The evolution of an MCS over southern England. Part 2: Model simulations and sensitivity to microphysics

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 140, Issue 679, 2014, Pages 458-479

  Clark, P A ^a   Browning, K A ^a   Forbes, R M ^b   Morcrette, C J ^c   Blyth, A M ^d   Lean, H W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS   (United Kingdom)

^c MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cloud microphysics; Cold pool; Convection; Mesoscale model; Precipitation; Rear inflow jet

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; EVAPORATION; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; HEAT CONVECTION; LINEAR SYSTEMS; PHYSICS; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); RAIN; SNOW; STORMS;

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; COLD POOL; CONVECTIVE STORM INITIATION PROJECTS; HORIZONTAL GRID SPACING; MESO-SCALE MODELING; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESS; QUANTITATIVE FEATURES;

LAKES;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; COLD POOL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; JET STREAM; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; NUMERICAL MODEL; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

ENGLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84896056552     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.2142     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Atlas D, Tatehira R, Srivastava RC, Marker W, Carbone RE. 1969. Precipitation-induced mesoscale wind perturbations in the melting layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 95: 544-560.
2. Benjamin TB. 1968. Gravity currents and related phenomena. J. Fluid Mech. 31: 209-248.
3. Browning KA, Blyth AM, Clark PA, Corsmeier U, Morcrette C, Agnew JL, Ballard SP, Bamber D, Barthlott C, Bennett LJ, Beswick KM, Bitter M, Bozier KE, Brooks BJ, Collier CG, Davies F, Deny B, Dixon MA, Feuerle T, Forbes RM, Gaffard C, Gray MD, Hankers R, Hewison TJ, Kalthoff N, Khodayar S, Kohler M, Kottmeier C, Kraut S, Kunz M, Ladd DN, Lean HW, Lenfant J, Li Z, Marsham J, McGregor J, Mobbs SD, Nicol J, Norton E, Parker DJ, Perry F, Ramatschi M, Ricketts HMA, Roberts NM, Russell A, Schulz H, Slack EC, Vaughan G, Waight J, Watson RJ, Webb AR, Wareing DP, Wieser A. 2007. The Convective Storms Initiation Project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 88: 1939-1955.
4. Bryan GH, Wyngaard JC, Fritsch JM. 2003. Resolution requirements for the simulation of deep moist convection. Mon. Weather Rev. 131: 2394-2416.
5. Clark PA, Browning KA, Morcrette CJ, Blyth AM, Forbes RM, Brooks B, Perry F. 2013. The evolution of an MCS over southern England. Part 1: Observations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. DOI: 10.1002/qj.2138.
6. Cotton WR, Alexander GD, Hertenstein R, Walko RL, McAnelly RL, Melville N. 1995. Cloud venting-A review and some new global annual estimates. Earth Science Rev. 39: 169-206.
7. Cotton WR, Bryan G, van den Heever SC. 2011. Storm and Cloud Dynamics. International Geophysics Volume 99. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
8. Cram JM, Pielke RA, Cotton WR. 1992. Numerical simulation and analysis of a prefrontal squall line. Part II: Propagation of the squall line as an internal gravity wave. J. Atmos. Sci. 49: 209-225.
9. Crook NA, Moncrieff MW. 1988. The effect of large-scale convergence on the generation and maintenance of deep moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci. 45: 3606-3624.
10. Cullen MJP, Davies T, Mawson MH, James JA, Coulter SC, Malcolm A. 1997. An overview of numerical methods for the next generation UK NWP and climate model. In Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Ocean Modelling, the André J. Robert memorial volume. Lin CA, Laprise R, Ritchie H. (eds). Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society: Ottawa. 425-444.
11. Davies T, Cullen MJP, Malcolm AJ, Mawson MH, Staniforth A, White AA, Wood N. 2005. A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131: 1759-1782.
12. Droegemeier KK, Wilhelmson RB. 1987. Numerical simulation of thunderstorm outflow dynamics. Part I: Outflow sensitivity experiments and turbulence dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci. 44: 1180-1210.
13. Essery R, Best M, Cox P. 2001. 'MOSES 2.2 Technical Documentation'. Technical Report No. 30, Hadley Centre: Met Office, Exeter, UK.
14. Fovell RG, Mullendore GL, Kim S-H. 2006. Discrete propagation in numerically simulated nocturnal squall lines. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 3735-3752.
