The destruction of young lawyers: Beyond one L

The Destruction of Young Lawyers: Beyond One L

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-163

  Litowitz, Douglas ^a  

^a NONE

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References (293)

1. Ann Hagedorn, "Lawyers Have High Rate of Mental Health Woes", Wall Street Journal, November 30, 1990, B1;
2. David Margolick, "More Lawyers Are Less Happy at Their Work, a Survey Finds", New York Times, August 17, 1990, B5;
3. Deborah Arron, Running from the Law (1989; reprint, Seattle: Niche Press, 2004).
4. American Bar Association, At the Breaking Point: The Report of a National Conference on the Emerging Crisis in the Quality of Lawyers' Health and Lives, and Its Impact on Law Firms and Client Services (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1991).
5. Seth Rosner, "A Decade of Professionalism", Professional Lawyer 9 (August 1995):2.
6. Amy Stevens, "Why Lawyers Are Depressed, Anxious, Bored Insomniacs", Wall Street Journal, June 12, 1995, B1.
7. Dick Dahl, "The Trouble with Lawyers", Boston Globe Magazine, April 14, 1996, 26;
8. Maura Dolan, "Miserable with the Legal Life; More and More Lawyers Hate Their Jobs, Survey Finds", Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1995, A1.
9. Sol Linowitz (with Martin Mayer), The Betrayed Profession (New York: Scribner, 1994);
10. Walt Bachman, Law v. Life: What Lawyers Are Afraid to Say about the Legal Profession (New York: Four Directions, 1995);
11. Anthony Kronman, The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Legal Profession (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
12. Sandra Day O'Connor, The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice (New York: Random House, 2003), 225.
13. W. Dale Nelson, "O'Connor: Lawyers 'Unhappy Lot': First Woman Justice Visits University of Wyoming", Casper (Wyoming) Star-Tribune, March 17, 2004, 1.
14. Stephen Breyer, "The Legal Profession and Public Service", a speech at the Pierre Hotel in New York City, September 12, 2000, sponsored by the National Legal Center for the Public Interest, available at http://www.supremecourtus.gov/publicinfo/speeches/speeches.html.
15. Edward Re, "The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Legal Profession", St. John's Law Review 68(1994):85, 87-95;
16. American Bar Association, Public Perception of Lawyers: Consumer Research Findings (Chicago: American Bar Association, April 2002)
17. Leonard Gross, "The Public Hates Lawyers: Why Should We Care?" Seton Hall Law Review 29(1999):1405, 1416 ("A 1993 survey showed a worsening of the images of lawyers since 1986.... The public's opinion of lawyers had declined still further by 1996").
18. Andrew Benjamin, Elaine Darling, and Bruce Sales, "The Prevalence of Depression, Alcoholism, and Cocaine Abuse among United States Lawyers", International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 13(1990):233.
19. Larry Krieger, "Healthy, Happy, and Sane: The Road to Professionalism", Florida State University Law Magazine, Winter 1998, 9-10.
20. Benjamin et al., "The Prevalence of Depression", 234;
21. Stevens, "Why Lawyers Are Depressed", B1 (citing a Johns Hopkins study finding that lawyers were more likely to be depressed than members of 104 other professions, while a study from Campbell University found that 11 percent of North Carolina lawyers contemplated suicide at least once a month).
22. Connie Beck, Bruce Sales, and Andrew Benjamin, "Lawyer Distress: Alcohol-Related Problems and Other Psychological Concerns among a Sampling of Practicing Lawyers", Journal of Law and Health 10(1995):1, 49.
23. Kelly Pedone, "Shifting Gears", Texas Lawyer, April 19, 2004 (reporting that nearly 30 percent of Texas law grads are pursuing nonlegal jobs, and that a survey by the American Bar Association found that 65 percent of attorneys would consider switching jobs within the next two years);
24. "Stress Outweighs Pay as Lawyers Flee Profession", Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1990, C1
25. Mary Ann Atman, Life After Law (Washington, DC: Wayne Smith, 1991);
26. Mark Byers, Don Samuelson, and Gordon Williamson, Lawyers in Transition (Natick, Mass.: Barkley, 1988).
27. Daphne Eviatar, "Out of Court: Evidence Shows Lawyers Are Leaving the Legal Profession", Christian Science Monitor, April 17, 2000, 11.
