American jihadist terrorism: Combating a complex threat

Homegrown Terror and American Jihadists: Addressing the Threat

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-118

  Bjelopera, Jerome P ^a   Randol, Mark A ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84896178506     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (488)

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2. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism Risk Assessment, Written Testimony of Bruce Hoffman, Hearing: “Internet Terror Recruitment and Tradecraft: How Can We Address an Evolving Tool While Protecting Free Speech,” 111th Cong., 2nd sess., May 26, 2010, p. 2., http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20100526101502-95237.pdf.
3. David Schanzer, Charles Kurzman, and Ebrahim Moosa, Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim Americans, Jan. 6, 2010, p.1, http://www.sanford.duke.edu/news/Schanzer_Kurzman_ Moosa_Anti-Terror_Lessons.pdf.
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14. Rick “Ozzie” Nelson and Ben Bodurian, A Growing Terrorist Threat? Assessing “Homegrown” Extremism in the United States, Center For Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, Mar. 8, 2010, p. v, http://csis.org/publication/growing-terrorist-threat.
15. Nelson and Bodurian, A Growing Terrorist Threat?
16. Sam Mullins, “Home-grown Terrorism: Issues and Implications,” Perspectives on Terrorism, vol 1, no. 3 (2007), http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=12&Itemid=54.
17. Dina Temple-Raston, “Would-Be Bombers in U.S. Hampered by Logistics,” National Public Radio, June 21, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127909962.
18. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 71, 133-146
19. Scott Stewart, Jihadism: The Grassroots Paradox, STRATFOR, Mar. 18, 2010, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100317_jihadism_grassroots.
20. CRS Report R40087, Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai, India, and Implications for U.S. Interests, by K. Alan Kronstadt.
21. Art Keller, “Why Was Faisal Shahzad a Bad Bombmaker?" AfPak Channel, a special project of Foreign Policy and the New America Foundation, May 14, 2010, http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/05/14/bad_bombmakers.
22. Exclusive Analysis, “North American Quarterly Terrorism Update,” Dec. 2009, p. 5.
23. Stewart, Jihadism.
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27. DOJ Press Release, “Najibullah Zazi Pleads Guilty.” For more on Zazi’s childhood see, Michael Wilson, “From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect,” The New York Times, Sep. 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/nyregion/26profile.html?_r=1& pagewanted=print.
28. Wilson, “From Smiling Coffee Vendor.”
29. William K. Rashbaum, “Al Qaeda Figure to Be Indicted in Subway Plot,” The New York Times, July 7, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/nyregion/08terror.html.
30. “U.S. Officials Link Al Qaeda Operative to New York Plot,” Daily Times (Pakistan), July 2, 2010, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\07\02\story_2-7-2010_pg7_39.
31. Nelson and Bodurian, A Growing Terrorist Threat? p. v.
32. Michael Kenney, “Organizational Learning and Islamic Militancy,” National Institute of Justice Journal, no. 265 (Apr. 2010), p. 19.
33. United States vs. Colleen R. LaRose, Grand Jury Indictment in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, filed Mar. 4, 2010, http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2010-03-04-LaRose-Indictment.pdf.
34. Jane Perlez, “American Terror Suspect Traveled Unimpeded,” The New York Times, Mar. 25, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/world/asia/26pstan.html?scp=1&sq= American%20Terror%20Suspect%20Traveled%20Unimpeded&st=cse
35. DOJ Press Release, “Chicago Resident David Coleman Headley Pleads Guilty to Role in India and Denmark Terrorism Conspiracies,” Mar. 18, 2010, http://www.just ice.gov/opa/pr/2010/March/10-ag-277.html.
36. John Marzulli, “Zazi, Al Qaeda Pals Planned Rush-Hour Attack on Grand Central, Times Square Subway Stations,” New York Daily News, Apr. 12, 2010, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/04/12/2010-04-12 _zazi jalsjlanned _rushhour _attack _on_2_busiest _subway _stations.html
37. Stephanie Simon, “FBI Again Questions Immigrant in Terror Probe,” Wall Street Journal, Sep. 18, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125323086773921349.html.
38. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Office of Intelligence and Analysis Note, IA-0291-10, “Evolution of the Terrorist Threat to the United States,” May 21, 2010, p.1.
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40. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, National Security Criminal Investigations, Radicalization: A Guide for the Perplexed, Canada, June 2009, p. 1.
41. Clark McCauley and Sophia Moskalenko, “Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways Toward Terrorism,” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 20, no. 3 (July 2008), p. 416.
42. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad.
43. CRS Report RS2 1695, The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya, by Christopher M. Blanchard.
44. Mitchell D. Silber and Arvin Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat, City of New York Police Department, Intelligence Division, New York, 2007, pp. 6-8, http://sethgodin.typepad.c om/seths_blog/files/NYPD_Report-Radicalization_in_the_West.pdf.
45. Carol Dyer, Ryan E. McCoy, Joel Rodriguez, et al., “Countering Violent Islamic Extremism: A Community Responsibility,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Dec. 2007, p. 6.
46. Brian Michael Jenkins, Would-Be Warriors, p. 7.
47. Sophia Moskalenko and Clark McCauley, “Measuring Political Mobilization: The Distinction Between Activism and Radicalism,” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 21, no. 2 (Apr. 2009), pp. 239-40.
48. Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West, pp. 10, 19.
49. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Radicalization, pp. 1-9
50. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, p. 48, 50-5 1, 73-88
51. Aidan Kirby, “The London Bombers as ‘Self-Starters’: A Case Study in Indigenous Radicalization and the Emergence of Autonomous Cliques,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 30, no. 5 (May 2007), p. 422.
52. Quintan Wiktorowicz and Karl Kaltenthaler, “The Rationality of Radical Islam,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 121, no. 2 (Summer 2006) pp. 295-300.
53. Richard Hooker, World Civilizations, Glossary, 1996, http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/UMMAH.HTM.
54. John M. Venhaus, Why Youth Join al-Qaeda, United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 236, Washington, DC, May 2010, p. 1, http://www.usip.org/files/resources
55. Louise Richardson, What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat (New York: Random House, 2006), p. 41.
56. Rick “Ozzie”
57. Nelson, Countering Terrorism and Radicalization in 2010 and Beyond: A New Terrorist Threat?Assessing ‘Homegrown Extremism,’ Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C. Jan. 22, 2010, http://csis.org/publication/homegrown-terrorism
58. Greg Miller and Spencer S. Hsu, “Muslim Cleric Tied to Bomb Attempt,” The Washington Post, July 1, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/30/AR2010063005343.html.
59. DOJ Press Release, “Alaska Man Pleads Guilty to Making False Statements in Domestic Terrorism Investigation, Spouse Pleads Guilty to Making False Statements,” July 21, 2010, http://anchorage.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/ak0721 10.htm.
60. Anti-Defamation League, “New Jersey Residents Arrested for Attempting To Join Somali-Based Terrorist Group,” June 7, 2010, updated July 22, 2010, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/new_jersey_al_shabaab.htm.
61. Dina Temple-Raston, “Jamaican Imam Said to Inspire Times Square Suspect,” National Public Radio, May 19, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126962091.
62. Scott Shane and Mark Mazzetti, “Times Sq. Bomb Suspect Is Linked to Militant Cleric,” The New York Times, May 6, 2010.
63. Scott Shane, “Born in U.S., a Radical Cleric Inspires Terror,” The New York Times, Nov. 18, 2009, http://www.ny times.com/2009/11/19/us/19awlaki.html.
64. Jeanne Meserve, “Anti-Terrorism Chief, U.S.-Born Cleric had Major Role in Airline Bombing Try,” CNN, June 30, 2010, http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/06/30/leiter.al.awlaki/index.html.
65. Greg Miller, “Muslim Cleric Aulaqi is 1st U.S. citizen on List of Those CIA is Allowed to Kill,” The Washington Post, Apr. 7, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/06/AR2010040604121.html.
66. “American-Born al Qaeda Spokesman Appears in New Video,” CNN, June 20, 2010, http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/06/20/al.qaeda.video/index.html
67. Raffi Khatchadourian, “Azzam the American: The Making of an Al Qaeda Homegrown,” The New Yorker, Jan. 22, 2007, http://www.newyorker.c om/reporting/2007/01/22/070122fa_fact_khatchadourian
68. “Al Qaeda’s “American Voice of Islam,” STRATFOR, Sep. 5, 2006, http://www.stratfor.com/al_qaedas_american_voice: islam?fn=8415719516
69. Evan Kohlmann, “American Greases alQaida Media Machine,” MSNBC, July 14, 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13842265/.
70. Spencer S. Hsu, “Arrest of Va. Man Spotlights al-Qaeda’s New American Recruiter,” The Washington Post, Aug 1, 2010
71. DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somalia-Based Terrorist Organization al Shabaab,” Aug. 5, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/August/10-ag-898.html
72. Andrea Elliott, “The Jihadist Next Door,” The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 31, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/3 1Jihadist-t.htm
73. John Goddard, “Terrorist Leader Lived in Toronto,” The Hamilton Spectator, Ontario, Canada, Jan. 4, 2010
74. Brendan Kirby, “Report: Former Daphne High and USA Student Has Been Charged in a Secret Indictment in Mobile with Providing Material to Terrorists,” Mobile Register, Sep. 5, 2009, http://blog.al.com/live/2009/09/report_former_daphne_high_ and.html
75. The Nine Eleven Finding Answers (NEFA) Foundation, “Shabaab alMujahideen Releases Footage of ‘Abu Suleim Training Camp,'" Sep. 2009, http://www.nefafoundation.org/multimedia-prop.html.
76. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 7 1-85.
77. Max Abrahms, “What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy,” International Security, vol. 32, no. 4 (Spring 2008), p. 96.
78. Andrea Elliott, “Militant’s Path From Pakistan to Times Square,” The New York Times, June 22, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/23/world/23terror.html.
79. DOJ Press Release, “Kosovar National Charged with Terrorism Violations,” June 17, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/June/10-nsd-706.html.
