Mass deception: Moral panic and the U.S. war on Iraq

Mass Deception: Moral Panic and the U.S. War on Iraq

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-190

  Bonn, Scott A ^a   Welch, Michael ^b  

^a DREW UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896210702     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (204)

1. Adorno, T. W. (1997). Opinion delusion society. (H. W. Pickford., Trans.). Yale Journal of Criticism, 10.2, 227-245.
2. Agger, B. (1978). Western Marxism: An introduction. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear.
3. Altheide, D. (2002). Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
4. Altheide, D. (2006). Terrorism and the politics of fear. Cultural Studies ⇔ Critical Methodologies, 6, 415-439.
5. American Red Cross (2001). A summary of the Geneva conventions and additional protocols. Washington, D.C.: American Red Cross.
6. Aulette, J., & Michalowski, R. (1993). Fire in hamlet: A case study of state-corporate crime. In K. Tunnel (Ed.), Political crime in contemporary America (pp. 171-206). New York: Garland.
7. Baker, D. (2008, July 31). A cloudy forecast for the U.S. economy. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.guardian.co.uk.
8. Baker, R. (2004). Exclusive: Bush wanted to invade Iraq if elected in 2000. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from www.gnn.tv/print/761/Exclusive-Bush/ 20042710.
9. Barak, G. (1988). Newsmaking criminology: Reflections on the media, intellectuals, and crime. Justice Quarterly, 5(4), 565-587.
10. Barak, G (1991). Crimes by the capitalist state: An introduction to state criminality. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
11. Barkan, S. E., & Cohn, S. E. (2005). Why whites favor more money to fight crime: The role of racial prejudice. Social Problems, 52(2), 300-314.
12. Barstow, D. (2008a, April 20). Message machine: Behind TV analysts, Pentagon's hidden hand courting ex-officers tied to military contractors. New York Times, p. A1.
13. Barstow, D. (2008b, November 30). One man's military-industrial-media complex message machine. New York Times, p. A1.
14. Bartholomew, A. (2006). International commission of inquiry on crimes against humanity committed by the Bush administration of the United States. [Testimony]. New York: Bush Crimes Commission.
15. Becker, E. (1968). The structure of evil: An essay on the unification of the science of man. New York: G. Braziller.
16. Beckett, K. (1994). Setting the public agenda: "Street crime" and drug use in American politics. Social Problems, 41(3), 425-447.
17. Bennett, W. L., & Paletz, D. L. (Eds.). (1994). The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf war. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
18. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. New York: Anchor Books.
19. Best, J. 1994. Troubling children: Studies of children and social problems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
20. Blow, C. M. (2008, July 26). Americans move to the middle. New York Times, p. A17.
21. Blumer, H. (1971). Social problems as collective behavior. Social Problems, 18, 298-306.
22. Bonifaz, J. C. (2004). The first lie. Retrieved September 4, 2008, from www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views04/0128-08.htm.
23. Bromley, D. G., Shupe, A. D., Jr., & Ventimiglia, J. C. (1979). Atrocity tales, the Unification Church, and the social construction of evil. Journal of Communication, 29(3), 42-53.
24. Burns, R., & Crawford, C. (1999). School shootings: The media and public fear: Ingredients for a moral panic. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(2), 147-168.
25. Cassese, A. (2003). International criminal law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26. Chambliss, W. J. (1975). Toward a political economy of crime. Theory and Society, 2, 149-170.
27. Chambliss, W. J. (1988). Exploring criminology. New York: Macmillan.
28. Chambliss, W. J. (1989). State organized crime. Criminology, 27(2), 183-208.
29. Chambliss, W. J. (1995). Commentary by William J. Chambliss. Society of Social Problems Newsletter, 26(1), 9.
30. Chambliss, W. J., & Mankoff, M. (1976). Whose law? What order? New York: John Wiley.
31. Chiricos, T., Eschholz, S., & Gertz, M. (1997). Crime, news and fear of crime: Toward an identification of audience effects. Social Problems, 44, 342-357.
32. Chiricos, T., Padgett, K., & Gertz, M. (2000). Fear, TV news and the reality of crime. Criminology, 38, 755-785.
33. Clark, R. (2006). International commission of inquiry on crimes against humanity committed by the Bush administration of the United States. [Testimony]. New York: Bush Crimes Commission.