28. Jill Chanen, "Lawyers Finding Satisfaction in Getting Out or Scaling Down", Chicago Lawyer, March 1994, 4;
29. Nancy Holt, "Are Longer Hours Here to Stay?" American Bar Association Journal, February 1993, 62.
30. John Sebert, "The Cost and Financing of Legal Education. " ABA Syllabus 35 (February 2004):1, 5 (noting that 80 percent of students borrow money to finance their legal education, while aggregate indebtedness for these students was $84, 400. Actual law school debt-not including undergraduate-averaged $44, 592 for students at public law schools and $68, 805 for students at private schools).
31. These figures are from the National Association for Law Placement, as reported by Joseph Harbaugh, "Legal Education Economics 101: A Primer for Bar Examiners", Bar Examiner, November 2001, 21, n. 14.
32. Ed Finkel, "Banks and Law Schools Offer Grads Tips on Scaling Mt. Debt", Chicago Lawyer, April 1994, 70.
33. Josh Richmond, "Fellow Alumni Speak Up for Law Grad Hounded by Feds", Oakland Tribune, September 24, 2004
34. WL 94449298.
35. http://www.napil.org
36. Equal Justice Works, National Association for Law Placement, and Partnership for Public Service, From Paper Chase to Money Chase: Law School Debt Diverts the Road to Public Service (2002), 22, available at http://www.equaljusticeworks.org.
37. Eric Herman, "Law Graduates of 1994 Find Field of Delayed Dreams in Job Searches", Chicago Lawyer, July 1994, 4.
38. Barbara Curran, Women in the Law: A Look at the Numbers (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1995), 7.
39. Harbaugh, "Legal Education Economics 101." Starting salaries for private firms and public interest jobs are collected by the National Association for Law Placement, and are available on their Web site at http://www.nalp.org.
40. Gary Hengstler, "Vox Populi: The Public Perception of Lawyers: The ABA Poll", American Bar Association Journal, September 1993, 60.
41. Martin Garbus and Joel Seligman, "Sanctions and Disbarment: They Sit in Judgment", in Ralph Nader and Mark Green, eds., Verdicts on Lawyers (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1976), 47.
42. Stuart Rothenberg, "Lawyers, Politicians, and Other Hypocrites in Florida's Presidential Race", Cable News Network, November 27, 2000, available at http://archives.cnn.com/2000/allpolitics/stories/11/27/rothenberg. column.
43. Kathy Sawyer, "Statistics: When the Numbers Are Victim", Washington Post, June 19, 1995, A2.
44. "Dershowitz Redux (Letters)", Nation, December 15, 2003, 2
45. Greg Morago, "Where Are They Now? Key Players in Simpson Case", Orlando Sentinel, June 13, 2004, F3.
46. Alison Frankel, "Civil Inaction", American Lawyer, March 2002, 82 (chronicling the difficulty of poor African Americans in finding a lawyer to represent them in a toxic tort case against polluters in the Florida panhandle, even after the Environmental Protection Agency was convinced that the pollution had caused personal injuries).
47. "Offshore: Framing Cayman", Lawyer, March 29, 2004, 49 (referring to New York Times article noting that Enron had 881 Caribbean subsidiaries);
48. David Evans, "Corporations Flock to Tax Havens", Orlando Sentinel, June 27, 2004, H4
49. Jim Yardley and John Schwartz, "Enron's Collapse: The Law Firm: Legal Counsel in Many Ways Mirror Clients", New York Times, January 16, 2002, C6.