80. Mike Baker, “Feds Play Audio Tapes at Tense NC Terror Hearing,” Associated Press, cited in SCnow.com, Aug. 5, 2009, http://www2.scnow.com/news/2009/aug/05/feds_play_audio_tapes_at_tense_nc_terror_hearing-ar-350281/
81. United States v.Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax and Abdiweli Yassin Isse, Criminal Complaint, U.S. District Court State and District of Minnesota, Oct. 8, 2009, http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/us/20091124_TERROR_DOCS/faarax.pdf
82. Dina Temple-Raston, “Jihadi Cool: Terrorist Recruiters’ Latest Weapon,” National Public Radio, Mar. 26, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125186382&ft=1&f=1001.
83. Shaiq Hussain and Brigid Schulte, " 5 N.Va. Men Convicted on Terrorism Charges in Pakistan, Given 10 Years in Prison,” The Washington Post, June 25, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/12/10/ST2009121002234.html?sid=ST2009121002234.
84. Mary Beth Sheridan and Spencer S. Hsu, “Arrests Suggest U.S. Muslims, Like Those in Europe, Can Be Radicalized Abroad,” The Washington Post, Dec. 12, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/12/11/AR2009121 104404.html
85. Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Netherlands, Violent Jihad in the Netherlands: Current Trends in the Islamist Terrorist Threat, The Hague, Mar. 2006, p. 8, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/violent.pdf.
86. Maura Conway, “Terrorism and Mass Communication: Nitro to the Net,” The World Today, vol. 60, no. 8/9 (Aug/Sep 2004), pp. 19-22, http://doras.dcu.ie/513/1/nitro_to_net_2004.pdf.
87. Gilbert Ramsay, “Relocating the Virtual War,” Defence Against Terrorism Review, vol. 2, no. 1 (Spring 2009), p. 34, http://www.tmmm.tsk.tr/publications/datr3/03_Gilbert%20Ramsay.pdf.
88. Aiden Kirby, “The London Bombers as ‘Self-Starters: A Case Study in Indigenous Radicalization and the Emergence of Autonomous Cliques,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 30, issue 5 (May 2007), p. 416, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/122510_731260637_773633171.pdf.
89. Aiden Kirby, “The London Bombers as ‘Self-Starters: A Case Study in Indigenous Radicalization and the Emergence of Autonomous Cliques,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 30, issue 5 (May 2007), p. 425.
90. Aiden Kirby, “The London Bombers as ‘Self-Starters: A Case Study in Indigenous Radicalization and the Emergence of Autonomous Cliques,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 30, issue 5 (May 2007), p. 415.
91. Tim Stevens, “Regulating the ‘Dark Web:’ How a Two-Fold Approach Can Tackle Peer-to-Peer Radicalisation,” The RUSI Journal, vol. 154, no. 2 (Apr. 2009), p. 29.
92. Akil N. Awan, “The Virtual Jihad: An Increasingly Legitimate Form of Warfare,” CTC Sentinel, vol. 3, no. 5 (May 2010), p. 11, http://www.ctc.usma.edu/sentinel/CTCSentinel-Vol3Iss5.pdf.
93. Awan, “The Virtual Jihad.”
94. Awan, “The Virtual Jihad,” p. 12.
95. Gabriel Weimann, Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenge (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006), p. 116.
96. Weimann, Terror on the Internet
97. Awan, “The Virtual Jihad,” p. 12.
98. NEFA Foundation, “Anwar al Awlaki: Pro Al-Qaida Ideologue with Influence in the West,” Feb. 5, 2009, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefabackgrounder_alawlaki.pdf.
99. Brigid Schulte, " 5 Va. Men Facing Terrorism Charges in Pakistan Write of ‘Noble’ Motivation,” The Washington Post, May 16, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/15/AR2010051503548.html
100. Denise Lavoie, “Mass. Terror Suspect Taught Kids at Muslim School,” Guardian.co.uk, Associated Press, foreign, October 21, 2009, http://www.guardian
101. Shelley Murphy, “Taking Refuge Where His Woes Began: Sudbury Terror Suspect Presses Case on Internet,” The Boston Globe, Feb. 1, 2010, http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/01/web_is_now_refuge_for_man_caught_online/?page=1.
102. Denise Lavoie, Abby Goodnough, and Liz Robbins, “Mass. Man Arrested in Terrorism Case,” New York Times, Oct. 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/us/22terror.html
103. Dina Temple-Raston, “Mass. Arrest Spurs Fear of Homegrown Terrorism,” National Public Radio, Oct. 22, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=114020731.
104. Weimann, Terror on the Internet, pp. 56.
105. Weimann, Terror on the Internet, pp. 111-140.
106. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Prison Radicalization: Are Terrorist Cells Forming in U.S. Cell Blocks? 109th Cong., 2nd sess. Sep. 19, 2006, S. Hrg. 109-954 (Washington: GPO, 2007), pp. 1-6, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_senate_hearings&docid=f: 30597.pdf.
107. James Brandon, “The Danger of Prison Radicalization in the West,” Combating Terrorism Center Sentinel, vol. 2, no. 12 (Dec. 2009), pp. 1-3, http://ctc.usma.edu/sentinel/CTCSentinel-Vol2Iss12.pdf.
108. Brandon, “The Danger of Prison.”
109. George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute (HSPI) and The University of Virginia Critical Incident Analysis Group (CIAG), “Out of the Shadows: Getting Ahead of Prisoner Radicalization,” HSPI and CIAG, Washington, D.C. Sep. 2006, http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ciag/publications/out_of_the_shadows.pdf.
110. Brandon, “The Danger of Prison.” p. 4
111. Mark S. Hamm, “Prisoner Radicalization: Assessing the Threat in U.S. Correctional Institutions,” National Institute of Justice Journal, no. 261 (Oct. 2008), p. 18, http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/224085.pdf.
112. Bert Useem and Obie Clayton, “Radicalization of U.S. Prisoners,” Criminology & Public Policy, vol. 8, no. 3 (Aug. 2009), pp. 586-587, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00574.x/pdf.
113. Gary Fields and Suzanne Sataline, “Bomb Case Raises Issue of Islam in Jails,” The Wall Street Journal, May 23, 2009; http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124303841574048865.html.
114. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Laura Grossman, Homegrown Terrorists in the U.S. and U.K.: An Empirical Examination of the Radicalization Process, Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Center for Terrorism Research, Washington, D.C., Apr. 2009, pp. 14-15, http://www.defenddemocracy.org/downloads/HomegrownTerrorists_USandUK.pdf.
115. Eric Gorski and Rachel Zoll, “Plot Renews Fears of Radical Islam in Prison,” The Associated Press, cited in msnbc.com, May 22, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30891721/
116. Daniel J. Wakin, The New York Times, “Imams Reject Talk That Islam Radicalizes Inmates,” May 24, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/nyregion/24convert.html
117. DOJ Press Release, “Man Who Formed Terrorist Group that Plotted Attacks on Military and Jewish Facilities Sentenced to 16 Years in Federal Prison,” Mar. 6, 2009, http://losangeles.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/la030609ausa.htm.
118. DOJ Press Release, Mar. 6, 2009
119. Anti-Defamation League, “Two Sentenced in Los Angeles Terror Plot against Jewish Institutions,” adl. com, August 24, 2008, updated 2009, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/los_angeles_sentenced.htm
120. DOJ Press Release, “Man Involved in Domestic Terrorism Plot Targeting Military and Jewish Facilities Sentenced to 22 Years,” July 23, 2008, http://losangeles.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel08/la062308usa.htm
121. DOJ Press Release, “Second Man Involved in Domestic Terrorism Plot Targeting Military, Jewish Facilities Sentenced to Prison,” July 21, 2008, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2008/July/08-nsd-634.html
122. DOJ Press Release, “Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges,” Aug. 31, 2005, http://www.dodig.mil/IGInformation/IGInformationReleases/fourmen_090105.pdf.
123. Useem and Clayton, “Radicalization of U.S. Prisoners,” pp. 581-582.
124. Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West, p. 8.
125. Schanzer, et.al, Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim Americans, p. 10.
126. Jerry Markon, et al, “Pakistan Charges 5 Northern Virginia Men in Alleged Terrorism Plot,” The Washington Post, Mar. 18, 2010, p. A1, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/17/AR2010031700430_pf.html.
127. United States v. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, et al., Indictment, 3: 06CR0719, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio Western Divison, 2006, p. 2, http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/indictment_22006.pdf.
128. Anti Defamation League, “Three Men Face Terrorism Charges in Ohio,” adl .org, Oct. 21, 2009, http://www.adl.org/main _Terrorism/Ohio_men _trial.htm.
129. Gary LaFree, “Terrorist Attacks Against the United States Homeland from 1970 to 2007,” p. 57
130. “Community-Level Indicators of Radicalization: A Data and Methods Task Force,” Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security,” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, College Park, MD, Feb.16, 2010, http://www.start.umd.edu/start/publications/START_HFD_CommRadReport.pdf.
131. DOJ Press Release, “Faisal Shahzad Pleads Guilty in Manhattan Federal Court to 10 Federal Crimes Arising from Attempted Car Bombing in Times Square,” June 21, 2010, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo0621 10.htm.
132. DOJ Press Release, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Charges Faisal Shahzad with Attempted Car Bombing in Times Square,” May 4, 2010, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo050410a.htm
133. Anne Flaherty, “White House Says Pakistan Taliban Behind N.Y. Bomb,” Associated Press cited in abcnews .com, May 9, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=10596709.
134. NEFA, “Target America Series #18: The Little Rock Arkansas Recruiting Station Shooting,” June 2009, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/NEFA_littlerockrecruitingshooting.pdf
135. James Dao, “Man Claims Terror Ties in Little Rock Shooting,” The New York Times, Jan. 22, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/22littlerock.html.
136. Denise Lavoie, “Mass. Terror Suspect Taught Kids at Muslim School,” Associated Press, foreign cited in Guardian.co.uk, Oct, 21, 2009, http://www.guardian
137. Abby Goodnough and Liz Robbins, “Mass. Man Arrested in Terrorism Case,” The New York Times, Oct. 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/us/22terror.html
138. DOJ Press Release, “Massachusetts Man Charged with Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to Terrorists” Oct. 21, 2009, http://boston.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/bs102109a.htm.
