The birth of the Khalsa: A feminist re-memory of Sikh Identity

The Birth of The Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-224

  Singh, Nikky Guninder Kaur ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84895843473     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (390)

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64. G. S. Mansukhani and S. S. Kohli, Guru Gobind Singh: His Personality and Achievement (New Delhi: Hemkunt Press, 1976), p. 45.
65. Iser, "Reading Process, " p. 224.
66. Madhu Kishwar, Off the Beaten Track (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999).
67. Harbans Singh, Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, p. 88.
68. Jodh Singh & Dharam Singh, Sri Dasam Granth Sahib p. 205.
69. In Transcultural Poetics: Comparative Studies of Ezra Pound's "Cantos" and Guru Gobind Singh's "Bachittra Natak" (Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1988), (p. 110).
70. Dalip Singh, Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline (Amritsar: Singh Brothers, 1992), p. 200.
71. Hans-Georg Gadamer, "The Ontology of the World of Art and Its Hermeneutic Significance, " in Truth and Method (New York: Crossroad, 1989), pp. 101-34.
72. Gadamer, Truth and Method, p. 16.
73. W. H. McLeod, ed. and trans. The Chaupa Singh Rahit-Nama, (Otago: University of Otago Press, 1987), introduction, p. 10.
74. McLeod, Chaupa Singh Rahit-Nama, pp. 111-13.
75. W. H. McLeod, Sikhs of the Khalsa (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 256.
76. Sallie McFague, Models of God (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1989), p. 69.
77. Joan Kelly, Women, History, and Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), xii-xiii.
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80. Eric Auerbach Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), Cited in ibid., p. 11.
81. Bruce Lincoln Indic, Iranian, Old Russian, and Greek sociogonic myths in Myth, Cosmos, and Society: Indo- European Themes of Creation and Destruction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 140-71.
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83. Schulman, Hungry God, p. 136.
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85. Wendy Doniger, ed., The Laws of Manu (New York: Penguin, 1991), introduction, Ibid., 4:208.
86. Tom E. Driver, The Magic of Ritual (San Francisco: HarperSan Francisco, 1991), p. 81.
87. Indubhusan Banerjee, Evolution of the Khalsa, vol. 2 (Calcutta: A. Mukherjee and Co. ), p. 103.
88. Caroline Walker Bynum. Holy Feast and Holy Fast (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), p. 65.
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96. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Norton, 1977), p. 2.
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98. Brian Axel, "The Glorious Body of the Maharaja, " in The Nation's Tortured Body (Durham NC: Duke University Press), 2001.
99. kar masand sabhi duri khalsa kar lia (Sainapat, 5: 32) The masand was removed, the Khalsa created. (My translation).
100. Macauliffe, Sikh Religion, pp. 22-23.
101. J. D. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs (Delhi: S. Chand and Co., 1966), p. 313.
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110. Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), p. 6.
111. Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), Ibid., p. 140.
112. B. Malinowski, "Magic, Science and Religion" and Other Essays (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1948), p. 146.
113. B. Malinowski, "Magic, Science and Religion" and Other Essays (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1948), Ibid., p. 96.
114. Prithipal Singh Kapur and Dharam Singh, The Khalsa (Patiala: Punjabi University Press, 1999), p. 51.
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117. Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 6.
118. Phulan Rani, in Life of Guru Nanak through Pictures (Amritsar: Modern Sahit Academy, 1969), p. 17.
119. Anil Chandra Banerjee, Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh (New Delhi: Rajesh Publications, 1978), p. 218.
120. Ninian Smart, Worldviews: Crosscultural Explorations of Human Beliefs (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), p. 95.
121. Martin Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, trans. Albert Hofstadter (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), p. 76.
122. Talib, Impact of Guru Gobind Singh on Indian Society, p. 12.
123. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation (reprint, Dallas, TX: Spring Publications, 1994), pp. 2-3.
124. Brian Smith, "Ritual, Knowledge, and Being, " Numen 33, no. 1, (1986): p. 73.
125. Axel Michaels, Hinduism: Past and Present (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 77-99.
126. Kapur Singh, The Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Hind Publishers, 1959), pp. 4-5.
127. Malinowski, "Magic, Science and Religion, " p. 47.
128. Bruce Lincoln, Myth, Cosmos, and Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 38.
129. H. Clay Trumbull, The Blood Covenant (New York: Charles Scribner, 1885), p. 100.
130. Grace M. Jantzen, Becoming Divine (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), p. 138.
131. Grace M. Jantzen, Becoming Divine (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), Ibid., p. 132.
132. Rita Gross, Feminism and Religion: An Introduction (Boston: Beacon, 1996), p.237.
133. Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967), p. 96.
134. Puratan Janamsakhi Guru Nanak Devji (Amritsar: Khalsa Samachar, 1946), "Vein Parvesh, " pp. 16-19.
135. Sandra Steingraber, Having Faith (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001), p. 66.
136. Elizabeth Moltmann-Wendel, A Land Flowing with Milk and Honey: Perspectives on Feminist Theology (New York: Crossroad, 1986), pp. 74-75.
