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of African studies. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(11):856-63.
3. Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Kaufman M, Cain D, Jooste S. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review of empirical findings. Prev Sci. 2007;8(2):141-51.
4. Malta M, Magnanini MM, Strathdee SA, Bastos FI. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected drug users: a meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(4):731-47.
5. Obel N, Omland LH, Kronborg G, et al. Impact of non-HIV and HIV risk factors on survival in HIV-infected patients on HAART: a population-based nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22698.
6. Wolfe D, Carrieri MP, Shepard D. Treatment and care for injecting drug users with HIV infection: a review of barriers and ways forward. Lancet. 2010;376(9738):355-66.
7. Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Cicero TJ. Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Med. 2007;8(2):171-83.
8. Larkan F, Van Wyk B, Saris J. Of remedies and poisons: recreational use of antiretroviral drugs in the social imagination of South African carers. Afr Sociol Rev/Revue Africaine de Sociologie. 2010;14(2):62-73.
9. Kasang C, Kalluvya S, Majinge C, et al. HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in antiretroviral therapy-naive patients in Tanzania not eligible for WHO threshold HIVDR survey is dramatically high. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23091.
10. Young SM. Antiretroviral therapy - alternative uses. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81(4):361-2.
11. Marwaha A. Getting high on HIV drugs in S Africa. BBC News [Internet]. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7768059.stm (2008). Accessed 20 Mar 2013.
12. Hull J. Whoonga is the cruelest high. Aljazeera [Internet]. http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2010/10/22/whoonga-cruelest-high (2010). Accessed 20 Mar 2013.
13. Michel J. The challenges experienced by non-governmental organizations with regard to the rollout of antiretroviral drugs in KwaZulu Natal. University of South Africa; 2012.
14. The South African National Treatment Guidelines 2010. Johannesburg: National Department of Health South Africa; 2010.
15. Mkize H. Close call for doctor during robbery. IOL News [Internet]. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/close-call-for-doctor-during-robbery-1. 1365824#.UDJa1kKYV8x (2012). Accessed 20 Mar 2013.
16. Cullihan K. Whoonga dealers are peddling poison. Health-e [Internet]. http://www.health-e.org.za/news/article.php?uid=20033064 (2011). Accessed 20 Mar 2013.
17. South Africa: no ARVs in 'whoonga', say experts PlusNews [Internet]. http://www.plusnews.org/Report/91880/SOUTH-AFRICA-No-ARVs-inwhoonga-say-experts (2011). Accessed 20 Mar 2013.
18. The 2011 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV & Syphilis Prevalence Survey in South Africa. Johannesburg: National Department of Health South Africa; 2012.
19. Grelotti DJ, Closson EF, Mimiaga MJ. Pretreatment antiretroviral exposure from recreational use. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):10-2.
20. Mimiaga MJ, Smit J, Closson EF, et al. Inkwari: an emerging high-risk venue potentiating HIV spread among adolescents and young adults in a hyperendemic South African setting. 19th International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC, 22-27 July 2012.
21. Altheide DL. Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc; 1996.
22. Silverman D. Doing qualitative research: a practical handbook. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2010.
23. Fihlani P. 'Whoonga' threat to South African HIV patients. BBC News [Internet]. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12389399 (2011). Accessed 20 Mar 2013.
24. Sustiva (efavirenz) package insert. Princeton: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2012.
25. Gatch MB, González Maeso J, Huang RQ, et al. The HIV antiretroviral drug efavirenz has LSD-like properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013.
26. Blanch J, Corbella B, Garcia F, Parellada E, Gatell JM. Manic syndrome associated with efavirenz overdose. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(2):270-1.
27. Boscacci RT, Buclin T, Furrer H, Fux CA. A case of voluntary intoxication with efavirenz and lamivudine. AIDS. 2006;20(9):1352-4.
28. van Heerden MS, Grimsrud AT, Seedat S, Myer L, Williams DR, Stein DJ. Patterns of substance use in South Africa: results from the South African stress and health study. S Afr Med J. 2009;99(5 Pt 2):358-66.
29. Myers B, Siegfried N, Parry CD. Over-the-counter and prescription medicine misuse in Cape Town-findings from specialist treatment centres. S Afr Med J. 2003;93(5):367-70.
30. Parry CD, Bhana A, Pluddemann A, et al. The South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU): description, findings (1997-1999) and policy implications. Addiction. 2002;97(8):969-76.
31. Dada S, Plüddermann A, Williams Y, et al. South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU): Monitoring Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Admissions in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU); 2012.
32. Mackie N. Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In: Geretti AM, editor. Antiretroviral resistance in clinical practice. London: Mediscript; 2006.