139. Christopher Dela Cruz, “Three convicted in Fort Dix terror plot are sentenced to life in prison,” NJ.com, Apr. 28, 2009, http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/judge_sentences_fort_dix_defen.html.
140. Madeline Gruen, “Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar,” PowerPoint presentation, NEFA, Jan 2010, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefa_akbar backgrounder.pdf
141. Manuel Roig-Franzia, “Army Soldier Is Convicted in Attack on Fellow Troops,” The Washington Post, Apr. 22, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7210-2005Apr21.html.
142. DOJ Press Release, “Superseding Indictment in Boyd Matter,” Sep. 24, 2009, http://charlotte.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/2009/ce092409.htm
143. Paul Cruickshank, Nic Robertson, and Ken Shiffman, “From Long Island to Lahore: The Plot to Bomb New York,” cnn.com, May 21, 2010, http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/05/14/bryant.neal.vinas.part2/index.html
144. Cruickshank, Robertson, and Shiffman, “From Long Island to Lahore;" Sebastian Rotella and Josh Meyer, “U.S.-born Militant Who Fought for Al Qaeda Is In Custody,” Los Angeles Times, July 23, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/23/nation/na-american-jihad23.
145. Cruickshank, Robertson, and Shiffman, “From Long Island to Lahore.”
146. DOJ Press Release, “Terrorism Defendants Sentenced,” Dec. 14, 2009, http://atlanta.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressre l09/at121409a.htm.
147. “Iranian Ex-UNC Student Gets 33 Years in Prison for Plowing SUV into Crowd to Avenge Muslim Deaths,” Associated Press, cited in FoxNews .com, Aug. 26, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,410904,00.html
148. “Driver Charged for Plowing Through Crowd,” msnbc .com, Mar. 5, 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11660817/.
149. DOJ, “National Security Division Statistics on Unsealed International Terrorism-Related Convictions 9/11/01-3/18/10,” http://theplumline.whorunsgov.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/March-26-2010-NSD-Final-Statistics.pdf.
150. Bob Egelko, “Bail Denied for Man Accused of Aiding Brother Tied to Terror,” Feb. 16, 2008
151. DOJ Press Release, “Specially Designated Global Terrorist and His Brother Indicted for Providing Material Support to Terrorists,” Aug. 3, 2007, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Abdhir_DOJPRIndictment.pdf.
152. DOJ Press Release, “Ahmed Abdellatif Sherif Mohamed Pleads Guilty to Providing Material Support to Terrorists,” June 18, 2008, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2008/June/08-nsd-544.html
153. United States v. Ahmed Abdellatif Sherif Mohamed, Sentencing Memorandum, Case No. U.S. District Court Middle District of Florida, 2008, http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/718.pdf.
154. Joseph Goldstein, “Bronx Man Pleads Guilty to Pledging Fealty to Qaeda,” New York Sun, Apr. 5, 2007, http://www.nysun.com/new-york/bronx-man-pleads-guilty
155. DOJ Press Release, “Bronx Martial Arts Instructor Pleads Guilty to Conspiring to Support Al Qaeda,” Apr. 4, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pres sreleases/April07/shahpleapr.pdf.
156. DOJ Press Release, “Florida Doctor Sentenced to 25 Years for Conspiring and Attempting to Support Al Qaeda,” Nov. 28, 2007, http://media
157. Stephen W. Smith, “Fla. Doctor Convicted in NY Terror Case,” CBSNews.com, May 21, 2007, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/21/terror/main2833349.shtml.
158. DOJ Press Release, “Maryland Man Sentenced to 15 Years for Providing Material Support to Terrorist Organization,” July 25, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/July07/brentsentencingpr.pdf.
159. Larry Neumeister, “Moroccan-Born Bookseller Sentenced to 13 Years in Terror Case by Federal Judge in New York,” Associated Press cited in Worldstream, April 16, 2007.
160. DOJ Press Release, “Ronald Grecula Pleads Guilty to Attempting to Provide Material Support to Al-Qaeda,” Sep. 22, 2006. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_Grecula_DOJPRGuiltyPlea.pdf.
161. Kelly Thornton, “Man Sentenced in Drugs-for-Missiles Plot,” San Diego Union-Tribune, Apr 14, 2006
162. Thornton, “Drugs-for-Arms Plot Nets Prison,” San Diego Union-Tribune, Apr. 5, 2006, http://legacy.sign onsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060405/news_2m5missile.html
163. U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Press Release, “Two New Orleans Men Admit Offering to Sell False Identities to Assist Members of Terrorist Organization,” Feb. 28, 2005, http://www.google q=Two+New+Orleans+Men+Admit+Offering+to+Sell+False+Identities+to+Assist+Members+of+Terrorist+Organization&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=eb 25b226ce9fcffe
164. Evan Perez, “U.S. Terror Suspect Arrested,” The Wall Street Journal, June 3, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487033409045752853 10199323440.html
165. DOJ Press Release, “Texas Man Indicted for Attempting to Provide Material Support to Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,” June 3, 2010, http://houston.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/ho0603 10.htm.
166. DOJ Press Release, “Al Qaeda Supporter Pleads Guilty to Supporting Terrorist Organization,” May 19, 2010, http://kansascity.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/kc051910.htm.
167. Terry Frieden, “U.S. Citizen Pleads Guilty to Sending Funds to al Qaeda,” CNN, May 19, 2010, http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/05/19/missouri.al.qaeda.funding index.html.
168. DOJ Press Release, “U.S. Citizen Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court to 15 Years in Prison for Conspiring to Provide Material Support to Al Qaeda,” June 9, 2010, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo060910.htm
169. Benjamin Weiser, “Former Brooklyn College Student Admits He Conspired to Help Al Qaeda,” The New York Times, Apr. 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/nyregion/28h ashmi.html
170. Allison Gendar, “Plea Gets Terror Thug 15 Years,” New York Daily News, Apr 28, 2010.
171. Mike Robinson, “Chicago Terrorism Suspect Pleads Not Guilty,” Associated Press, Apr. 5, 2010, http://www.google DOJ Press Release, “Chicago Man Charged with Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda by Attempting to Send Funds Overseas,” Mar. 26, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/usao/il n/pr/chicago/2010/pr0326_01.pdf.
172. DOJ Press Release, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Charges Two Brooklyn Men with Conspiring to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda,” Apr. 30, 2010, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo043010.htm
173. Benjamin Weisser, " 2 Ex-Brooklyn Men Charged in Terror Plot,” New York Times, Apr. 30, 2010; http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/01/nyregion/01terror.html.
174. DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed in Minnesota Against Eight Defendants,” Nov. 23, 2009, http://minneapolis.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/mp112309.htm.
175. Mike Carter, “Somali Bomb Suspect Tied to Seattle,” The Seattle Times, Sep. 24, 2009. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009930567_somalia24m.html.
176. United States v. Daniel Joseph Maldonado, Superseding Criminal Complaint, Case Number: H-07-125M, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, Feb. 13, 2007, pp. 4-5, http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/Maldonado_Complaint.pdf.
177. Michael Powell, “U.S. Recruit Reveals How Qaeda Trains Foreigners,” The New York Times, July 23, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/nyregion/24terror.html.
178. United States v. Shaker Masri, Affidavit in support of Criminal Complaint 10-CR-0655, U.S. District Court Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, Aug. 9, 2010, p. 22, http://jnslp.files.wordpress.co m/2010/08/masricomplaint1.pdf.
179. Michael Mayko, “FBI Informant Testifies in Terror Case,” Connecticut Post, Nov. 30, 2007, quoted in NEFA Foundation, “The Illinois Shopping Mall Plot,” Dec. 2007, p. 2, http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/ChicagoPlot1207.pdf
180. John Christoffersen, “After Sept. 11, 3 Muslim Converts Take Different Paths,” Associated Press, Dec 2, 2007.
181. Pierre Thomas and Jason Ryan, '“Lone Wolf’ Charged With Plotting Attack During Christmas Rush,” abcnews.com, Dec. 8, 2006. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=2710776&page=1.
182. United States v. Derrick Shareef, Affidavit, 06-CR-919, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, 2006, http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/348.pdf.
183. Melissa Bailey, “Ode to Osama,” New Haven Independent, Nov. 28, 2007. http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/ode_to_osama/
184. Thomas and Ryan, "‘Lone Wolf’ Charged.”
185. Anti-Defamation League, “Illinois Man Sentenced for Planning Holiday Mall Attack,” Oct. 13, 2008, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/darrick_shareef.htm.
186. Samantha Gross, David Caruso, and Michael Rubinkam, “Radical Influences All Around NYC Terror Suspect,” Associated Press, cited in abcnews .com, Oct. 4, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=8741604.
187. Michael Wilson, “From Smiling Coffee Vendor.”
188. Brig Barker and Steve Fowler, “The FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force Officer,” The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, vol. 77, no. 11 (November 2008), pp. 12-15
189. FBI, “Protecting America Against Terrorist Attack: A Closer Look at Our Joint Terrorism Task Forces,” May 2009, http://www.fbi.gov/page2/may09/jttfs_052809.html.
190. Kevin Johnson, “FBI Issues More Top Secret Clearance for Terrorism Cases,” USA Today, August 12, 2010, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-08-12-secret-clearances_N.htm
191. STRATFOR, A Decade of Evolution in U.S. Counterterrorism Operations, Special Report, December 2009, http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/150745/analysis/20091216_us_decade_evolution_counterterrorism_operations?ip_auth_redirect =1
192. CRS Report RL33033, Intelligence Reform Implementation at the Federal Bureau of Investigation: Issues and Options for Congress, by Alfred Cumming.
193. Gilbert Ramsay, “Relocating the Virtual War,” Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 2009), p. 35, http://www.tmmm.tsk.tr/publications/datr3/03_Gilbert%20Ramsay.pdf.
194. Deputy Attorney General Paul J. McNulty at the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., May 24, 2006, http://www.justice.gov/archive/dag/speeches/2006/dag_speech
195. Thomas Cincotta, “From Movements to Mosques, Informants Endanger Democracy,” The Public Eye, Summer 2009. http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v24n2/movements-to-mosques.html.