50. Lincoln Savings and Loan v. Wall, 743 F. Supp. 901, 919-20 (D. D. C. 1990) (Sporkin, J.).
51. Robert A. Ferguson, Law and Letters in American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 11.
52. Kronman, The Lost Lawyer.
53. Linowitz, The Betrayed Profession.
54. Timothy Terrell and James Wildman, "Rethinking 'Professionalism'", Emory Law Journal 41 (Spring 1999):403, 424.
55. Rob Atkinson, "A Dissenter's Commentary on the Professionalism Crusade", Texas Law Review 74(1995):259.
56. Robert Kurson, "Who's Killing the Great Lawyers of Harvard?" Esquire Magazine, August 2000, 82.
57. Michael Trotter, Profit and the Practice of Law: What's Happened to the Legal Profession (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 32
58. Scott Turow, "Law School vs. Reality", New York Times, September 18, 1988, section 6, 52, 71-72.
59. Kurson, "Who's Killing?"
60. William Keates, Proceed with Caution (Chicago: Harcourt Brace Legal and Professional Publishing, 1997), 142.
61. Kara Scannell, "Revenues Increase 9.5% at Top U. S. Law Firms", Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2004, C3
62. George Orwell, Coming Up for Air (New York: Harvest Books, 1983).
63. Amiram Elwork and Andrew Benjamin, "Lawyers in Distress", Journal of Psychiatry and Law 23 (Summer 1995):205, 209.
64. Susan Diacoff, "Asking Leopards to Change Their Spots: Should Lawyers Change? A Critique of Solutions to Problems with Professionalism by Reference to Empirically-Derived Attorney Personality Attributes", Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 11(1998):547 (suggesting that lawyers have certain personality characteristics that cannot be altered by changes to the environment of legal practice).
65. Carl Horn III, LawyerLife: Finding a Life and a Higher Calling in the Practice of Law (Chicago: American Bar Association, 2003) (contains a concise summary of the empirical studies on lawyer unhappiness).
66. William Eaton, J. C. Anthony, W. Mandel, and R. Garrison, "Occupations and the Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder", Journal of Occupational Medicine 32(1990):1079.
67. Mike Snider, "Even Lawyers Get the Blues", USA Today, November 27, 1990, 1A
68. Daphne Eviatar, "Out of Court"; Judith Schroer, "Running from the Law: Discontented Lawyers Flee Profession", USA Today, October 7, 1993, B1;
69. Deborah Hensler and Maria Reddy, California Lawyers View the Future: A Report to the Commission on the Future of the Legal Profession and the State Bar (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994).
70. Marci Alboher Nusbaum, "Private Sector: Closing His Eyes, He Sees a Path", New York Times, September 28, 2003
71. Snider, "Even Lawyers Get the Blues" ("Lawyers are 3.6 times more likely to suffer depression than people in other fields, recent findings show");
72. A. J. Flick, "O'Connor to Lawyers: Restore Dignity to Field", Tucson Citizen, June 15, 2004, A3
73. Diacoff, "Asking Leopards to Change Their Spots", 555-57 (discussing studies on law students compared to students from other professional schools).
74. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (New York: Washington Square, 1976), 69.
75. Derrick Nunnally, "State's Law Students Get a Free Pass on Bar Exam: Despite Detractors, Age-Old Privilege Likely to Remain", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 7, 2004, B1.
76. Lawrence Friedman, A History of American Law (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 652.
77. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon, 1964), 226.
78. Roland Barthes, Mythologies (New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 11.
79. Soren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 167.
80. Andrew Benjamin, Elaine Darling, and Bruce Sales, "The Prevalence of Depression, Alcohol Abuse, and Cocaine Abuse among United States Lawyers", International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 13(1990):233.
81. Susan Diacoff, "Asking Leopards to Change Their Spots: Should Lawyers Change? A Critique of Solutions to Problems with Professionalism by Reference to Empirically-Derived Attorney Personality Attributes", Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 11(1998):547, 556 (discussing the various studies).
82. Marilyn Heins, S. Fahey, and L. Heiden, "Perceived Stress in Medical, Law and Graduate Students", Journal of Medical Education 59(1984):205;
83. Marilyn Heins, Shirley Fahey, and Roger Henderson, "Law Students and Medical Students: A Comparison of Perceived Stress", Journal of Legal Education 33(1983):511;
84. Connie Beck, Bruce Sales, and Andrew Benjamin, "Lawyer Distress: Alcohol-Related Problems and Other Psychological Concerns among a Sampling of Practicing Lawyers", Journal of Law and Health 10(1995):1, 4 (although medical students showed elevated psychological problems, their levels did not match those of law students).
