Gender and competition in adolescence: Task matters

Experimental Economics

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 154-172

  Dreber, Anna ^a   von Essen, Emma ^b   Ranehill, Eva ^c  

^a STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (Sweden)

^b STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Altruism; Competitiveness; Experiment; Gender differences; Risk preferences

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895900959     PISSN: 13864157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10683-013-9361-0     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Salvanes, K. G., Sørensen, E., & Tungodden, B. (2012). Willingness to compete: family matters. Department of Economics, NHH, Discussion paper, 23/2012.
2. Andersen, S., Ertac, S., Gneezy, U., List, J., Maximiano, & Gender, S. F. (2013). Competitiveness and socialization at a young age: evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Review of Economics and Statistics.
3. Apicella, C. L., Dreber, A., Campbell, B., Gray, P., Hoffman, M., & Little, A. C. (2008). Testosterone and financial risk-taking. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 385-390.
4. Beilock, S. L., Gunderson, E. A., Ramirez, G., & Levine, S. C. (2010). Female teachers' math anxiety affects girls' math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(5), 1860-1863.
5. Benenson, J. F., Pascoe, J., & Radmore, N. (2007). Children's altruistic behavior in the dictator game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(3), 168-175.
6. Bertrand, M. (2010). In New perspectives on gender. Handbook of labor economics, vol. 4, (Part b) (pp. 1543-1590). Chap. 17.
7. Blake, P. R., & Rand, D. G. (2010). Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 210-218.
8. Booth, A. L., & Nolen, P. J. (2012a). Choosing to compete: how different are girls and boys? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 81(2).
9. Booth, A. L., & Nolen, P. J. (2012b). Gender differences in risk behaviour: does nurture matter? Economic Journal, 122(558), F56-F78.
10. Bosch-Domènech, A., & Silvestre, J. (2012). Measuring risk aversion with lists: a new bias. Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series, Working Paper #634.
11. Borghans, L., Golsteyn, B. H. H., Heckman, J. J., & Meijers, H. (2013). Gender differences in risk aversion and ambiguity aversion. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(2-3), 649-658.
12. Boschini, A., Dreber, A., von Essen, E., Muren, A., & Ranehill, E. (2012). Gender and preferences: a study on a simple random sample of the Swedish population. Working paper.
13. Brañas-Garza, P., & Rustichini, A. (2011). Organizing effects of testosterone and economic behavior: not just risk taking. PLoS ONE 6(12).
14. Buser, T. (2012). The impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on competitiveness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 1-10.
15. Buser, T., Niederle, M., & Oosterbeek, H. (2012). Gender, competitiveness and career choices. NBER Working Paper Series, w18576.
16. Cárdenas, J.-C., Dreber, A., von Essen, E., & Ranehill, E. (2012). Gender differences in competitiveness and risk taking: comparing children in Colombia and Sweden. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 11-24.
17. Charles, M., & Grusky, D. B. (2004). Occupational ghettos: the worldwide segregation of women and men. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
18. Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 1-27.
19. Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Math-gender stereotypes in elementary school children. Child Development, 82(3), 766-779.
20. Dahlbom, L., Jakobsson, A., Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2011). Gender and overconfidence: are girls really overconfident? Applied Economics Letters, 18(4), 325-327.
21. Datta Gupta, N., Poulsen, A., & Villeval, M.-C. (2011). Gender matching and competitiveness: experimental evidence. Economic Inquiry, 51(1), 816-835.
22. Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Individual risk attitudes: measurement, determinants and behavioral consequences. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(3), 522-550.
23. Dreber, A., von Essen, E., & Ranehill, E. (2011). Outrunning the gender gap: boys and girls compete equally. Experimental Economics, 14(4), 567-582.
24. Eckel, C., & Grossman, P. (1996). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 16, 181-191.
25. Eckel, C., & Grossman, P. (2008a). Men, women and risk aversion: experimental evidence. In C. Plott & V. Smith (Eds.), Handbook on experimental economics results (pp. 1063-1071). New York: Elsevier.
26. Eckel, C., & Grossman, P. (2008b). Differences in the economic decisions of men and women: experimental evidence. In C. Plott & V. Smith (Eds.), Handbook on experimental economics results (pp. 509-519). New York: Elsevier.
27. Eckel, C. C., Grossman, P. J., Johnson, C. A., de Oliveira, A. C. M., Rojas, C., & Wilson, R. K. (2011). Social norms of sharing in high school: teen giving in the dictator game. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 80(3), 603-612.
28. Eckel, C. C., Grossman, P. J., Johnson, C. A., de Oliveira, A. C. M., Rojas, C., & Wilson, R. K. (2012). School environment and risk preferences: experimental evidence. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 45(3), 265-292.