34. Clarke, R. A. (2004). Against all enemies: Inside America's war on terror. Detroit: Free Press.
35. Clinard, M. B., Quinney, R., & Wildeman, J. (1994). Criminal behavior systems (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
36. Chomsky, N. (2002). Media control: The spectacular achievements of propaganda. New York: Seven Stories Press.
37. Chomsky, N. (2005). Global ethics, American foreign policy and the academic as activist: An interview with Noam Chomsky. Journal of Global Ethics, 1(2), 197-205.
38. Chomsky, N. (2007). Foreword. In D. Downes, P. Rock, C. Chinkin & C. Gearty (Eds.), Crime, social control and human rights: Essays in honour of Stanley Cohen. Cullompton (Devon) UK: Willan Publishing.
39. Cohen, B. (1963). The press and foreign policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
40. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
41. Cohen, S. (1972). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the mods and rockers. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
42. Cohen, S. (2001). States of denial: Knowing about atrocities and suffering. Cambridge: Polity.
43. Cohen, S. (2002). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the mods and rockers (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
44. Cohn, M. (2006). Bush on trial for crimes against humanity. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from www.truthout.org/article/bush-trial-crimes-against- humanity.
45. Corn, D. (2003). The lies of George W. Bush: Mastering the politics of deception. New York: Crown Publishers.
46. Coyle, M. J. (2004). Finding and defining evil: The social construction of crime as evil. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual conference. Nashville, TN, November 19.
47. Croft, S. (2006). Culture, crisis and America's war on terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. Dao, J., & Schmitt, E. (2002a, February 19). Pentagon readies efforts to sway sentiment abroad. New York Times, p. A12.
49. Dao, J., & Schmitt, E. (2002b, February 27). A "damaged" information office is declared closed by Rumsfeld. New York Times, p. A6.
50. Davis, N. J., & Stasz, C. (1990). Social control of deviance: A critical perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.
51. Deuber-Mankowsky, A. (2008). Nothing is political, everything can be politicized: On the concept of the political in Michel Foucault and Carl Schmitt. Telos, 142(Spring), 135-161.
52. DeYoung, K. (2002, July 30). Bush to create formal office to shape U.S. image abroad. Washington Post, p. A3.
53. Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political spectacle. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
54. Elliott, S. (2002, September 15). Madison Avenue never rests. New York Times, Week in Review, p. 4.
55. Entman, R. W. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
56. Entman, R. W. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House's frame after 9/11. Political Communication, 20, 415-432.
57. Eschholz, S., Chiricos, T., & Gertz, M. (2003). Television and fear of crime: Program types, audience traits, and the mediating effect of perceived neighborhood racial composition. Social Problems, 50, 395-415.
58. Ewing, C. P., & Aubrey, M. (1987). Battered woman and public opinion: Some realities about the myths. Journal of Family Violence, 2(3), 257-263.
59. Falcon, L., & Melendez, E. (2001). The social context of job searching for racial groups in urban centers. In A. O'Connor, C. Tilly & L. Bobo (Eds.), Urban inequality: Evidence from four cities (pp. 341-371). New York: Sage.
60. Feldman, N. (2002). Choices of law, choices of war. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25(2), 457-485.
61. Fish, C. (2001, October 15). Condemnation without absolutes. New York Times, Opinion, p. 32.
62. Friedrichs, D. O. (1996). Trusted criminals: White collar crime in contemporary society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
63. Gallup (2003). Iraq. The Gallup poll (March 14-15). Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ.
64. Gallup (2006). The Gallup panel. Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ.
65. Garland, D. (2008). On the concept of moral panic. Crime, Media, Culture, 4(1), 9-30.
66. Gartner, S. S. (2008). Ties to the dead: Connections to Iraq war and 9/11 casualties and disapproval of the president. American Sociological Review, 73(4), 690-695.
67. Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26, 173-199.
68. Glanz, J., & Robertson, C. (2008, August 6). As Iraq surplus rises, little goes into rebuilding. New York Times, p. A12.