196. Cincotta, “From Movements to Mosques.”
197. DOJ Press Release, “Memorandum for the Heads of Department Components: The Attorney General’s Guidelines for Domestic FBI Operations,” Sep. 29, 2008, http://www.justice.gov/ag/readingroom/guidelines
198. Prepared Statement of Elisebeth Collins Cook, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Policy, DOJ and Valerie Caproni, General Counsel, FBI, U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Attorney General Guidelines for FBI Criminal Investigations, National Security Investigations, and the Collection of Foreign Intelligence, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., Sep. 23, 2008, S. HRG. 110-846 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 10, http://intelligence 110846.pdf.
199. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Attorney General Guidelines for FBI Criminal Investigations, National Security Investigations, and the Collection of Foreign Intelligence, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., Sep. 23, 2008, S. HRG. 110-846 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 17, http://intelligence
200. FBI, Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide, (DIOG) redacted, Dec. 16, 2008, pp. 76, 85, available at http://www.eff.org/fn/directory/8364/354.
201. Andrew Kalloch, “FBI General Counsel Defends New Guidelines,” Harvard Law Record, Dec. 4, 2008, updated Sep. 29, 2009, http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/fbi-generalcounsel
202. Charlie Savage, “Wider Authority for F.B.I. Agents Stirs Concern,” The New York Times, Oct 29, 2009.
203. Brent Jones, “ACLU Seeks Information About FBI Racial, Ethnic Data Collection,” Baltimore Sun, July 28, 2010, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-07-28/news/bs-md-aclu-fbi-20100728_1_ethnic-data-profilingaclurepresentatives
204. Pete Yost, “FBI Defends Guidelines on Eve of Senate Testimony,” Associated Press, cited in boston.com, July 27, 2010.
205. Yost, July 27, 2010. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/07/27/fbi_defends_guidelines_on_eve_of_senate_testimony/
206. Eileen Sullivan and Devlin Barrett, “Recent Cases Show Challenge of US Terrorists,” Associated Press, cited in abcnews .com, Mar. 17, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=10121734.
207. Laura K. Donohue, The Costs of Counterterrorism: Power, Politics, and Liberty, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 236-243.
208. Richard Lardner, “Break the Law and Your New ‘Friend’ May Be the FBI,” Associated Press cited by abcnews .com, Mar. 16, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=10111664.
209. Charlie Savage, “White House Seeks to Clarify F.B.I. Powers vis-à-vis E-Mail,” The New York Times, July 29, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/30/us/30fbi.html.
210. Richard Esposito, “Terror Raids at JFK Airport Net American Alleged Terror Plotters Headed for Somalia,” abcnews .com, June 6, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/terror-raids-jfk-airport-net-alleged-terrorplotters/story?id= 10839045.
211. Peter Finn and Jerry Markon, “N.J. Men Arrested Are Latest From U.S. Tied To Terrorist Groups,” The Washington Post, June 7, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/06/AR2010060600418.html.
212. Ted Sherman, “FBI Followed Every Move of Two N.J. Terror Suspects for Years, Culminating in Airport Arrests,” Star-Ledger, June 13, 2010, http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/authorities
213. David Tarrant, “Suspects in Dallas Plot, Fort Hood Shootings Were on FBI’s Radar, But Only One Was Taken Down,” The Dallas Morning News, Nov. 22, 2009, http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/112209dnentlonewolf.450512f.html
214. Ann Scott Tyson and Dana Priest, “Army Sought Ways to Channel Hasan’s Absorption with Islam,” The Washington Post, Nov. 12, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111128106.html
215. James Dao, “Man Claims Terror Ties in Little Rock Shooting” The New York Times, Jan. 22, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/22littlerock.html
216. Dina Temple-Raston, “FBI Encountered Accused Ark. Shooter In Yemen,” National Public Radio, June 8, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105128523.
217. James Dao and David Johnson, “Suspect in Soldier Attack was Once Detained in Yemen,” The New York Times, June 3, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/04recruit.html.
218. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment, Homeland Security Intelligence: Its Relevance and Limitations, Statement of John W. Gaissert, Chief of Police; Commerce, Georgia, 111th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 18, 2009, http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/200903 18101 123-58795.pdf.
219. McKay Testimony, Sep. 24, 2008, http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080924102041-86400.pdf.
220. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, July 22, 2004, pp. 353-356 and 416-418. http://www.9-1 1commission.gov.
221. PM-ISE, Fact Sheet: Nationwide Suspicious Activities Reporting Initiative, Dec. 23, 2008, p. 1, http://www.ise.gov/docs/sar/Fact_Sheet_NSI_-_December_23_2008_Final.pdf
222. Lorenzo Vidino, “Homegrown Jihadist Terrorism in the United States: A New and Occasional Phenomenon?" Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2009, p. 13, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/738522_73 126063 7_907926062.pdf.
223. Dan Eggen and Julie Tate, “U.S. Campaign Produces Few Convictions on Terrorism Charges,” The Washington Post, June 12, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/11/AR2005061100381.html
224. Andrew Adams, “FBI’s New Approach: Minor Charges Now Stop Terrorism Later,” Lodi News-Sentinel, June 17, 2005.
225. The Center on Law and Security New York University School of Law, Terrorist Trial Report Card: September 11, 2001-September 11, 2009, New York, NY, Jan. 2010, p. ii, http://www.lawandsecurity.org/publications/TTRCFinalJan142.pdf.
226. DOJ Press Release, “Najibullah Zazi Pleads Guilty,” Feb 22, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/February/10-ag-174.html
227. Nicole Vap, “Timeline of Terror Plot Investigation,” KUSA TV, NBC affiliate, September 2009, http://www.9news.com/news/specials/terrorplot/article.aspx?storyid=123658&catid =207.
228. A.G. Sulzberger, “Imam Snared in Terror Plot Admits He Lied to the F.B.I.” The New York Times, Mar. 4, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/nyregion/05terror.html.
229. Al Baker, Karen Zraick, “Lawyer Defends Queens Imam Arrested in Terror Inquiry,” The New York Times, Sep. 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/nyregion/21imam.html.
230. Laura Crimaldi, “Many Rally for Alleged Terrorist,” The Boston Herald, Nov. 13, 2009, http://bh.herald interactive.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1211567&srvc=next_article.
231. DOJ Press Release, “Man Admits Attempting to Use a Weapon of Mass Destruction to Bomb a Skyscraper in Downtown Dallas,” May 26, 2010, http://dallas.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/dl052610.htm.
232. Jon Nielsen, “Officials: Teen Cut Video for bin Laden Tape, Other Evidence Leads Magistrate to Continue Smadi’s Case,” The Dallas Morning News, Oct 6, 2009
233. Jon Nielsen, “Timeline of Dallas Terror Case,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Oct. 5, 2009, http://www.star-telegram.com/2009/10/05/1662752/timelineof-dallas-terror-case.html.
234. DOJ Press Release “Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal Employees: Vehicle Bomb Placed at Scene Was Inactive and Posed No Danger to Public,” Sep. 24, 2009, http://springfield.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/2009/si092409.htm.
235. Bruce Rushton, “Man Accused in Bombing Plot Known for Strong Stance on Islam,” pjstar.com, Sep. 24, 2009, http://www.pjstar.com/archive/x1800826354/Man-accused-in-bombing
236. Chris Dolmetsch and Edvard Pettersson, “N.Y. Bomb Suspects Said to Have No Terror Group Link,” Bloomberg, May 21, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aj43cfOgpp_
237. A. Salisbury, “Leather Glove.”
238. Chris Herring, “Bomb Case Bail Hearing,” The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704256304575321 13 1297175098.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_newyork
239. A.G. Sulzberger, “Defense Cites Entrapment in Terror Case,” The New York Times, Mar. 17, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/nyregion/1 8newburgh.html.
240. Chris Dolmetsch, “Synagogue Bomb Plot Trial Delayed for Medical Review,” Bloomberg Businessweek, September 13, 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-13/synagogue-bomb-plot-trial
241. William Glaberson, “Newburgh Terrorism Case May Establish a Line for Entrapment,” The New York Times, June 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/nyregion/16terror.html.
242. Timothy O’Connor, “Lawyers for 4 Accused in Synagogue Terror Plot Say Government Informant Enticed Them with Cash, Food,” The Journal News (Westchester County, NY), Sep. 18, 2009, http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/lohud/access/1 865253 521.html?FMT=ABS&date=Sep+1 8%2C+2009
243. Jim Fitzgerald, “NYC Synagogue Bomb Defendants May Claim Entrapment,” Associated Press cited in abcnews .com, Sep. 17, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=8606330.
244. Graham Rayman, “The Alarming Record of the FBI’s Informant in the Bronx Bomb Plot,” The Village Voice, July 8, 2009, http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-07-08/news/the-alarming-record-of-the-f-b-i-s-informant-inthe-bronxbomb-plot/
245. Tony Allen-Mills, “FBI ‘Lured Dimwits’ into Terror Plot,” The Sunday Times, London, May 24, 2009, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6350389.ece
246. Murray Weiss, Dan Mangan, “Informant Fingered $$ Launderer Duo,” New York Post, May 22, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/regional/item_6C8LbZXechQkuNGyAkHfGL; jsessionid=D864E8F8E05AB7CE4443B7C9828 1CEF1
247. Brendan Lyons, “Mosque Welcomed in Informant,” Albany Times Union, Aug. 8, 2004, http://www.timesunion.com/ASPStories/story.asp?StoryID=273922.
248. Carol J. Williams, “A Case of Terror or Entrapment,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 30, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/30/nation/na-liberty30.
249. Amanda Ripley, “Preemptive Terror Trials: Strike Two,” TIME Magazine, Dec. 13, 2007, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1694430,00.html
250. Walter Pincus, “FBI Role in Terror Probe Questioned,” The Washington Post, Sep. 2, 2006, http://www.w ashingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/01/AR2006090101764.html.
251. Deborah A. Ramirez, Sasha Cohen O’Connell, and Rabia Zafar, The Partnering for Prevention and Community Safety Initiative, A Promising Practices Guide Executive Summary, 2004, p. 2, http://www.cps.neu.edu/pfp/downloads/PFP_Executive_Summary__cover.pdf.
