Impact of population, age structure, and urbanization on carbon emissions/energy consumption: Evidence from macro-level, cross-country analyses

Population and Environment

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 286-304

  Liddle, Brantley ^a  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Age structure and environment; Cross country analyses; IPAT; STIRPAT; Urbanization and energy carbon emissions

Indexed keywords

AGE STRUCTURE; CARBON EMISSION; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; ENERGY USE; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION GROWTH; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84896082780     PISSN: 01990039     EISSN: 15737810     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11111-013-0198-4     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. 2 emission in MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 107-112.
2. Beck, N., & Katz, J. (1996). Nuisance vs. substance: Specifying and estimating time-series-cross-section models. Political Analysis, 6(1), 1-34.
3. Becker, G., Murphy, K. M., & Tamura, R. (1990). Human capital, fertility, and economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S12-S37.
4. Bloom, D. E., & Williamson, J. G. (1998). Demographic transitions and economic miracles in emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419-455.
5. Burney, N. (1995). Socioeconomic development and electricity consumption. Energy Economics, 17, 185-195.
6. Cole, M. A., & Neumayer, E. (2004). Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Population and Environment, 26(1), 5-21.
7. 2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94, 175-179.
8. Eberhardt, M., Helmers, C., & Strauss, H. (2013). Do spillovers matter when estimating private returns to R&D? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95, 436-448.
9. Ehrlich, P., & Holdren, J. (1971). The impact of population growth. Science, 171, 1212-1217.
10. 2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 377-395.
11. Fang, W., Miller, S., & Yeh, C-. C. (2012). The effect of ESCOs on energy use. Energy Policy, 51, 558-568.
12. Henderson, V. (2003). The urbanization process and economic growth: The so-what question. Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 47-71.
13. Hilton, F. And, & Levinson, A. (1998). Factoring the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from automotive lead emissions. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 35, 126-141.
14. 2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39, 6991-6999.
15. Jones, D. (1989). Urbanization and energy use in economic development. The Energy Journal, 10(4), 29-44.
16. Jones, D. (1991). How urbanization affects energy use in developing countries. Energy Policy, 19, 621-630.
17. Jorgenson, A. (2007). Does foreign investment harm the air we breathe and the water we drink? Organization and Environment, 20(2), 137-156.
18. Jorgenson, A. (2012). The sociology of ecologically unequal exchange and carbon dioxide emissions, 1960-2005. Social Science Research, 41, 242-252.
19. Jorgenson, A., & Clark, B. (2010). Assessing the temporal stability of the population/environment relationship in comparative perspective: A cross-national panel study of carbon dioxide emissions, 1960-2005. Population and Environment, 32, 27-41.
20. Jorgenson, A., & Clark, B. (2012). Are the economy and the environment decoupling? A comparative international study, 1960-2005. American Journal of Sociology, 118(1), 1-44.
21. Jorgenson, A., Rice, J., & Clark, B. (2010). Cities, slums, and energy consumption in less developed countries, 1990 to 2005. Organization and Environment, 23(2), 189-204.
22. Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2011). Panels with non-stationary multifactor error structures. Journal of Econometrics, 160, 326-348.
23. Kenworthy, J., & Laube, F. (1999). Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: An international overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications for urban policy. Transportation Research Part A, 33, 691-723.
24. Knight, K. And, & Rosa, E. (2012). Household dynamics and fuelwood consumption in developing countries: A cross-national analysis. Population and Environment, 33, 365-378.
25. Knight, K., Rosa, E., & Schor, J. (2013). Could working less reduce pressures on the environment? A cross-national panel analysis of OECD countries, 1970-2007. Global Environmental Change, 23, 691-700.
26. Lariviere, I. And, & Lafrance, G. (1999). Modelling the electricity consumption of cities: Effect of urban density. Energy Economics, 21(1), 53-66.
27. Liddle, B. (2004). Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact: Using panel regressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport. Population and Environment, 26(1), 23-39.
28. Liddle, B. (2011). Consumption-driven environmental impact and age-structure change in OECD countries: A cointegration-STIRPAT analysis. Demographic Research, 24, 749-770.