69. Goldstone, R. (2008, July 15). Catching a war criminal in the act. New York Times, p. A19.
70. Gonzenbach, W. J. (1996). The media, the president, and public opinion: A longitudinal analysis of the drug issue, 1984-1991. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
71. Goode, E., & Ben-Yehuda, N. (1994). Moral panics: The social construction of deviance. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
72. Goodman, E. (2006, December 18). U.S. occupation: Stay or leave? Ask the Iraqis. Miami Herald, p. 29A.
73. Green, P., & Ward, T. (2000). State crime, human rights, and the limits of criminology. Social Justice, 27(1), 101.
74. Green, P., & Ward, T (2004). State crime: Governments, violence and corruption. London: Pluto Press.
75. Greenhouse, L. (2008, June 13). Justices, 5-4, back detainee appeals for Guantanamo. New York Times, p. A1.
76. Greider, W. (2003, November 17). Occupiers and the law. The Nation, pp. 5-6.
77. Habermas, J. (1975). Legitimation crisis. Boston: Beacon Press.
78. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order. London: Macmillan.
79. Hartung, W. 2004. How much are you making on the war Daddy? A quick and dirty guide to war profiteering in the Bush administration. New York: Nation Books.
80. Hawdon, J. E. (2001). The role of presidential rhetoric in the creation of a moral panic: Reagan, Bush, and the war on drugs. Deviant Behavior, 22(5), 419-445.
81. Henkin, L. (1995). International law: Politics and values. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
82. Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books.
83. Hilgartner, S., & Bosk, C. L. (1988). The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model. American Journal of Sociology, 94(1), 53-78.
84. Hogan, M. J., Long, M. A., Stretesky, P. B., & Lynch, M. J. (2006). Campaign contributions, post-war reconstruction contracts, and state crime. Deviant Behavior, 27(3), 269-297.
85. Horkheimer, M. (1987). Foreword. In L. Lowenthal, False prophets: Studies in authoritarianism. Communication in Society, Vol. 3 (pp. 1-3). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
86. Human Rights Watch (2003). Off target: The conduct of the war and civilian casualties in Iraq. New York: Human Rights Watch.
87. Humphries, D., & Caringella-MacDonald, S. (1990). Murdered mothers, missing wives: Reconsidering female victimization. Social Justice, 17(2), 71-89.
88. Hutcheson, R. (2006, December 22). Will Bush heed polls' Iraq view? Miami Herald, p. 1A.
89. Hutcheson, R., & Talev, M. (2007, February 15). Bush accuses Iran of deadly meddling in Iraq. Miami Herald, p. 1A.
90. ICRC (2004). Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on the treatment by the coalition forces of prisoners of war and other protected persons by the Geneva Conventions in Iraq during arrest, internment and interrogation. Geneva: ICRC.
91. Iskandar, A. (2005). "The great American bubble": Fox News channel, the "mirage" of objectivity, and the isolation of American public opinion. In L. Artz and Y. R. Kamalipour (Eds.), Bring 'em on (pp. 155-174). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
92. Jarecki, E. (2006). Why we fight. Sony Pictures, Los Angeles, CA.
93. Jay, M. (1973). The dialectical imagination. Boston: Little, Brown.
94. Johnson, T. J., Wanta, W., & Boudreau, T. (2004). Drug peddlers: How four presidents attempted to influence media and public concern on the drug issue. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 12(4), 177-199.
95. Kafala, T. (2003). What is war crime? Retrieved January 25, 2008, from www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk.
96. Kant, I. (1965). Critique of pure reason. (Norman Kemp Smith, Trans.). New York: St. Martin's Press. (Original work published 1781).
97. Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Perseus Books.
98. Kauzlarich, D., & Kramer, R. C. (1998). Crimes of the American nuclear state: At home and abroad. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
99. Kauzlarich, D., Mullins, C. W., & Matthews, R. A. (2003). A complicity continuum of state crime. Contemporary Justice Review, 6, 241-254.
100. Kellner, D. (1990). Television and the crisis of democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
101. Kellner, D. (2005). Foreword: The Bush administration's march to war. In L. Artz & Y. R. Kamalipour (Eds.), Bring 'em on (pp. vii-xvii). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
102. Kieve, A. (1994). The modern presidency and crisis rhetoric. Westport, CT: Praeger.
103. Kiousis, S. (2003). Job approval and favorability: The impact of media attention to the Monica Lewinsky scandal on public opinion of President Bill Clinton. Mass Communication & Society, 6(4), 435-452.
104. Klein, N. (2003, November 24). Bring Halliburton home. The Nation, p. 10.
105. Koch, J. W. (1998). Political rhetoric and political persuasion: The changing structure of citizens' preferences on health insurance during policy debate. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(2), 209-229.