29. Engel, C. (2011). Dictator games: a meta study. Experimental Economics, 14(4), 583-610.
30. Favara, M. (2012). The cost of acting "girly": gender stereotypes and educational choices. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7037.
31. Fehr-Duda, H., de Gennaro, M., & Schubert, R. (2006). Gender, financial risk, and probability weights. Theory and Decision, 60(2-3), 283-313.
32. Flory, J., Leibbrandt, A., & List, J. (2010). Do competitive work places deter female workers? A large-scale natural field experiment on gender differences in job-entry decisions. NBER Working Paper Series, w16546.
33. Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2004). Gender and competition at a young age. The American Economic Review, 94(2), 377-381.
34. Gneezy, U., Niederle, M., & Rustichini, A. (2003). Performance in competitive environments: gender differences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(3), 1049-1074.
35. Gong, B., & Yang, C.-L. (2012). Gender differences in risk attitudes: field experiments on the Matrilineal Mosuo and the Patriarchal Yi. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 59-65.
36. Grosse, N. D., & Reiner, G. (2010). Explaining gender differences in competitiveness: gender-task stereotypes. Jena Economic Research Papers, 2010-017.
37. Guiso, L., Monte, F., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2008). Culture, Gender, and Math-Science, 320(2880), 1164-1165.
38. Gummerum, M., Hanoch, Y., Keller, M., Parsons, K., & Hummel, A. (2010). Preschoolers' allocations in the dictator game: the role of moral emotions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(1), 25-34.
39. Günther, C., Arslan Ekinici, N., Schwieren, C., & Strobel, M. (2009). Women can't jump?-An experiment on competitive attitudes and stereotype threat. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 75(3), 395-401.
40. Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Vesterlund, L. (2002). Risk attitudes of children and adults: choices over small and large probability gains and losses. Experimental Economics, 5(1), 53-84.
41. Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Liday, S. G. (2003). Bargaining by children. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oregon.
42. Hausmann, R., Tyson, L., & Zahidi, S. (2010). The global gender gap report. World Economic Forum. Geneve.
43. Joensen, J. S., & Nielsen, H. S. (2013). Math and gender: is math a route to a high-powered career? IZA Discussion Paper 7164.
44. Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673-676.
45. Mayr, U., Wozniak, D., Davidson, C., Kuhns, D., & Harbaugh, B. (2012). Competitiveness across the life span: the feisty fifties. Psychology and Aging, 27(2), 278-285.
46. Nosek, B. A., & Smyth, F. L. (2011). Implicit social cognitions predict sex differences in math engagement and achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 48(5), 1125-1156.
47. Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2007). Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1067-1101.
48. Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2010). Explaining the gender gap in math test scores: the role of competition. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 129-144.
49. Niederle, M., & Yestrumskas, A. H. (2008). Gender differences in seeking challenges: the role of institutions. NBER Working Paper Series, w13922.
50. Örs, E., Frederic, P., & Eloic, P. (2008). Performance gender-gap: does competition matter? CEPR Working Paper 6891.
51. Sapienza, P., Zingales, L., & Maestripieri, D. (2009). Gender differences in financial risk aversion and career choices are affected by testosterone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 15268-15273.
52. Savikhin, A. (2011). Is there a gender gap in preschoolers' competitiveness? An experiment in the U. S. Mimeo.
53. Schipper, B. C. (2012). Sex hormones and choice under risk. Mimeo.
54. Shurchkov, O. (2012). Under pressure: gender differences in output quality and quantity under competition and time constraints. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(5), 1189-1213.
55. Sutter, M., & Rützler, D. (2010). Gender differences in competition emerge early in life. IZA Discussion Paper 5015.
56. Sutter, M., Kocher, M. G., Rützler, D., & Trautmann, S. T. (2013). Impatience and uncertainty: experimental decisions predict adolescents' field behavior. The American Economic Review, 103(1), 510-531.
57. Wozniak, D., Harbaugh, W., & Mayr, U. (2010). Choices about competition: differences by gender and hormonal fluctuations, and the role of relative performance feedback. MPRA Paper 21097.
58. Yovanoff, P., Duesbery, L., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2005). Grade-level invariance of a theoretical causal structure predicting reading comprehension with vocabulary and oral reading fluency. Educational Measurement, Issues and Practice, 24(3), 4-12.
59. Zethraeus, N., Kocoska-Maras, L., Ellingsen, T., von Schoultz, B., Lindén Hirschberg, A., & Johannesson, M. (2009). A randomized trial of the effect of estrogen and testosterone on economic behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 6535-6538.
60. Zhang, J. (2010). Do girls in China compete just as much as boys? Evidence from an experiment that predicts educational choice. Mimeo.