85. Gerry Spence, The Making of a Country Lawyer (New York: St. Martin's, 1996), 245.
86. The Paper Chase (Twentieth Century Fox, 1973).
87. Scott Turow, One L (New York: Warner Books, 1977), 25.
88. Michael Carney, "Narcissistic Concerns in the Education Experience of Law Students", Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 18(Spring-Summer 1990), 9, 33 n. 24.
89. Harvard Law School Association, Report of the Ninth Annual Meeting (orig. 1895)
90. Bernard Schwartz, ed., Main Currents of American Legal Thought (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1993), 348.
91. Charles Warren, History of Harvard Law School and Early Legal Conditions in America, vol. 2 (New York: Lewis, 1908), 374.
92. Scott Turow, "Law School vs. Reality", New York Times, September 18, 1988, section 6, at 52, 71.
93. Jerome Frank, Courts on Trial: Myth and Reality in American Justice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), 225.
94. Alan Dershowitz, The Best Defense (New York: Vintage, 1983), 17.
95. Pierre Schlag, "Normativity and the Politics of Form", University of Pennsylvania Law Review 139(1991):801.
96. Robert Kurson, "Who's Killing the Great Lawyers of Harvard?" Esquire Magazine, August 2000, 82.
97. Richard Kahlenberg, Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School (New York: Hill and Wang, 1999), 5.
98. Tom Stabile, "Debt Help on the Way", Pre-Law Insider, Spring 2002, 21.
99. These figures come from the National Association of Public Interest Lawyers (NAPIL), as quoted in Stabile, "Debt Help on the Way"
100. Joseph Harbaugh, "Legal Education Economics 101: A Primer for Bar Examiners", Bar Examiner, November 2001, 26.
101. Hakim Bey, T. A. Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 1991), 114.
102. Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Illych (New York: Bantam, 1981), 126-27.
103. Marion T. D. Lewis, The Law School Rules (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), 23.
104. Duncan Kennedy, "Legal Education as Training for Hierarchy", in David Kairys, ed., The Politics of Law (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990), 38.
105. Roger Schechter, "Changing Law Schools to Make Less Nasty Lawyers", Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 10(1996):367, 393.
106. "Law Students Tackle Criminal Code Grounded in Islamic Law", Associated Press Wire, available at http://www.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/10/08/ penn. islamic. law.ap/index.html;
107. Gordon Smith and Cynthia Williams, Business Organizations: Cases, Problems and Case Studies (New York: Aspen, 2004).
108. American Bar Association Commission on Professionalism, In the Spirit of Public Service: A Blueprint for Rekindling of Lawyer Professionalism (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1986)
109. reprinted at 112 F. R. D. 243, 261-62 (1986).
110. Christiana Sciaudone, "This Test-Taker Raised the Bar for Perseverance", Los Angeles Times, May 21, 2004, B2.
111. Governor Pataki recently appointed an official to head the Public Service Commission after failing the New York bar seven times. Wayne Barrett, "New York's Price of Darkness", Village Voice, August 26, 2003, 20.
112. Hilary Clinton, Living History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 64
113. Gerry Spence, The Making of a Country Lawyer (New York: St. Martin's, 1996), 263.
114. Lawrence Friedman, A History of American Law (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 652.
115. Albert Woldman, Lawyer Lincoln (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1994), 164-65.
116. Magali Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 173.
117. Thomas Morgan and Ronald Rotunda, Professional Responsibility: Problems and Materials (Westbury, NY: Foundation, 1991), 48, 61
118. "New York State Bar Association Releases 1998 Lawyer Discipline Figures", State Bar News, New York State Bar Association, September/October 1999
119. "Discipline Report Shows Drop in Complaints against Lawyers", State Bar News, September/October 2000.
120. Fyodor Dostoevsky, "A Disgraceful Affair", in Great Short Works (New York: Harper Collins, 1968), 249.
121. Shirley Jackson, The Lottery and Other Stories (New York: Noonday, 1992).
122. Barbara Ehrenreich, Nickeled and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001), 59.
123. Karl Marx, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in Robert Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton, 1978), 598.