106. Kramer, R., & Michalowski, R. (1990). Toward an integrated theory of state-corporate crime. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology. Baltimore, MD.
107. Kramer, R., Michalowski, R., & Rothe, D. (2005). The supreme international crime: How the U.S. war in Iraq threatens the rule of law. Social Justice, 32(2), 52-81.
108. Krugman, P. (2007, September 7). Time to take a stand. New York Times, p. A29.
109. Lang, G. E., & Lang, K. (1983). The battle for public opinion: The president, the press, and the polls during Watergate. New York: Columbia University Press.
110. Levinson, C. (2008, November 17). Iraq deal draft: U.S. troops out in 3 years. USA Today, p. 1A.
111. Lowenthal, L. (1989). Critical theory and Frankfurt theorists: Lectures, correspondence, conversations. Communication in Society, Vol. 4. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
112. Lowery, S. A., & DeFleur, M. L. (1995). Milestones in mass communications research: Media effects (3rd ed.). New York: Longman.
113. Marcuse, H. (1964). One-dimensional man. Boston: Beacon Press.
114. Marx, K. (1959). Economic and philosophical manuscripts. Moscow: Progressive Publishers. (Original work published 1844).
115. Maxwell, K. A., Huxford, J., Borum, C., & Hornik, R. (2000). Covering domestic violence: How the O. J. Simpson case shaped reporting of violence in the news media. Journalism & Mass Communications Quarterly, 77(2), 258-272.
116. Mazzetti, M. (2007, December 3). U.S. says Iran ended atomic arms work. New York Times, p. A17.
117. Mazzetti, M., & Rohde, D. (2008, June 30). Amid U.S. policy disputes, al Qaeda grows in Pakistan. New York Times, p. A1.
118. Mazzetti, M., & Shane, S. (2008, June 6). Bush overstated evidence on Iraq, senators report. New York Times, p. A1.
119. McClellan, S. (2008). What happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's culture of deception. New York: Perseus Books.
120. McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, summer, 176-187.
121. McCorkle, R. C., & Miethe, T. D. (1998). The political and organizational response to gangs: An examination of a "moral panic" in Nevada. Justice Quarterly, 15(1), 41-64.
122. McCorkle, R. C., & Miethe, T. D. (2001). Panic: Rhetoric and reality in the war on street gangs. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
123. McLuhan, M. 1964. Understanding media: The extension of man. New York: McGraw- Hill.
124. Mediamark Research Inc. (2005). Syndicated audience data: New York Times. New York, NY.
125. Merskin, D. (2004). The construction of Arabs as enemies: Post-September 11 discourse of George W. Bush. Mass Communication & Society, 7(2), 157-175.
126. Michalowski, R. 2009. Power, crime and criminology in the new imperial age. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 51. In press.
127. Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
128. Moore, D. W. (2006). Public polarized over Iraq. The Gallup Poll (February 2). Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ.
129. Mueller, J. (2006). Overblown: How politicians and the terrorism industry inflate national security threats, and why we believe them. New York: Free Press.
130. Muttitt, G. (2006). Crude designs: The rip-off of Iraq's oil wealth. London: Dane Publishing.
131. Nielsen (2005). Nielsen NetRatings (October). A. C. Nielsen. New York, NY.
132. Nielsen, A. L., & Bonn, S. (2008). Media exposure and attitudes toward drug addiction, 1975-2004. Deviant Behavior, 29, 726-752.
133. Opinion Research Business (2008). More than one million Iraqis dead since 2003 invasion: study. Retrieved August 2 from http://www.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/ 20080130/wl-mideast-afp/iraqunrestconflicttoll-080130213209-ylt=AkGAI03. sbL-t881uZfbt3tX6GMA.
134. Oxford English Dictionary (1971). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
135. Pagano, M., & Gauvreau, K. (2000). Principles of biostatistics. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury.
136. Paust, J. J. (2002). There is no need to revise the laws of war in light of September 11th. Washington, D.C.: American Society of International Law.
137. Peterson, S. (2002). Hussein may dodge U.S. hunt. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2002/021011-iraq1.htm.
138. Phillips, K. (2004). American dynasty: Aristocracy, fortune, and the politics of deceit in the White House. New York: Penguin.
139. Quinney, R. (1970). The social reality of crime. Boston: Little, Brown.
140. Ratner, M. (2002). The United Nations Charter and the use of force against Iraq. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from www.lawyersagainstthewar.org/ legalarticles/ratner.html.
