William McKinley and the emergence of the modern rhetorical Presidency

Before the Rhetorical Presidency

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 307-328

  Harpine, William D ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84896239610     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (New York: Harper and Row, 1959).
2. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 219, 256-58.
3. Frederick Merk with Lois Bannister Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), 24
4. Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 43-71.
5. John Dobson, Reticent Expansionism: The Foreign Policy of William McKinley (Pittsburgh, Penn.: Duquesne University Press, 1988), 101.
6. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 4.
7. More Work, More Wages, Canton Repository, September 13, 1896, 1.
8. President McKinley's Speech," Wall Street Journal, July 13, 1900.
9. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, The Wall Street Journal (1889-1987): 5.
10. Mel Laracey, Presidents and the People: The Partisan Story of Going Public (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002).
11. Grover Cleveland, "The President's Message." New York Times, December 7, 1887.
12. Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1964), 379.
13. Grover Cleveland, "Fourth Annual Message, December 7, 1896," in The State of the Union Messages of the Presidents, 1790-1966, ed. Fred L. Israel (New York: Chelsea House/Robert Hector Publishers, 1966), 2:1829-32.
14. Address at the Tennessee Centennial Exposition, Nashville, June 11, 1897," in Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley from March 1, 1897 to May 30, 1900 (New York: Doubleday, 1900), 31.
15. William McKinley, "Address to the People for Thanksgiving and Prayer," July 6, 1898, The American Presidency Project (online), http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws.
16. Compare the similar rhetorical approach of McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign discussed in William D. Harpine, "Playing to the Press in McKinley's Front Porch Campaign: The Early Weeks of a Nineteenth-Century Pseudo-Event," Rhetoric Society Quarterly 30 (2000): 73-90.
17. Charles Emory Smith, "McKinley in the Cabinet Room," Saturday Evening Post, October 11, 1902, 6-7.
18. Robert L. Ivie, "William McKinley: Advocate of Imperialism," Western Speech 36 (1972): 16-18, 21-23.
19. Robert L. Ivie, "Presidential Motives for War," Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 342.
20. Kurt Ritter and James R. Andrews, The American Ideology: Reflections of the Revolution in American Rhetoric (Falls Church, Va.: Speech Communication Association, 1978), 76.
21. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1980), 137.
22. Charles G. Dawes, A Journal of the McKinley Years, ed. Bascom N. Timmons (Chicago: Lakeside-R. R. Donnelley, 1950), 149.
23. David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890's (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970), 63
24. H. Wayne Morgan, America's Road to Empire: The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion (New York: Wiley, 1965), 75
25. John L. Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 216-17.
26. Charles Emory Smith, "McKinley in the Cabinet Room," Saturday Evening Post, October 11, 1902, 6, 8.
27. William R. Day to William McKinley, TS of a telegram transcribed from cipher, William McKinley Papers, Library of Congress, Series 1, Reel 5.
28. Jacob Gould Schurman, Philippine Affairs: A Retrospect and Outlook, an Address by Jacob Gould Schurman (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1902), 2.
29. Thoroughly discussed in George J. A. O'Toole, The Spanish War (New York: Norton, 1984)
30. also, Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 323.
31. Ritter and Andrews, The American Ideology, 77-78.
32. William Jennings Bryan, Bryan on Imperialism (New York: Arno, 1900/1970), 3-4.
33. W. Bourke Cockran, "Evils of a Standing Army, Extract from a Speech at the Students' Lecture Association of the University of Michigan, February 4, 1899.
34. Robert I. Fulton and Thomas C. Trueblood, comps., Patriotic Eloquence Relating to the Spanish-American War and Its Issues (New York: Scribner's, 1903), 67.
35. Vest Against Expansion," New York Times, December 13, 1898.
36. see also Paolo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan I: Political Evangelist, 1860-1908 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), 234.
37. Brian P. Damiani, Advocates of Empire: William McKinley, the Senate, and American Expansion 1898-1899 (New York: Garland, 1987), 34.
38. Charles S. Olcott, The Life of William McKinley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916), 2:346.
39. Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1959), 337-38.
40. The Paris Negotiations," New York Times, October 12, 1898, 3.
41. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at Camp Wikoff, Montauk Point, New York, September 3, 1898, with Introductory Remarks by Major-General Joseph Wheeler, U.S. V., Commanding Fifth Army-Corps," 80-82.
42. Albert Beveridge, "American Empire: The March of the Flag (abridged),"American Rhetorical Discourse, ed. Ronald F. Reid and James F. Klumpp (Long Grove, Ill: Waveland Press, 2005), 675, 677.
43. George D. Saxton Buried," New York Times, October 11, 1898, 1
44. The President's Trip to Omaha," New York Times, October 10, 1898, 1.
45. Speeches and Addresses, "Remarks at De Kalb, Illinois, October 11, 1898," 84.
46. The President at Omaha," New York Times, October 13, 1898, 6
47. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, October 11, 1898," 86-89.
48. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at Belle Plaine, Iowa, October 11, 1898," 89-90
49. see also Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York: Holt/Wood, 1998), 385, 459, about McKinley's examples.
50. Patriotism: It Was Breathed in Every Word He Uttered," Summit County (Ohio) Beacon, October 13, 1898
51. Mr. M'Kinley on the War," New York Times, October 13, 1898.
52. Back to Washington," Washington Post, October 14, 1898.
53. Congress Is Divided," New York Times, November 9, 1898.
54. McKinley Is in High Favor with the Georgia People," Akron Beacon Journal, December 5, 1898.
55. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at the Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, December 15, 1898," 159-64.
56. That Confederate Badge" Cleveland Plain Dealer, December 7, 1898, William McKinley Papers, Library of Congress, Series 1, Reel 5
57. William McKinley to Holden, December 29, 1898, TS, William McKinley Papers, Library of Congress, Series 1, Reel 5.
58. William R. Day to McKinley, Dec. 2, 1898, TS, William McKinley Papers, Library of Congress, Series, 1 Reel 5.
59. State of the Union Messages of the Presidents, "Third Annual Message, December 5, 1899," 2:1958.
60. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at Macon, Georgia, December 19, 1898," 178-80.
61. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at Augusta, Georgia, December 19, 1898," 182.
62. Figures from "Boston Preparing Big Banquet," Washington Post, February 3, 1899.
63. Speeches and Addresses, "Speech at Dinner of the Home Market Club, Boston, February 16, 1899," 187-89.
64. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 362.
65. Laracey, Presidents and the People, 134-35.
66. The President on Election's Results," New York Times, November 25, 1900.
67. Pro-Quest Historical Newspapers, The New York Times, 1851-2001.
68. James M. McCormick, American Foreign Policy and American Values (Itasca, Ill.: F. E. Peacock Publishers), 1985, 6.
69. The Last Speech of William McKinley, Buffalo, New York, September 5, 1901," at The American Experience, America 1900, The Film & More, pbs.org.
70. John Dobson, Reticent Expansionism: The Foreign Policy of William McKinley (Pittsburgh, Penn.: Duquesne University Press, 1988), 1.