124. BAR/BRI Digest, National Bar Exam Information (Richard J. Convisor, Publisher, 2005 edition), 36 (advertisement for New York Essay Advantage).
125. Marcia Kuechenmeister, "Admission to the Bar: We've Come a Long Way", Bar Examiner, February 1999, 25
126. "2003 Statistics", Bar Examiner, May 2004, 23.
127. Deborah Merritt, Lowell Hargens, and Barbara Reskin, "Raising the Bar: A Social Science Critique of Recent Increases to Passing Scores on the Bar Exam", University of Cincinnati Law Review 69(2001):929, 939.
128. Terence L. Blackburn, "Make Bar Exams Relevant", Broward Daily Business Review, October 25, 2004, 6
129. John Caher, "New York Raising Bar Exam Passing Grade", New York Law Journal, September 27, 2004, 1.
130. Deborah Jones Merritt, "Raising the Bar: Limiting Entry to the Legal Profession", Bar Examiner, November 2001, 10.
131. Laurie Cunningham, "Raising the Bar: In Decision Split over Methodology and Goals, State Supreme Court Raises the Bar Exam Pass Level", Broward Daily Business Review, March 26, 2003, A1
132. "2003 Statistics", Bar Examiner, May 2004, 6.
133. Derrick Nunnally, "States Law Students Get Free Pass on Bar Exam", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 6, 2004, B1.
134. Maurice Possley, "Law Firm's Rising Star Trapped in a Lie after 10 Years", Chicago Tribune, May 6, 1988, A1.
135. Friedrich Engels, letter to Franz Mehrings (July 14, 1898)
136. Christopher Pines, Ideology and False Consciousness (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 1.
137. Application of Griffiths, 413 U. S. 717
138. S. Ct. 2851 (1973).
139. Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper, 470 U. S. 274
140. S. Ct. 1272 (1985).
141. Morgan and Rotunda, Professional Responsibility, 37-40
142. citing Konigsberg v. State Bar, 353 U. S. 252
143. S. Ct. 722 (1957).
144. Birbrower, Mentelbano, Condon, and Frank v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County, 949 P2d 1 (Calif. 1998).
145. Anthony Davis, "Multijurisdictional Practice by Transactional Lawyers: Why the Sky Really Is Falling", Bar Examiner, February 2001, 15.
146. Jennifer Binkley, "Admission on Motion: Current Practices and Rules", Bar Examiner, November 2000, 22.
147. Daniel Minnich, George Riemer, and Robert Welden, "Reciprocal Admission between Idaho, Oregon, and Washington", Bar Examiner, February 2002, 21.
148. "Selected Disciplinary Statistics", http://www.flabar.org.
149. Deborah Rhode, "Moral Character as a Professional Credential", Yale Law Journal 94(1985):491, 591.
150. Wade Lambert, "Bar Debates Screening Out Mentally Ill", Wall Street Journal, March 10, 1995, B1.
151. Tim O'Brien, "Cuba Trips, Cigars Sink Bar Applicant", New Jersey Law Journal, September 8, 2003, 1.
152. Thomas Adcock, "Pilot Proposal Would Make Public Service Count on New York Bar Exam", New York Law Journal, June 28, 2002, 16.
153. Victoria Rivkin, "Bye Bye Bar Exam?: New York Program Would Offer Some Grads Alternative to the Written Test", American Bar Association Journal, February 2003, 16;
154. Thomas Adcock, "Groups Decry Increase in Bar Exam Cut Score", New York Law Journal, October 1, 2004, 1.
155. American Bar Association Commission on Professionalism, In the Spirit of Public Service: A Blueprint for Rekindling Lawyer Professionalism (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1986)
156. 112 F. R. D. 243 (1986);
157. Diane Molvig, "The Economics of Practicing Law: A 2001 Snapshot", Wisconsin Lawyer, December 2001, 6
158. William Keates, Proceed with Caution (Chicago: Harcourt Brace Legal and Professional Publications, 1997), 142.
159. Marx predicted: "As a rule, the whole guild system declines and falls, both master and journeyman, where the capitalist and the worker arise." The Grudrisse, in Robert Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton, 1978), 270.
160. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in The Marx-Engels Reader, 476 (emphasis added).
161. Illinois Rules of the Supreme Court, Article VIII, Preamble to the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct, effective August 1, 1990.
162. Roger Parloff, "Skadden: A Flexible Firm Breaks the Billion Dollar Barrier", American Lawyer, July 2000, 88.
163. Roger Parloff, "Overbilled by $57 Million?" American Lawyer, May 1994, 65.
164. Ralph Nader and Wesley Smith, No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America (New York: Random House, 1996), 27.
165. "Estranged Labor", in The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, reprinted in The Marx-Engels Reader, 66.
166. Gerry Spence, With Justice for None (New York: Times Books, 1989), 64.
167. Edward Re, "The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Legal Profession", St. John's Law Review 68(1994):85, 95.
168. Marx and Engels, Manifesto, 474: "Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat"
169. (Manifesto, 473).
170. Nancy Holt, "Are Longer Hours Here to Stay?" American Bar Association Journal, February 1993, 65.
171. Robert Kurson, "Who's Killing the Great Lawyers of Harvard?" Esquire Magazine, August 2000, 82.
172. Michael Trotter, Profit and the Practice of Law (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 32.
173. Cameron Stracher, "Show Me the Misery", Wall Street Journal, March 6, 2000, A31.
174. William Rehnquist, "The Legal Profession Today", Indiana Law Journal 62(1987):151, 154, 155.
175. Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U. S. 350
176. S. Ct. 2691 (1977) (permitting lawyer advertising);
177. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U. S. 773
178. S. Ct. 2004 (1975) (striking minimum fee schedules).
179. Trotter, Profit and the Practice of Law, 29.
180. "Billing Alternatives Offered", National Law Journal, December 18, 2000, B15.
181. Jim Dunlap, "Billable Hours Under Attack", American Bar Association Journal, March 2002, 23.
182. Russell Pearce, "The Professional Paradigm Shift: Why Discarding Professional Ideology Will Improve the Conduct and Reputation of the Bar", New York University Law Review 70(1995):1229.
183. William Glaberson, "Megafirms Are Taking Over Corporate Law", Business Week, November 17, 1986, 104.
184. Alison Frankel, "Veil of Tiers", American Lawyer, July 2004, 92.
185. Marie Beaudette, "Associates Giving Up on Partnership", Legal Times, September 29, 2004, 1.
186. Amanda Ripley, "A Shock to the System", Legal Times, June 26, 2000, 45.
187. Susan Hansen, "The Young and the Restless", American Lawyer, September 1995, 66.
188. Deborah Rhode, In the Interests of Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 5.
189. "Bar Talk: Of Money and Misery", American Lawyer, April 1999, 31.
190. Darlene Ricker, "Greed, Ignorance, and Overbilling", American Bar Association Journal, August 1994, 65.
191. "Skaddenomics", American Lawyer, September 1991, 3.
192. Tom Herman, "Ernst and Young will Finance Launch of Law Firm in Special Arrangement", Wall Street Journal, November 3, 1999, B10.
193. Bill Quinn, How Wal-Mart Is Destroying America (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press 2000).
194. Anthony Lin, "Big Law Contract Attorneys Struggle with Their Identity as 'Lawyers'", New York Law Journal, October 18, 2004, 1.
195. Marx, "Estranged Labor", in The Marx-Engels Reader, 70.
196. Marx, "Wage Labor and Capital", in The Marx-Engels Reader, 204.
197. Marx, "Estranged Labor", 74.
198. Holt, "Are Longer Hours Here to Stay?"
199. Maura Dolan, "Miserable with the Legal Life", Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1995, A1.
200. Marx, "Estranged Labor", 76.
201. Marc Galanter, "Big Tobacco: Winning by Losing", American Lawyer, January/February 1999, 55.
202. Rone Tempest, "Enron Counsel Warned about Partnerships", Los Angeles Times, January 31, 2002, Business Section, 1.
203. Marx, "Estranged Labor", 77.
204. Marx, "The Meaning of Human Requirements", in The Marx-Engels Reader, 147.
205. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 3 (New York: Vintage Books, 1981), 969.
206. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (New York: Vintage Books, 1977), 899.
207. Marc Galanter and Thomas Palay, Tournament of Lawyers: The Transformation of the Big Law Firm (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 28.
208. Arron, Running from the Law;
209. Daphne Eviatar, "Out of Court: Evidence Shows Lawyers Are Leaving the Legal Profession", Christian Science Monitor, April 17, 2000, 11.
210. "Following the Money?" New York Law Journal, June 25, 2004, 16
211. National Association for Law Placement, 2004 Survey, Public Sector and Public Interest Attorney Salary Report, http://www.nalp.org/press/pi-sal04.htm.
212. Walter Bennett, The Lawyer's Myth: Reviving Ideals in the Legal Profession (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
213. Alex Keller, "Professionalism: Where Has It Gone?" Colorado Lawyer 14(1985):1383, 1385.
214. Pearce, "The Professional Paradigm Shift", 1251-52.
215. Anthony Kronman, The Lost Lawyer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 273.
216. Amy Mashburn, "Professionalism as a Class Ideology: Civility Codes and Bar Hierarchy", Valparaiso Law Review 28(1994):657.
217. John Heinz et al., The Scale of Justice: Observations on the Transformation of Urban Law Practice (Chicago: American Bar Foundation Working Paper, May 2000).
218. Richard Abel, American Lawyers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 183.
219. Emily Barker, "Winston and Strawn Gets Ruthless", American Lawyer, June 1993, 70.
220. John Grisham, The Firm (New York: Island Books, 1992), 68.
221. Lisa Lerman, "Lying to Clients", University of Pennsylvania Law Review 138(1990):659, 759.
222. Ralph Nader and Wesley Smith, No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America (New York: Random House, 1996), 27.
223. Mark Dombroff, "Winning Is Everything", National Law Journal, September 25, 1989, 13.
224. Mashburn, "Professionalism as a Class Ideology", 658.
225. Rachel Katz, "Ex-Kmart CEO to Get at Least $9.5 Million", Chicago Sun-Times, March 19, 2002, 63.
226. David Leonhardt, "Watch It: If You Cheat, They'll Throw Money", New York Times, June 8, 2002, section 3, pg. 1.
227. Nicholas Kristof, "Millions for Moochers", New York Times, March 6, 2004, A15.
228. Circuit City v. Adams, 279 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. 2002).
229. David Johnston, "Enron Avoided Income Taxes in 4 of 5 Years", New York Times, January 17, 2002, A1.
230. Circuit City v. Adams.
231. Arthur Isak Applbaum, Ethics for Adversaries (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 20.
232. Andrew Ross Sorkin, "Tyco Defense Begins Closing Argument", New York Times, March 16, 2004, C6.
233. Quoted in Sigmund Freud, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (New York: W. W. Norton, 1959), 6.
234. "Adolph Eichmann in His Own Words", from The Trial of Adolph Eichmann, PBS Special, at www.pbs.org/eichmann/ownwords.htm.
235. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin Books, 1994).
236. Christopher Browning, Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985), 64-65.
237. Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968), 252-53.
238. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (London: Tavistock, 1974).
239. David Luban, Lawyers and Justice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), xx.
240. Walters v. Nat'l Assoc. Radiation Survivors, 473 U. S. 305
241. S. Ct. 3180, 3190 (1985).
242. Sanford Levinson, "Frivolous Cases: Do Lawyers Really Know Anything at All?" Osgoode Hall Law Journal 24(1987):353, 375.
243. Arthur Levitt, Take on the Street (New York: Pantheon, 2003), 44.
244. 148 Congressional Record S6554, S6556 (July 10, 2002) (statements of Senator Michael Enzi and Senator Jon Corzine).
245. Paul Braverman, "Helter Shelter", American Lawyer, November 2003, 65, 68.
246. "Day in the Life: Corporate Law Associate", posted on Vault.com, Law School Section, September 1, 2001.
247. M. A. Stapleton, "Pitfalls of Practicing Law Outlined by Author", Chicago Daily Law Bulletin, January 31, 1997, 3.
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249. John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy
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