141. Reinarman, C., & Levine, H. (1989). Crack in context: Politics and media in the making of a drug scare. Contemporary Drug Problems, 16, 535-577.
142. Revkin, A. C. (2008, July 9). Cheney's office said to edit draft testimony on warming. New York Times, p. A12.
143. Risen, J. (2008, August 12). Use of contractors in Iraq costs billions, report says. New York Times, p. A11.
144. Ritter, S. (2003). Frontier justice: Weapons of mass destruction and the bushwhacking of America. New York: Context Books.
145. Ritter, S. (2006). International commission of inquiry on crimes against humanity committed by the Bush administration of the United States. [Testimony]. New York: Bush Crimes Commission.
146. Robertson, C., & Oppel, R. A. (2008, August 7). Iraq parliament fails to approve an election law. New York Times, p. A1.
147. Ross, J. (1995). Controlling state crime: An introduction. New York: Transaction Publishers.
148. Rothe, D. L., & Friedrichs, D. O. (2006). The state of the criminology of crimes of the state. Social Justice, 33(1), 147-161.
149. Rothe, D. L., & Muzzatti, S. L. (2004). Enemies everywhere: Terrorism, moral panic, and U.S. civil society. Critical Criminology, 12(3), 327-350.
150. Satter, R. G. (2007, January 18). Five minutes to doomsday, top scientists say. Miami Herald, p. 17A.
151. Scheer, C. (2003). Ten appalling lies we were told about Iraq. AlterNet. Retrieved September 18, 2004, from http://www.alternet.org/story/16274/.
152. Scheer, C., Scheer, R., & Chaudry, L. (2003). The five biggest lies Bush told us about Iraq. New York: Seven Stories Press.
153. Semple, K., & Lehren, A. W. (2008, August 7). Five hundred: Deadly U.S. milestone in Afghan war. New York Times, p. A1.
154. Simon, D. R. (1995). Social problems & the sociological imagination. New York: McGraw- Hill.
155. Simon, D. R (2002). Elite deviance (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
156. Simon, J., & Feeley, M. M. (1995). True crime: The new penology and public discourse on crime. In T. G. Blomberg & S. Cohen (Eds.), Punishment and social control: Essays in honor of Sheldon L. Messinger (pp. 147-180). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
157. Singer, P. W., 2003. Corporate warriors: The rise of the privatized military industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
158. Sniffen, M. J. (2007, January 30). Ex-Bush spokesman takes stand in C.I.A. leak trial. Miami Herald, p. 6A.
159. Solomon, N. (2006). Propaganda play. Retrieved August 7, 2008, from www.usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/2365/.
160. Spiegel, P. (2006, November 4). Perle says he should not have backed the Iraq war. Los Angeles Times, p. A11.
161. Spillman, K. R., & Spillman, K. (1977). Some sociological and psychological aspects of "images of the enemy." In R. Fiebig-von Hase & U. Lehmkuhl (Eds.), Enemy images in American history (pp. 43-64). Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.
162. Stevenson, B. (1948) Attributed to Senator Hiram Johnson, remarks in the Senate, 1918. The Macmillan book of proverbs, maxims, and famous phrases (p. 2445). New York: Macmillan.
163. Strobel, W. P., & Talev, M. (2006, September 9). Senate panel: Hussein rebuffed bin Laden. Miami Herald, p. 16A.
164. Suskind, R. (2008). The way of the world. New York: HarperCollins.
165. Sutherland, E. (1949). White collar crime. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
166. Trombly, M. (2003). A brief history of the laws of war. Retrieved January 20, 2008, from www.spj.org/gc-history.asp.
167. Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the social construction of reality. New York: Free Press.
168. Turk, A. (1982). Political criminality. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
169. United Nations (1950). Principles of international law recognized in the charter of the Nuremberg tribunal and in the judgment of the tribunal. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2, 1-3.
170. Victor, J. S. (1994). Fundamentalist religions and the moral crusade against Satanism: The social construction of deviant behavior. Deviant Behavior, 15(3), 305-334.
171. www.americanheart.org (2007). Advocacy news. Retrieved January 30 from www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3011323.
172. www.answers.com (2006). September 11 attacks. Retrieved February 4 from www.answers.com/topics/september-11-attacks.
173. www.avert.org (2007). USA HIV & AIDS cases by deaths and year. Retrieved January 30 from www.avert.org/usastaty.htm.