252. Tom R. Tyler, Stephen Schulhofer, and Aziz Huq, “Legitimacy and Deterrence Effects in Counter-Terrorism Policing,” New York University School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 10-15, Feb. 23, 2010, p. 2, http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1182&context=nyu_plltwp.
253. DOJ Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Community Policing Defined. Apr. 3, 2009., p. 3, http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e030917193-CP-Defined.pdf.
254. Rosemary Lark (Task Lead), Richard Rowe, and John Markey, Community Policing Within Muslim Communities: An Overview and Annotated Bibliography of Open-Source Literature, Homeland Security Institute, Dec. 27, 2006, p. iii.
255. Homeland Security Advisory Council, Countering Violent Extremism Working Group, Spring 2010, p. 5.
256. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, “About the Muslim Community Affairs Unit,” http://la-sheriff.org/sites/muslimoutreach/about.html.
257. Attorney General Eric Holder, DOJ Press Release, Aug. 5, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2010/agspeech-100805.html.
258. Alejandro Beutel, Data on Post 9/11 Terrorism in the United States, Muslim Public Affairs Council, June 11, 2010, p. 6, http://www.mpac.org/publications/post-911-terrorism
259. Alejandro Beutel, Data on Post 9/11 Terrorism in the United States, Muslim Public Affairs Council, June 11, 2010, pp. 6-7.
260. Humera Khan and Mohamed Magid, Muflehun: Community Building Through Values, Social Responsibility, and Civic Engagement, http://www.muflehun.org.
261. The Muslim American Society, The Straight Path Initiative, http://muslimamericansociety.org/main/content/straight-path-initiative.
262. Muslim Public Affairs Council, National Grassroots Campaign to Fight Terrorism Handbook, 2005, p. 7, http://www.mpac.org/publications/campaign-to-fight-terrorism
263. Nicole J. Henderson et al., Policing in Arab-American Communities After September 11, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, July 2008, p. ii.
264. Nicole J. Henderson et al., Law Enforcement and Arab American Community Relations After September 11, 2001: Engagement in a Time of Uncertainty, Vera Institute of Justice, New York, NY, June 2006, http://www.vera.org/policerelations.
265. Gartenstein-Ross and Grossman, Homegrown Terrorists in the U.S. and U.K, p. 60.
266. DOJ Civil Rights Division, “Initiative to Combat Post-9/11 Discriminatory Backlash,” July 25, 2008, http://www.justice.gov/crt/legalinfo/nordwg_mission.php.
267. Alejandro J. Beutel, “Muslim Americans and U.S. Law Enforcement: Not Enemies, But Vital Partners,” The Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 30, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/1230/MuslimAmericans-and-US-law-enforcement
268. Trevor Aronson, “FBI Tries to Deport Muslim Man for Refusing to be an Informant,” miaminewtimes .com, Oct 8, 2009, http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2009-10-08/news/unholy-war-fbi-tries-to-deport-north-miamibeach-imamfoad-farahi-for-refusing-to-be-an-informant/
269. Peter Waldman, “A Muslim’s Choice: Turn U.S. Informant or Risk Losing Visa,” The Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2006, http://www.legalsanctuary.org/doc/article13970.pdf.
270. Lee Romney, “Immigrant Says FBI Tried Threats to Make Him Spy,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 12, 2006. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4112103.html.
271. Teresa Watanabe and Paloma Esquivel, “L.A. area Muslims say FBI surveillance has a chilling effect on their free speech and religious practices.” Los Angeles Times, Mar. 1, 2009, http://articles.latime s.com/2009/mar/01/local/memuslim1.
272. Salvador Hernandez, “Release terms eased for man accused of lying about alleged terrorist ties,” The Orange County Register, June 11, 2010, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/niazi-252994-fbi-case.html?pic=1.
273. Thomas Cincotta, “From Movements to Mosques, Informants Endanger Democracy,” The Public Eye, Summer 2009, http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v24n2/movements-to-mosques.html.
274. Cincotta, “From Movements to Mosques.”
275. “FBI Creates Climate of Fear” An Orange County Register Editorial, Mar. 22, 2009, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/fbi-1 8893 -ocprint-fear-.html.
276. Cincotta, “From Movements to Mosques.”
277. Matthai Kuruvila, “U.S. Muslims Debate How Much to Help FBI,” San Francisco Chronicle, Apr. 6, 2009, http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-04-06/news/17193854_1_american-muslim-taskforce-muslimcommunityamerican-islamic-relations.
278. Samantha Henry, “Some Muslims Rethink Close Ties to Law Enforcement,” Associated Press, May 4, 2009, http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D97VH09O0&show_article=1.
279. Gillian Flaccus, “Calif. Case Highlights Use of Mosque Informants,” Associated Press, Mar. 1 2009, http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D96LD2A81&show_article=1.
280. Robert F. Godec, Principal Deputy Director for Counterterrorism at the Department of State, “U.S. Counterterrorism Policy,” an address before the Global Young Leaders Conference, Washington, DC; June 30, 2010, http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2010/143809.htm.
281. J. Scott Carpenter, Matthew Levitt, Steven Simon, and Juan Zarate, Fighting the Ideological Battle: The Missing Link in U.S. Strategy to Counter Violent Extremism, (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2010). p. 1. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=332
282. Carpenter, et.al., Fighting the Ideological Battle. Vidino, 2009, p. 14.
283. Ron Scherer, “Can Islamic Leaders Rein In Youths?" The Christian Science Monitor, July 12, 2010, p. 20.
284. Carpenter, et.al., Fighting the Ideological Battle, p. 1.
285. National Security Strategy, The Office of the President, Washington, D.C., May 2010, http://www.white house.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf.
286. National Security Strategy, 2010; p. 19.
287. National Security Strategy, 2010; p. 20.
288. Government Accountability Office (GAO), “Managing for Results: Barriers to Interagency Coordination,” 14 GAO-06-15 and GAO/GGD-00-106, (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 29, 2000), pp. 6-7, http://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/gg00106.pdf.
289. GAO, “Combating Terrorism: Evaluation of Selected Characteristics in National Strategies Related to Terrorism,” GAO-04-408T (Washington, D.C.: Feb. 3, 2004), p. 4, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04408t.pdf.
290. National Security Strategy, 2010, p. 14.
291. Report of the conference “Towards a Domestic Counterradicalization Strategy,” hosted by the National Counterterrorism Center, June 26-27, 2008. Report dated Aug. 2008, p. 19.
292. The Office of the President, National Framework for Strategic Communication, 2010, http://www.fas.org/man/eprint/pubdip.pdf.
293. Carpenter, et.al., Fighting the Ideological Battle, p. 10.
294. DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somalia-Based Terrorist Organization al Shabaab,” Aug. 5, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2010/ag-speech
295. Spencer S. Hsu, “Arrest of Va. Man Spotlights al-Qaeda’s New American Recruiter,” The Washington Post, Aug. 1, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/31/AR2010073102680.html
296. Andrea Elliott, “The Jihadist Next Door,” New York Times Magazine, Jan. 31, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/3 1Jihadist-t.html
297. John Goddard, “Terrorist Leader Lived in Toronto,” The Hamilton Spectator, Ontario, Canada, Jan. 4, 2010
298. Brendan Kirby, “Report: Former Daphne High and USA Student Has Been Charged in a Secret Indictment in Mobile with Providing Material to Terrorists,” Mobile Register, Sep. 5, 2009, http://blog.al.com/live/2009/09/report_former_daphne_high_ and.html
299. The Nine Eleven Finding Answers (NEFA) Foundation, “Shabaab alMujahideen Releases Footage of ‘Abu Suleim Training Camp,'" Sep. 2009, http://www1.nefafoundation.org/multimedia-prop.htm.
300. Greg Moran, “Former SD Man Among 14 Charged with Aiding Terror Group,” San Diego Union-Tribune, Aug. 5, 2010, http://www.sandiegounion-tribune.com/news/2010/aug/05/san-diegan-among-those-charged-aidingsomalian-ter/
301. DOJ Press Release, “Fairfax County Man Accused of Providing Material Support to Terrorists,” July 21, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/usao/vae/Pressreleases/07-JulyPDFArchive/10/20100721chessernr.html
302. United States. v. Zachary Adam Chesser, Affidavit, Criminal No. 1: 10-MJ-504, U.S. District for the Eastern District of Virginia, July 21, 2010, http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/1343.pdf.
303. DOJ Press Release, “Alaska Man Pleads Guilty to Making False Statements in Domestic Terrorism Investigation, Spouse Pleads Guilty to Making False Statements,” July 21, 2010, http://anchorage .fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/ak0721 10.htm.
304. Mary Pemberton, “Alaska Couple Accused of Terrorism Pleads Guilty to Charges of Lying About Alleged Hit List,” Associated Press, July 21, 2010, http://www.newser.com/article/d9h3qhh80/alaska-couple-accused-ofterrorismpleads-guilty
305. Colleen Kelly, “Alaskan Couple in Domestic Terrorism Plot Sentenced, ktva.com (Anchorage, Alaska), Aug. 23, 2010, http://www.ktva.com/ci_15870578
306. Richard Esposito, “Terror Raids at JFK Airport Net American Alleged Terror Plotters Headed for Somalia,”
307. ABC News, June 6, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/terror-raids-jfk-airport-net-alleged-terrorplotters/story?id= 10839045.
308. U.S. v. Mohamed Alessa and Carlos E. Almonte, Criminal Complaint, Magistrate No. 10-8109 (MCA), U.S.
309. District Court, District of New Jersey, June 4, 2010, p. 11, http://www.scribd.com/doc/32643121/US-v-Alessa-and-Almonte.
310. Peter Finn and Jerry Markon, “New Jersey Men Arrested Are Latest From U.S. Tied to Terrorist Groups”
311. Washington Post, June 7, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/06/AR2010060600418.html.
312. Ted Sherman, “FBI Followed Every Move of Two N.J. Terror Suspects for Years, Culminating in Airport Arrests,” Star-Ledger, June 13, 2010, http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/authorities
313. Ted Sherman, “FBI Followed Every Move of Two N.J. Terror Suspects for Years, Culminating in Airport Arrests,” Star-Ledger, June 13, 2010, pp. 8-9.