15. Houze RA Jr. 2004. Mesoscale convective systems. Rev. Geophys. 42: RG4003, DOI: 10.1029/2004RG000150.
16. Gregory D, Rowntree PR. 1990. A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Weather Rev. 118: 1483-1506.
17. Lean HW, Clark PA, Dixon M, Fitch A, Forbes R, Halliwell C, Roberts NM. 2008. Characteristics of high-resolution NWP models for forecasting convection over the UK. Mon. Weather Rev. 136: 3408-3424.
18. Leoncini G, Plant RS, Gray SL, Clark PA. 2009. Perturbation growth at the convective scale for CSIP IOP 18. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 136: 653-670.
19. Leoncini G, Plant RS, Gray SL, Clark PA. 2013. Ensemble forecasts of a flood-producing storm: comparison of the influence of model-state perturbations and parameter modifications. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 139: 198-211.
20. Lock AP, Brown AR, Bush MR, Martin GM, Smith RNB. 2000. A new boundary-layer mixing scheme. Part 1: Scheme description and single-column model tests. Mon. Weather Rev. 128: 3187-3199.
21. Ludlam FH. 1980. Clouds and storms: the behavior and effect of water in the atmosphere. Pennsylvania State University Press: University Park, PA.
22. Morrison H. 2012. On the robustness of aerosol effects on an idealized supercell storm simulated with a cloud system-resolving model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 7689-7705.
23. Olsson PQ, Cotton WR. 1997. Balanced and unbalanced circulations in a primitive equation simulation of a midlatitude MCC. Part II: Analysis of balance. J. Atmos. Sci. 54: 479-497.
24. Pandya RE, Durran DR. 1996. The influence of convectively generated thermal forcing on the mesoscale circulation around squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 2924-2951.
25. Parker MD. 2007a. Simulated convective lines with parallel stratiform precipitation. Part I: An archetype for aonvection in along-line shear. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 267-288.
26. Parker MD. 2007b. Simulated convective lines with parallel stratiform precipitation. Part II: Governing dynamics and associated sensitivities. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 289-313.
27. Parker MD, Johnson RH. 2000. Organizational modes of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Mon. Weather Rev. 128: 3413-3436.
28. Raymond DJ. 1984. A wave-CISK model of squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 1946-1958.
29. Raymond DJ, Jiang H. 1990. A theory for long-lived mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 47: 3067-3077.
30. Rotunno R, Klemp JB, Weisman ML. 1988. A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci. 45: 463-485.
31. Schmetz J, Pili P, Tjemkes S, Just D, Kerkmann J, Rota S, Ratier A. 2002. An introduction to Meteosat Second Generation (MSG). Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 83: 977-992.
32. Simpson JE. 1987. Gravity currents in the environment and laboratory. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press:Cambridge, UK.
33. Schmidt JM, Cotton WR. 1990. Interactions between upper and lower tropospheric gravity waves on squall line structure and maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci. 47: 1205-1222.
34. Schumacher RS. 2009. Mechanisms for quasi-stationary behavior in simulated heavy-rain-producing convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 66: 1543-1568.
35. Thorpe AJ, Miller MJ, Moncrieff MW. 1982. Two-dimensional convection in non-constant shear: A model of midlatitude squall lines. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 108: 739-762.
36. Trier SB, Marsham JH, Davis CA, Ahijevych DA. 2011. Numerical simulations of the postsunrise reorganization of a nocturnal mesoscale convective system during 13 June IHOP_2002. J. Atmos. Sci. 68: 2988-3011.
37. van den Heever SC, Carrio GG, Cotton WR, DeMott PJ, Prenni AJ. 2006. Impacts of nucleating aerosol on Florida storms. Part I: mesoscale simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. 63: 1752-1775.
38. Weisman ML. 1992. The role of convectively generated rear-inflow jets in the evolution of long-lived mesoconvective systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 49: 1826-1847.
39. Weisman ML. 2001. Bow echoes: A tribute to TT Fujita. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 82: 97-116.
40. Weisman ML, Skamarock WC, Klemp JB. 1997. The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems. Mon. Weather Rev. 125: 527-548.
41. Wilson DR, Ballard SP. 1999. A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125: 1607-1636.