174. www.cdc.gov (2007). Tobacco-related mortality. Retrieved January 30 from www.cdc.gov/tobacco/factsheets/Tobacco-Related-Mortality-factsheet.htm.
175. www.cnn.com (2005). Former aide: Powell WMD speech "lowest point in my life." Retrieved August 19, 2008, from www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/08/ 19/powell.un/.
176. www.corporations.org (2007). Media reform information center. Retrieved March 16 from www.corporations.org/media/.
177. www.democracynow.org (2005). Former U.S. attorney general Ramsey Clark calls for Bush impeachment. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from www.democracynow.org/2005/1/21/former-u-s-attorney-general-ramsey.
178. www.democracynow.org (2009). "Exclusive . . . Pentagon Pundits: New York Times Reporter David Barstow Wins Pulitzer Prize for Exposing Military's Pro-War Propaganda Media Campaign." May 8.
179. www.globalissues.org (2008). World military spending. Retrieved August 18 from www.globalissues.org/geopolitics/armstrade/spending.asp.
180. www.icasualties.org (2008). Iraq coalition casualty count. Retrieved August 6.
181. www.infoplease.com (2007). Ten leading causes of death in the U.S. Retrieved January 30 from www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005110.html.
182. www.nationalpriorities.org (2008). Cost of Iraq war. Retrieved July 31 from www.nationalpriorities.org/index.php?option=com-wrapper&Itemid=182.
183. www.nchc.org (2007). Health insurance coverage. Retrieved January 30 from www.nchc.org/facts/coverage.html.
184. www.news.bbc.co.uk (2004). Bush has Saddam gun as souvenir. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from www.news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/middle-east/ 3762641.stm.
185. www.nrdc.org (2007). The Bush administration's global warming policies. Retrieved February 1 from www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/bushinx.asp.
186. www.nuremberg.law.harvard.edu (2008). Nuremberg trials project. Retrieved January 25.
187. www.publicintegrity.org (2008). The war card report. Retrieved August 7 from www.publicintegrity.org/blog/entry/333/.
188. www.rawstory.com (2007). Former Powell aide says Bush, Cheney guilty of "high crimes." Retrieved August 19, 2008, from www.rawstory.com/ printstory.php?story=6032.
189. www.tobaccofreekids.org (2007). Federal cigarette excise tax revenue. Retrieved February 3.
190. www.un.org (2008). International criminal court. Retrieved June 1 from www.cyberschoolbus.un.org/treaties/criminal.asp.
191. www.usa.mediamonitors.net (2006). Solomon, N., November 11. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
192. Wanta, W., Golan, G., & Lee, C. (2004). Agenda setting and international news: Media influence on public perceptions of foreign nations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(2), 364-377.
193. Webster's College Dictionary (1997). New York: Random House.
194. Welch, M. (2000). Flag burning: Moral panic and the criminalization of protest. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
195. Welch, M (2004). Quiet constructions in the war on terror: Subjecting asylum seekers to unnecessary detention. Social Justice, 31(1/2), 113-129.
196. Welch, M (2006a). Scapegoats of September 11th: Hate crimes and state crimes in the war on terror. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
197. Welch, M (2006b). Seeking a safer society: America's anxiety in the war on terror. Security Journal, 19(2), 93-109.
198. Welch, M (2007, February 14). Personal correspondence.
199. Welch, M., Fenwick, M., & Roberts, M. (1997). Primary definitions of crime and moral panic: A content analysis of experts' quotes in feature newspaper articles on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(4), 474-494.
200. Welch, M., Price, E. A., & Yankey, N. (2002). Moral panic over youth violence: Wilding and the manufacture of menace in the media. Youth & Society, 34(1), 3-30.
201. Wilson, G. (1996). Toward a revised framework for examining beliefs about the causes of poverty. Sociological Quarterly, 37(3), 413-428.
202. Woodward, C. (2008, May 30). Ex-aide says he initially gave Bush benefit of doubt on war logic. Star-Ledger, p. A3.
203. Young, J. (1971). The role of the police as amplifiers of deviance, negotiators of drug control as seen in Notting Hill. In S. Cohen (Ed.), Images of deviance (pp. 27-61). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
204. Zoepf, K., & Dagher, S. (2008, November 9). Iraq gives religious minorities fewer seats than the U.N. suggested. New York Times, p. A25.