29. Liddle, B. (2012). What are the carbon emissions elasticities for income and population? A robustness exercise employing the STIRPAT framework. USAEE Working Paper No. 12-135. Available via SSRN. http://ssrn. com/abstract=2162222.
30. Liddle, B. (2013a). Population, affluence, and environmental impact across development: Evidence from panel cointegration modeling. Environmental Modeling and Software, 40, 255-266.
31. Liddle, B. (2013b). Urban density and climate change: A STIRPAT analysis using city-level data. Journal of Transport Geography, 28, 22-29.
32. Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31, 317-343.
33. Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2013). Might electricity consumption cause urbanization instead? New evidence of the (bi)causal nature of electricity and urbanization from panel long-run causality tests. Global Environmental Change (forthcoming). Working paper version available via SSRN. http://ssrn. com/abstract=2237749.
34. Marcotullio, P., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., & Schulz, N. (2012). The geography of urban greenhouse gas emissions in Asia: A regional analysis. Global Environmental Change, 22, 944-958.
35. 2 emissions: Evidence from European countries. Environmental & Resource Economics, 38, 497-512.
36. 2 emissions: Evidence from developing countries. Ecological Economics, 70, 1344-1353.
37. Menz, T., & Kuhling, J. (2011). Population aging and environmental quality in OECD countries: Evidence from sulfur dioxide emissions data. Population and Environment, 33, 55-79.
38. Menz, T., & Welsch, H. (2012). Population aging and carbon emissions in OECD countries: Accounting for life-cycle and cohort effects. Energy Economics, 34, 842-849.
39. Mishra, V., Smyth, R., & Sharma, S. (2009). The energy-GDP nexus: Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries. Resource and Energy Economics, 31, 210-220.
40. Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (1989). Cities and automobile dependence: An international sourcebook. Aldershot, UK: Gower Technical.
41. O'Neill, B. C., & Chen, B. S. (2002). Demographic determinants of household energy use in the United States. Population and Development Review, 28, 53-88.
42. O'Neill, B., Liddle, B., Jiang, L., Smith, K., Pachauri, S., Dalton, M., et al. (2012). Demographic change and carbon dioxide emissions. The Lancet, 380(9837), 157-164.
43. 2 emissions from road transportation? Energy Policy, 45, 286-292.
44. Parikh, J., & Shukla, V. (1995). Urbanization, energy use and greenhouse effects in economic development. Global Environmental Change, 5(2), 87-103.
45. Payne, J. (2010a). Survey of the international evidence on the causal relationship between energy consumption and growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 37, 53-95.
46. Payne, J. (2010b). A survey of the electricity consumption-growth literature. Applied Energy, 87, 723-731.
47. Pesaran, M., & Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panel. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 79-113.
48. 2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics, 70, 434-444.
49. Poumanyvong, P., Kaneko, S., & Dhakal, S. (2012). Impacts of urbanization on national transport and road energy use: Evidence from low, middle and high income countries. Energy Policy, 46, 268-277.
50. Prskawetz, A., Leiwen, J., & O'Neill, B. (2004). Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2004, 247-326.
51. Roberts, T. (2011). Applying the STIRPAT model in a post-Fordist landscape: Can a traditional econometric model work at the local level? Applied Geography, 31, 731-739.
52. Rosa, E., & Dietz, T. (2012). Human drivers of national greenhouse-gas emissions. Nature Climate Change, 2, 581-586.
53. Rosa, E., York, R., & Dietz, T. (2004). Tracking the anthropogenic drivers of ecological impacts. Ambio, 33(8), 509-512.
54. Shi, A. (2003). The impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 1975-1996: Evidence from pooled cross-country data. Ecological Economics, 44, 29-42.
55. Stern, D. (2010). Between estimates of the emissions-income elasticity. Ecological Economics, 69, 2173-2182.
56. Wagner, Martin. (2008). The carbon Kuznets curve: A cloudy picture emitted by bad econometrics? Resource and Energy Economics, 30(3), 388-408.
57. York, R. (2007a). Demographic trends and energy consumption in European Union Nations, 1960-2025. Social Science Research, 36, 855-872.
58. York, R. (2007b). Structural influences on energy production in South and East Asia, 1971-2002. Sociological Forum, 22(4), 532-554.
59. York, R. (2008). De-carbonization in former Soviet republics, 1992-2000: The ecological consequences of de-modernization. Social Problems, 55(3), 370-390.
60. York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003a). Bridging environmental science with environmental policy: Plasticity of population, affluence, and technology. Social Science Quarterly, 83, 18-33.
61. York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003b). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46, 351-365.
62. 2 emissions: A semi-parametric panel data analysis. Economics Letters, 117, 848-850.