314. Anne E. Kornblut, Jerry Markon, and Spencer Hsu, “U.S. Citizen from Pakistan Arrested in Times Square Bomb Case.” The Washington Post, May 4, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/03/AR2010050300847.html.
315. Benjamin Weiser, “Guilty Plea in Times Square Bomb Plot,” The New York Times, June 21, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/nyregion/22terror.html.
316. DOJ Press Release, “Faisal Shahzad To Appear In Manhattan Court,” May 18, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/May10/shahzadfaisalcourtpr.pdf.
317. Anne Kornblut and Karin Brulliard, “U.S. Blames Pakistani Taliban For Times Square Bomb Plot,” The Washington Post, May 10, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/09/AR2010050901143.html.
318. Greg Miller, “Pakistan Arrests Man With Militant Ties Who Says He Aided Times Square Bomb Suspect” The Washington Post, May 14, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/13/AR201005 1305032.html.
319. CNN, “Times Square Suspect Had Explosives Training, Documents Say” cnn.com, May 5, 2010, http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/05/04/new.york.car.bomb/?hpt=T2.
320. Nine Eleven Finding Answers (NEFA) Foundation, “The 2007 London and 2010 Times Square Bomb Plots,” May 2010, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/londontimesq0510.pdf.
321. Tom Hays and Colleen Long, “NYC Bomb Suspect Nabbed Aboard Dubai-bound plane, Associated Press, cited in standard.net, May 4, 2010, http://www.standard.net/topics/crime/20 10/05/02/nyc-bomb-suspect-nabbedaboard-dubaibound-plane.
322. U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, Press Release, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Charges Long Island Man with Engaging in Hawala Activity That Funded Attempted Times Square Bomber,” Sep. 15, 2010, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo091510a.htm.
323. United States vs. Colleen R. LaRose, Grand Jury Indictment in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, filed Mar. 4, 2010, pp. 3-4, http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2010-03-04-LaRose-Indictment.pdf
324. Charlie Savage, “Pennsylvania Woman Tied to Plot on Cartoonist,” The New York Times, Mar. 9, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/us/10pennsylvania.html
325. Derrick Nunnally et al., "‘Jihad Jane’ Said to Have Confessed, Philly.com, Mar. 18, 2010, http://www.ph illy.com/philly/news/breaking/88307227.html
326. Shaig Hussain and Brigid Schulte, " 5 N.Va. Men Convicted on Terrorism Charges in Pakistan, Given 10 years in Prison,” The Washington Post, June 25, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/24/AR2010062400843.html?hpid=topnews
327. Jerry Markon, et.al, “Pakistan Charges 5 Northern Virginia Men in Alleged Terrorism Plot,” The Washington Post, Mar. 18, 2010, p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/17/AR2010031700430_pf.html
328. Saeed Shah, “American Jihadi Suspects ‘Set Up’ by Police, Say Lawyers,” The Guardian (London), Apr. 11, 2010, http://www.guardian
329. Kamran Haider, “Pakistani court rejects Americans’ bail request,” Reuters, Feb. 17, 2010,; “Americans detained in http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61F1IQ20100217Pakistan defend ‘jihad’ plans,”
330. Waqar Gillani, “Pakistani Court Approves Arrests of 5 Americans,” New York Times, Dec. 16, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/world/asia/16inquire.html.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/world/asi a/16inquire.html.
331. Margaret Neighbour, “Al-Qaeda ‘Rejected US Muslims Because They Lacked References,'" The Scotsman, Dec.11, 2009, http://news.scotsman.com/world/AlQaeda-39rejected-US-Muslims.5903482.jp
332. Lolita C. Baldor, “Americans Held in Pakistan Straddled 2 Worlds,” The Guardian, Dec. 12, 2009, (AP), http://www.guardian feedarticle/8854274. Hereafter: Baldor, Dec. 12, 2009.
333. DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged with Providing Material Support to Somalia-Based Terrorist Organization,” August 5, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/August/10-ag-898.html.
334. DOJ Press Release, Aug. 5, 2010
335. DOJ Press Release, “Terror Charges Unsealed Against Eight Defendants,” Nov. 23, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/November/09-nsd-1267.html.
336. Anti-Defamation League (ADL), “Al Shabaab’s American Recruits: Introduction,” June 7, 2010, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm.
337. DOJ Press Release, “Fourteen Charged”; “Netherlands Terror Suspect Fights U.S. Extradition,” Associated Press cited in FOXNews.com, Feb. 22, 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/02/22/netherlands-terror-suspectfightsextradition/.
338. Raffaello Pantucci, “American Jihad: New Details Emerge About al-Shabaab Recruitment in North America,” The Jamestown Foundation, Dec. 3, 2009, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/? tx_ttnews [tt_news]=35797&cHash=f6e78a6e93.
339. Dina Temple-Raston, “Jihadi Cool: Terrorist Recruiters’ Latest Weapon,” National Public Radio, Mar. 26, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125186382&ft=1&f=1001.
340. Eric Schmitt, “Islamic Extremist Group Recruits Americans for Civil War, Not Jihad,” The New York Times, June 6, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/nyregion/07shabaab.html.
341. “The Threat from Somalia,” The Washington Post, Nov. 2, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/1 1/01/AR20091 10101774.html.
342. Mike Carter, “Somali Bomb Suspect Tied to Seattle,” The Seattle Times, Sep. 24, 2009, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009930567_somalia24m.html.
343. “Ft. Hood shooter Nidal Hasan used private, legally-bought pistol - not military weapon - in rampage,” Associated Press cited in the New York Daily News, Nov. 7, 2009. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2009/11/07/2009- 11-07_ft_hood_shooter_nidal_hasan_used_private_legallybought_pistol__not_military_weap.html
344. Elisabeth Bumiller and Scott Shane, “Pentagon Report on Fort Hood Details Failures, The New York Times, Jan. 16, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/us/politics
345. William H. McMichael, “Review of Ft. Hood Slayings Faults Hasan’s Supervisors,” Army Times, January 25, 2010.
346. Ann Scott Tyson and Dana Priest, “Army Sought Ways to Channel Hasan’s Absorption with Islam,” Washington Post, Nov. 12, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111128106.html.
347. Carrie Johnson, “U.S. Citizen, David Coleman Headley Admits Role in Mumbai Attacks,” The Washington Post, Mar. 19, 2010, p. A16. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/18/AR2010031805407.html.
348. DOJ Press Release, “Two Chicago Men Charged in Connection with Alleged Roles in Foreign Terror Plot That Focused on Targets in Denmark,” Oct. 27, 2009, http://chicago.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/cg102709.htm; DOJ Press Release, “Chicagoan David Headley Charged with Conspiracy in 2008 Mumbai Attacks in Addition to Foreign Terror Plot in Denmark,” Dec. 7, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/usao/iln/pr/chicago/2009/pr1207_01.pdf
349. DOJ Press Release, “Chicagoans Tahawwur Rana and David Headley Indicted for Alleged Roles in India and Denmark Terrorism Conspiracies: Ilyas Kashmiri and Retired Pakistani Major Charged in Denmark Plot,” Jan. 14, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/usao/iln/pr/chicago/2010/pr0114_01.pdf.
350. Joseph Tanfani, John Shiffman, and Kathleen Brady Shea, “American Suspect in Mumbai Attack Was DEA Informant,” McClatchy Washington Bureau, Dec. 14, 2009, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2009/12/14/vpring/80622 american-suspect-in-mumbai-attack.html
351. Ginger Thompson, “A Terror Suspect With Feet in East and West,” The New York Times, Nov. 22, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/us/22terror.html.
352. Denise Lavoie, “Mass. Terror Suspect Taught Kids at Muslim School,” Associated Press foreign, cited in guardian, Oct. 21, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8766970.
353. Abby Goodnough and Liz Robbins, “Mass. Man Arrested in Terrorism Case,” The New York Times, Oct. 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/us/22terror.html.
354. Shelley Murphy and Milton J. Valencia, “Details Emerge on Plot Suspects,” The Boston Globe, Oct. 23, 2009. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/10/23/details_emerge_on_plot_suspects/.
355. DOJ Press Release, “Massachusetts Man Charged with Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to Terrorists” Oct. 21, 2009. http://boston.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/bs102109a.htm.
356. Jason Trahon, Todd J. Gillman, and Scott Goldstein, “Dallas Bomb Plot Suspect Told Landlord He Was Moving Out,” The Dallas Morning News, Sep. 26, 2009, http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/092409dnmetbombarrest. 1b177db8b.html
357. DOJ Press Release, “Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal Employees Vehicle Bomb Placed at Scene Was Inactive and Posed No Danger to Public,” Sep. 24, 2009, http://springfield.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/2009/si092409.htm.
358. John Marzulli, “Zazi, Al Qaeda Pals Planned Rush-Hour Attack on Grand Central, Times Square Subway Stations,” New York Daily News, Apr. 12, 2010. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/04/12/2010-04-12_zazijalsjlanned_rushhour_attack_on_2_busiest_subway_stations.html.
359. Samantha Gross, David Caruso, and Michael Rubinkam, “Radical Influences All Around NYC Terror Suspect,” Associated Press, Oct. 4, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=8741604.
360. Michael Wilson, “From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect,” New York Times Sep. 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/nyregion/26profile.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print.
361. Philippe Naughton, “TATP is suicide bombers’ weapon of choice,” Times Online (London), July 15, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article544334.ece.
362. William K. Rashbaum, “Terror Suspect Is Charged with Preparing Explosives,” The New York Times, Sep. 25, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/nyregion/25terror.html.
363. Sean Gardiner, “Police Let Terrorist Slip Through,” The Wall Street Journal, Apr. 26, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703441404575205954118455716.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsSecond.
364. David Johnston and William K. Rashbaum, “Terror Suspect Had Bomb Guide, Authorities Say,” The New York Times, Sep. 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/us/21terror.html.
365. Times Topics, “Najibullah Zazi,” The New York Times, Feb 22, 2010.
366. “Zazi,” The New York Times, Feb. 22, 2010, http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/z/najibullah_zazi/index.html.
367. John Marzulli, “Mohammed Wali Zazi, Father of Terror Suspect Najibullah Zazi, Free On Bail,” New York Daily News, Feb. 18, 2010, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/02/18/2010-02- 18_terror_suspect_zazis_dad_free_on_bail.html.
368. Al Baker and Karen Zraick, “Lawyer Defends Queens Imam Arrested in Terror Inquiry,” The New York Times, Sep. 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/nyregion/21imam.html.
369. A.G. Sulzberger, “Imam Snared in Terror Plot Admits He Lied to the F.B.I.” New York Times, March 4, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/nyregion/05terror.html.
370. A.G. Sulzberger, “Imam and Informant Tells Why He Lied,” The New York Times, Apr. 15, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/nyregion/16imam.html?scp=1&sq=%E2%80%9CImam%20and%20Informant%20Tells%20Why%20He%20Lied,%E2%80%9D%20&st=cse
371. Colleen Long, “Imam Entangled in Terrorism Case Leaves U.S.” Associated Press, cited in CBSNews.com, July 6, 2010, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/06/national/main6650661.shtml?utm_source=feedburner& utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+FromTheRoadCBSNews+(From+The+Road%3A+CBSNews.com).
372. William K. Rashbaum, “Uncle Who Vouched for Terror Suspect Arrested,” The New York Times, Jan. 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/nyregion/28zazi.html.
373. DOJ Press Release, “Two Charged with Terror Violations in Connection with New York Subway Plot,” Feb. 25, 2010, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo022510a.html.
374. Janon Fisher, “Suspect in Subway Terror Plot Pleads Not Guilty,” New York Post, Aug. 6, 2010, http://www.n ypost.com/p/news/local/queens/suspect_in_subway_terrorjlotjleads_ul5seb9NDPmxETe4ewIyBK#ixzz0wUo 8qs77.
375. Evan Perez and Keith Johnson, “New Arrest in Plot to Bomb Subway,” The Wall Street Journal,” Apr. 13, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303828304575180133111701068.html.
376. DOJ Press Release, “Charges Unsealed Against Five Alleged Members of Al-Qaeda Plot to Attack the United States and United Kingdom,” July 7, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/July/10-nsd-781.html.
377. William K. Rashbaum, “Qaeda Leader Indicted in Subway Plot,” The New York Times, July 7, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/nyregion/08terror.html.
378. Dina Temple-Raston, “Feds: N.Y. Subway Bomb Plot Included U.K. Targets,” National Public Radio, July 8, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128368594.
379. Julia Love, “Alleged Al Qaeda Operatives in New York Plot,” Los Angeles Times, July 8, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/08/nation/la-na-ny-terror-20100708.
380. DOJ Press Release, “Seven Charged with Terrorism Violations in North Carolina,” July 27, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/July/09-nsd-725.html.
381. DOJ Press Release, “Superseding Indictment in Boyd Matter Charges Defendants with Conspiring to Murder U.S. Military Personnel, Weapons Violations,” Sep. 24, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/September/09-nsd1023.html.
382. DOJ Press Release, “Kosovar National Charged with Terrorism Violations,” June 17, 2010, http://charlotte .fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/ch061710.htm.
383. Kelcey Carlson, “Report: Judge Denies Extradition of Triangle Terrorism Suspect,” wral.com, June 21, 2010, http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/7821448/.
384. The NEFA Foundation, “Target America Series #18: The Little Rock Arkansas Recruiting Station Shooting,” June 2009, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/NEFA_littlerockrecruitingshooting.pdf.
385. James Dao, “Man Claims Terror Ties in Little Rock Shooting,” The New York Times, Jan. 22, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/22littlerock.html. Hereafter: Dao, Jan. 22, 2010.
386. James Dao, “A Muslim Son, a Murder Trial, and Many Questions,” The New York Times, Feb. 16, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/us/17convert.html. Hereafter: Dao, Feb 16, 2010.
387. Dina Temple-Raston, “FBI Encountered Accused Ark. Shooter In Yemen,” National Public Radio, June 8, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105128523.
388. James Dao and David Johnson, “Suspect in Soldier Attack was Once Detained in Yemen,” The New York Times, June 3, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/04recruit.html.
389. Anti Defamation League, “Soldier Killed at Arkansas Army Recruiting Center,”, adl. com, Apr. 26, 2010, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/arkansas_army_recruit_center_shooting.htm.
390. United States v. James Cromitie, David Williams, Onta Williams, Laguerre Payen, Indictment 09-Cr558, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (undated). http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/990.pdf.
391. Javier C. Hernandez and Sewell Chan, “N.Y. Bomb Plot Suspects Acted Alone, Police Say,” The New York Times, May 21, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/nyregion/22terror.html?ref=nyregion.
392. DOJ Press Release, “Four Arrested for Plot To Bomb Synagogue and Jewish community center and to Shoot Military Planes with Stinger Missiles,” May 20, 2009, http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel /pressrel09/nyfo052009.htm.
393. Graham Rayman, “The Alarming Record of the FBI’s Informant in the Bronx Bomb Plot,” The Village Voice, July 8, 2009, http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-07-08/news/the-alarming-record-of-the-f-b-i-s-informant-inthe-bronxbomb-plot/3.
394. Zachary Roth, “The Newburgh Four-And The Government Mole Who Betrayed Them,” TPM Muckraker, May 22, 2009. http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/05/the_newburgh_four_-_and_the_goverment_mole_who_be.php?ref=m1.
395. William Glaberson, “Trial of Newburgh Men Accused of Terror Plot Delayed,” The New York Times, June 14, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/nyregion/15terror.html.
396. United States v. John Doe, Cr. No. 08-823, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, Nov. 22, 2008, http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2009-07-22-Bryant-Neal-Vinas-Court-Docs.pdf.
397. United States against Bryant Neal Vinas, Cr. No. 08-823 NGG, Unsealing Application, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, July 22, 2009, http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2009-07-22-Bryant-Neal-Vinas-CourtDocs.pdf#page=13.
398. Sebastian Rotella and Josh Meyer, “U.S.-born Militant Who Fought For Al Qaeda Is In Custody,” Los Angeles Times, July 23, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/23/nation/na-american-jihad23.
399. Paul Cruickshank, Nic Robertson, and Ken Shiffman, “From Long Island to Lahore: The Plot to Bomb New York,” CNN, May 21, 2010, http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/05/14/bryant.neal.vinas.part2/index. html.
400. Anti Defamation League, “New Yorker Pleads Guilty to Providing NYC Transit Information to Al Qaeda,” July 23, 2009, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/vinas_guilty
401. Carol Eisenberg, “JFK Terror Plot: Credibility of Case in Question,” Newsday, June 6, 2007. Hereafter: Eisenberg, June 6, 2007.
402. John Marzulli, “I Was Brain of It All … " New York Daily News, Jan. 6, 2010, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/0 1/06/20 10-0 1-06_untitled pipeline06m.html.
403. Chris Michaud, “Four Charged in Plot to Blow Up JFK Airport,” Reuters, June 2, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0238499820070602.
404. " 4 indicted in terror plot to blow up JFK airport,” Newsday, June 29, 2007.
405. “Four Charged over JFK Bomb Plot, BBC News, June 3, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6715443.stm.
406. Anthony Faiola and Steven Mufson, “NY Airport Target of Plot, Officials Say,” The Washington Post, June 3, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/02/AR2007060200606_pf.html.
407. John Goglia quoted in “Plot to Destroy New York Airport Considered Overhyped,” History Commons., June 2, 2007, http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=russell_defreitas_1.
408. “Meet the JFK Informant,” The Smoking Gun.com, June 14, 2007, http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0614071jfkplot1 .html.
409. A.G. Sulzberger, " 3 Years Later, Trial to Start in JFK Bomb Plot,” The New York Times, June 29, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/30/nyregion/30terror.html.
410. Basil Katz, “Trial Opens for Accused NY Airport Bomb Plotters,” Reuters, June 30, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65T6PK20100630.
411. A.G. Sulzberger, “Two Men Convicted in Kennedy Airport Plot,” The New York Times, Aug. 2, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/nyregion/03kennedy.html?_r=1&ref=russell_m_defreitas.
412. Christopher Dela Cruz, “Three convicted in Fort Dix terror plot are sentenced to life in prison” NJ.com, Apr. 28, 2009, http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/judge_sentences_fort_dix_defen.html.
413. “Raw Data: Charges in Fort Dix Terror Trial,” Associated Press cited in FoxNews .com, Dec. 22, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,470897,00.html.
414. Geoff Mulvihill, “Man sentenced in Fort Dix plot case” Associated Press cited in USA Today, Mar. 31, 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-31-619191134_x.htm.
415. U.S. Attorney Southern District of Texas, Press Release, “U.S. Citizen Pleads Guilty to Training to Fight Jihad,” Apr. 19, 2007, http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Maldonado_DOJPR_Guilty Plea.pdf.
416. “American Citizen Charged With Training in Somalia With Al Qaeda, Learning to Become Homicide Bomber,” Foxnews .com, Feb. 14, 2007, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,251820,00.html.
417. Shelley Murphy and Milton J. Valencia, “Details Emerge on Plot Suspects,” The Boston Globe, Oct. 23, 2009, http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/10/23/details_emerge_on_plot_suspects/.
418. Melissa Bailey, “Ode to Osama,” New Haven Independent, Nov. 28, 2007, http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/ode_to_osama/.
419. Michael Mayko, “FBI Informant Testifies in Terror Case,” Connecticut Post, Nov. 30, 2007
420. NEFA Foundation, “The Illinois Shopping Mall Plot,” Dec. 2007, p. 2, http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/ChicagoPlot1207.pdf.
421. Pierre Thomas and Jason Ryan, "‘Lone Wolf’ Charged With Plotting Attack During Christmas Rush,” abcnews .com, Dec. 8, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=2710776&page=1.
422. Anti Defamation League, “Houston Man Sentenced for Supporting the Taliban, adl.com, May 27, 2010, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/houston_taliban.htm.
423. Mary Flood, “Houston Taliban Supporter Gets 4-1/2 Years in Prison,” Houston Chronicle, Aug 7, 2009, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6564474.html.
424. Jason Trahan, “UTD Student Convicted for Having Weapon,” The Dallas Morning News, May 24, 2007, http:// www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/stories/052507dntexterrorcharges.271768e.html.
425. Mary Flood, “Ex-HCC Student Convicted of Trying to Help Taliban,” Houston Chronicle, May 28, 2010, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7026012.html.
426. DOJ, “Transcript of Press Conference Announcing Florida Terrorism Indictments,” June 23, 2006.
427. DOJ Press Conference, June 23, 2006. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/Miami
428. DOJ Press Conference, June 23, 2006. p.4.
429. DOJ Press Conference, June 23, 2006. pp. 5-6.
430. Walter Pincus, “FBI Role in Terror Probe Questioned,” The Washington Post, Sep. 2, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/01/AR2006090101764.html.
431. Carol J. Williams, “A Case of Terror or Entrapment,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 30, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/30/nation/na-liberty30.
432. Damien Cave and Carmen Gentile, “Five Convicted in Plot to Blow Up Sears Tower,” The New York Times, May 13, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/us/13miami.html.
433. DOJ Press Release, “Terrorism Defendants Sentenced in Atlanta,” Dec. 14, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/December/09-nsd-1338.html.
434. PBS, Frontline, “Canada: The Cell Next Door,” Jan. 30, 2007, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/about/episodes/602_transcript.html.
435. Anti Defamation League, “Three Men Face Terrorism Charges in Ohio,” adl.org, Oct. 21, 2009, http://www.adl.org/main _Terrorism/Ohio _men _trial.htm.
436. Anti Defamation League, “Chicago Cousins Plead Guilty in Terrorism Case,” adl.org, Jan. 26, 2009, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/ahmed_cousins_guilty
437. Richard A. Serrano, “Cousins Sentence in Ohio on Terrorism Charges,” latimes .com. July 12, 2010, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sc-dc-0713-ohio-terror.-20100712,0,6294758, print.story.
438. Anti-Defamation League, “Two Sentenced in Los Angeles Terror Plot against Jewish Institutions,” adl.com, Aug. 24, 2008, http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/los_angeles_sentenced.htm. Hereafter: Anti-Defamation League, Aug. 24, 2008.
439. DOJ Press Release, “Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets,” Aug. 31, 2005, http://www.dodig.mil/IGInformation/IGInformationReleases/fourmen_090105.pdf.
440. DOJ Press Release, “Hamid Hayat Sentenced to 24 Years in Connection with Terrorism Charges,” Sep. 10, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/September/07_nsd_700.html.
441. Eric Bailey “Lodi man gets 24 years in terrorism case” Los Angeles Times, September 11, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/11/local/me-lodi11.
442. Brendan Lyons, “Mosque Welcomed In Informant,” timesunion .com, (Albany, NY), Aug. 8, 2004, http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=273922.
443. Brendan Lyons, “Terror Suspect Wants Own Trial,” timesunion.com, Dec. 10, 2005, http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=428450&category=REGIONOTHER&BCCode=LOCAL&newsdate=12/10/2005& TextPage=1.
444. Marc Santora, “Key Evidence Cast in Doubt on a Claim of Terrorism,” The New York Times, Aug 18, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/18/nyregion/18missile.html.
445. Carl Strock, “The View from Here,”
446. Schenectady Daily Gazette, Feb. 4, 2007, http://www.nepajac.org/Strock.htm
447. Fred LeBrun, “History Will Remember Albany Terrorism Sting As A Witch Hunt,” Albany Times Union, Jan. 12, 2007, http://www.nepajac.org/FredLeBrun.htm.
448. Carl Strock, “Inmates Go To Bat for Aref and Hossain,” Schenectady Daily Gazette, Mar. 22, 2007, http://www.yassinaref.com/news/03-22-07_Strock.htm.
449. William K. Rashbaum, “Guilty Verdict in Plot to Bomb Subway Station,” The New York Times, May 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/nyregion/25herald.html.
450. William K. Rashbaum, “Staten Island Man Describes Shattered Life, Then Plot to Bomb Subway Station,” The New York Times, May 19, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/nyregion/10herald.html.
451. DOJ Press Release, “Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda,” Oct 28, 2003, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2003/October/03_crm_589.htm.
452. Daniel Eisenberg, et al., “The Triple Life of a Qaeda Man,” TIME, June 30, 2003, http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,88 16,1005104,00.html.
453. Larry Abramson, “Jury Finds Abu Ali Guilty on Terrorism Charges,” National Public Radio, Nov. 22, 2005, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5024013.
454. Spencer Ackerman, “Suspect Policy,” The New Republic, March 14, 2005, http://www.tnr.com/article/suspectpolicy-0.
455. Jerry Markon, “Falls Church Man’s Sentence in Terror Plot is Increased to Life,” The Washington Post, July 28, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/27/AR2009072701384.html.
456. “Two ‘Paintball’ Terrorists Sentenced, Associated Press cited in foxnews .com, Apr. 9, 2004, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,116729,00.html.
457. Jerry Markon and Mary Beth Sheridan, “Indictment Expands Va. ‘Jihad’ Charges,” The Washington Post, Sep. 26, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2730-2003Sep25.html.
458. U.S. Attorneys’ Office, Eastern District of Virginia; News Release, Apr. 26, 2005, http://www.invest igativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/73.pdf.
459. Jerry Markon, “Muslim Lecturer Sentenced to Life,” The Washington Post, July 14, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/13/AR2005071302169.html.
460. The Times of India, “Teacher Jailed for Aiding LeT,” Aug. 26, 2006, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1929483.cms.
461. Daniel Pipes, “Hasan Akbar’s Chilling Diary Entries,” Apr. 15, 2010, http://www.danielpi pes.org/blog/2005/04/hasan-akbars-chilling-diary-entries.
462. Susan Candiotti, “Prosecutors: No bail for six accused of helping al Qaeda,” CNN, Sep. 19, 2002, http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/09/18/buffalo
463. DOJ Press Release, “U.S. Attorney’s Office Successfully Concludes Terrorism Case, With Sixth Conviction of Al Qaeda Supporter,” May 19, 2003, http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/898.pdf.
464. PBS, “Chasing the Sleeper Cell,” Oct. 16, 2003, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/etc/synopsis.html.
465. Dina Temple-Raston, “How Great a Threat Were the Lackawanna Six?,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, Sep. 10, 2007
466. Dina Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door: The Lackawanna Six and Rough Justice in the Age of Terror, (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId= 14285994.
467. Dan Herbeck, “Yemen Holds Lackawanna 6 Figure,” Buffalo News, Jan 20, 2010, http://www.buffalonews.com/2010/01/20/929584/yemen-holds-lackawanna-6-figure.html.
468. CRS Report RL33 180, Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Michael John Garcia.
469. Deborah Sontag, “Terror Suspect’s Path From Streets to Brig,” The New York Times, Apr. 25, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/us/terror-suspect-s-path-from-streets-to-brig.html.
470. CNN, “Transcript of News Conference on Jose Padilla,” June 1, 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/LAW/06/01/comey.padilla.transcript/.
471. The New York Times, “Times Topics: Jose Padilla,” Mar. 6, 2009, http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/jose_padilla/index.html.
472. Dan Collins, "‘Dirty Bomb’ Suspect A Nobody?" CBS News, Aug 14, 2002, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/08/27/attack/main5 19996.shtml.
473. Michael McGough, “How Do You Solve a Problem Like Padilla?" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Jan. 2, 2006, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06002/631159-108.stm#ixzz0pA44Cy40.
474. Amanda Ripley, “The Case of the Dirty Bomber” TIME Magazine, Jun. 16, 2002, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,262917,00.html#ixzz0p9fME32v.
475. Nick Budnick, “The Making of a ‘Terrorist,'" Williamette Week Online, Oct.16, 2002, http://www.wweek.com/story.php?story=3246.
476. DOJ Press Release, “Two Defendants in ‘Portland Cell’ Case Plead Guilty to Conspiracy to Contribute Services to the Taliban, Federal Weapons Charges,” Sep. 18, 2003, http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel03/portland092203.htm.
477. DOJ Press Release, “October Martinique Lewis Pleads Guilty to Money Laundering in Portland Cell Case, Sep.26, 2003, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2003/September/03_crm_532.htm.
478. DOJ Press Release, “Jeffrey Battle, Patrice Lumumba Ford Sentenced to 18 Years in Prison for Seditious Conspiracy,” Nov. 23, 2003, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pjus/is_200311/ai_2497879968/.
479. DHS Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, “Engagement with Key Communities Team.” Aug. 14, 2009, http://www.dhs.gov/xcitizens/gc_1249415146102.shtm.
480. Ondray T. Harris, Director, DOJ Community Relations Service, “Creating Positive Perception of Sikh Identity in the U.S. Public,” speech at the 2nd Global Sikh Civil Rights Conference in Toronto, Canada; Dec. 19, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/crs/united-sikhs.pdf.
481. Scott Atran, Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities: Countering Violent Extremism: Statement for the Record, Addendum-2, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., Mar. 10, 2010, http ://armedservices.senate.gov/statemnt/2010/03%20March/Atran%2003-10-10.pdf.
482. Brett Hovington, House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment: Working with Communities to Disrupt Terror Plots: Statement for the Record, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., Mar. 17, 2010, http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20100317103507-03554.pdf.
483. Executive Order 13224, “Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism,” signed by President George W. Bush on Sep. 23, 2001, http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/terror/terror.pdf.
484. Executive Order 13224, “Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism,” signed by President George W. Bush on Sep. 23, 2001, pp. 8-10.
485. NCTC, About the National Counterterrorism Center, http://www.nctc.gov/about_us/about_nctc.html.
486. The Office of the President, National Framework for Strategic Communication, 2010., p. 12, http://www.fas.org/man/eprint/pubdip.pdf.
487. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Violent Islamist Extremism: Al-Shabaab Recruitment in America, Testimony of Andrew Liepman, Deputy Director of Intelligence, National Counterterrorism Center, 111th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 11, 2009, p. 5, http://www.nctc.gov/press_room/speeches/sfr2009031 1.pdf.
488. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Violent Islamist Extremism: Al-Shabaab Recruitment in America, Testimony of Andrew Liepman, Deputy Director of Intelligence, National Counterterrorism Center, 111th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 11, 2009, p. 6.