137. The Feminine Principle in the Sikh Vision of the Transcendent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 33-47.
138. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: HarperCollins, 1973), p. 93.
139. Bruce Lincoln, Discourse and the Construction of Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 8-9.
140. Turner, Forest of Symbols, p. 103.
141. Turner, Forest of Symbols, Ibid., p. 110.
142. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, p. 49.
143. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, Ibid., p. 77.
144. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Rites, Symbols (New York: Harper Colophon, 1976), pp. 192-93.
145. Lincoln, Discourse and the Construction of Society, p. 88.
146. Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, p. ix.
147. Nikky-Guninder Singh, "The Myth of the Founder: The Janamsakhis and Sikh Tradition, " in History of Religions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), vol 31, 4, May 1992, pp. 329-43.
148. Riffat Hassan, "Feminism in Islam, " in Feminism and World Religions, ed. Arvind Sharma and Katherine Young, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), p. 270.
149. Eliade, Myth and Reality, p. 141.
150. Victor Turner, The Anthropology of Experience (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 33.
151. June O'Connor, "The Epistemological Significance of Feminist Research in Religion" in Religion and Gender, ed. Ursula King, (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995).
152. Mary Midgley, "The Soul's Successors: Philosophy and the 'Body, '" in Religion and the Body, ed. Sarah Coakley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 61.
153. "Sacred Fabric and Sacred Stitches: The Underwear of the Khalsa" in History of Religions. 43, #4, 2004, pp. 284-302.
154. Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 3.
155. Ganda Singh, "Hair and Turban, Their Importance for the Sikhs, " Punjab Past and Present, 15, no. 31 (April 1982), pp. 201-7.
156. Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self: Trans. Robert Hurley, vol. 3 of The History of Sexuality, (New York: Vintage, 1988), p. 43.
157. Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self: Trans. Robert Hurley, vol. 3 of The History of Sexuality, (New York: Vintage, 1988), Ibid., p. 51.
158. Patrick Olivelle, "Hair and Society: Social Significance of Hair in South Asian Traditions, " in Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures ed. Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara D. Miller, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), pp. 40-41.
159. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 106-11.
160. Hew McLeod, "The Turban: Symbol of Sikh Identity, " in Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change, ed. Pashaura Singh and N. G. Barrier, (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1999), pp. 57-67.
161. Brian Keith Axel, The Nation's Tortured Body (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), p. 45.
162. Puran Singh, Guru Gobind Singh: Reflections and Offerings (Chandigarh: Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, 1966).
163. Puran Singh, Guru Gobind Singh: Reflections and Offerings (Chandigarh: Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, 1966). Ibid., p. 41.
164. S. S. Johar, Handbook on Sikhism (Delhi: Vivek Publishers, 1977), pp. 91-95.
165. Ravi Batra, Leadership in Its Finest Mould (Amritsar: SGPC, 1979), pp. 23-24.
166. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 89-90.
167. Sarah Coakley, Religion and the Body (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 295-96.
168. Mircea Eliade, The Two and the One (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), pp. 201-8.
169. Nancy J. Chodorow, The Power of Feelings (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 2.
170. Prithwish Neogy, ed. Rabindranath Tagore on Art and Aesthetics (Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1966), p. 23.
171. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite (Reading, Massachusetts: Perseus Books, 1991), p. 10.
172. Alf Hiltebeitel, "Hair Like Snakes and Mustached Brides: Crossed Gender in an Indian Folk Cult, " in Hiltebeitel and Miller, Hair, p. 172.
173. Charles Berg, The Unconscious Significance of Hair (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1951), p. 92.
174. Dalip Singh, Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline (Amritsar: Singh Brothers, 1992), p. 474.
175. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " pp. 40-41.
176. J. P. Singh Uberoi, "The Five Symbols of Sikhism" in Perspectives on Guru Nanak: Seminar Papers, ed. Harbans Singh (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1975).
177. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 27.
178. Uberoi, "Five Symbols of Sikhism, " p. 508.
179. Kapur Singh, The Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Hind Publishers, Ltd., 1959), p. 104.
180. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 20.
181. Sabdarath Sri Guru Granth Sahib, vol. 1, 4th ed. (Amritsar: Shromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, 1964), (p. 98).
182. G.S. Talib, Sri Guru Granth Sahib: In English Translation, vol. 1 (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1987), (p. 204).
183. K. Murthy, Hair Styles in Ancient Indian Art (Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1982) p. 10.
184. Gary Ebersole, " 'Long Black Hair Like a Seat Cushion': Hair Symbolism in Japanese Popular Religion, " in Hiltebeitel and Miller, Hair, p. 98.
185. "An Enchanted Universe, " in The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 139-203.
186. Murthy, Hair Styles in Ancient Indian Art, p. 10.
187. Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient (New York: Vintage International, 1993), p. 217.
188. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 12.
189. Ganda Singh, Hukamnama (June 25, 1699).
190. Gunda Singh, "Hair and Turban, " p. 202.
191. Uberoi, "Five Symbols of Sikhism, " p. 508.
192. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 39.
193. George A. Dorsey and Alfred L. Kroeber, Traditions of the Arapaho (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), pp. 321-41.
194. Ebersole, "Long Black Hair, " p. 92.
195. G. S. Mansukhani, "Sikh Rahat Maryada and Sikh Symbols, " in Advanced Studies in Sikhism. ed. J. S. Mann and H. S. Saraon, (Irvine, CA: Sikh Community of North America, 1989), p. 184.
196. Hang-Georg Gademer, Truth and Method (New York: Crossroad, 1989) p. 73.
197. Hang-Georg Gademer, Truth and Method (New York: Crossroad, 1989) Ibid., p. 153.
198. McLeod, Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), p. 180.
199. Saram khand is enunciated in Jap, the first hymn of GG, pp. 7-8.
200. David Kinsley, The Goddesses' Mirror (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989) p. 237.
201. Gadamer, Truth and Method, pp. 153-54.
202. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, pp. 141-42.
203. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, Ibid., p. 142.
204. Uberoi, "Five Symbols of Sikhism, " p. 508.
205. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 27.
206. Batra, Leadership, p. 24.
207. "Hair and Turban, " p. 207.
208. Sahib Singh, Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Raj Publishers, 1967), p. 64.
209. Sahib Singh, Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Raj Publishers, 1967), Ibid., p. 109.
210. Gadamer, Truth and Method, p. 306.
211. Carol Christ, "Symbols of Goddess and God in Feminist Theology, " in The Book of the Goddess, ed. Carl Olson (New York: Crossroad, 1985), p. 234.
212. Batra, Leadership p. 26.
213. Johar, Handbook on Sikhism, p. 96.
214. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 27.
215. Sahib Singh, Guru Gobind Singh, p. 109.
216. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, p. 153.
217. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh,Ibid., p. 146.
218. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, Ibid., p. 149.
219. G. S. Mansukhani and S. S. Kohli, Guru Gobind Singh (New Delhi: Hemkunt Press, 1976), p. 106.
220. Nita Kumar, ed. Women as Subjects (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), p. 21.
221. Ursula King, ed. Religion and Gender (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995), p. 5.
222. Virginia Woolf, Orlando: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, 1928), pp. 170-71.
223. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, p. 148.
224. Geoffrey Parrinder, Sexual Morality in the World's Religions (Oxford: Oneworld, 1996), p. 45.
225. Audre Lorde, "Uses of the Erotic, " in Weaving the Visions: Patterns in Feminist Spirituality, ed. J. Plaskow and C. Christ (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), p. 210.
226. Sandra Lee Bartky, "Suffering to be Beautiful, " in Gender Struggles: Practical Approaches to Contemporary Feminism, ed. Constance L. Mui and Julien S. Murphy, (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), p. 248.
227. Ajeet Cour, Kooda Kabada (New Delhi: Kitabghar Prakash, 1999), p.1.
228. Luce Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, trans. Gillian C. Gill (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 16.
229. Luce Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, trans. Gillian C. Gill (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), Ibid., p. 132.
230. Carter Heyward, "Sexuality, Love, and Justice, " in Plaskow and Christ, Weaving the Visions, pp. 295-96.
231. Gadamer, Truth and Method, p. 78.
232. Sandra Lipsitz Bim, The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 194-96.
233. "Sacred Fabric and Sacred Stitches: The Underwear of the Khalsa" in History of Religions. 43, #4, 2004, pp. 284-302.
234. Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 3.
235. Ganda Singh, "Hair and Turban, Their Importance for the Sikhs, " Punjab Past and Present, 15, no. 31 (April 1982), pp. 201-7.
236. Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self: Trans. Robert Hurley, vol. 3 of The History of Sexuality, (New York: Vintage, 1988), p. 43.
237. Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self: Trans. Robert Hurley, vol. 3 of The History of Sexuality, (New York: Vintage, 1988), Ibid., p. 51.
238. Patrick Olivelle, "Hair and Society: Social Significance of Hair in South Asian Traditions, " in Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures ed. Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara D. Miller, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), pp. 40-41.
239. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 106-11.
240. Hew McLeod, "The Turban: Symbol of Sikh Identity, " in Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change, ed. Pashaura Singh and N. G. Barrier, (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1999), pp. 57-67.
241. Brian Keith Axel, The Nation's Tortured Body (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), p. 45.
242. Puran Singh, Guru Gobind Singh: Reflections and Offerings (Chandigarh: Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, 1966).
243. Puran Singh, Guru Gobind Singh: Reflections and Offerings (Chandigarh: Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, 1966). Ibid., p. 41.
244. S. S. Johar, Handbook on Sikhism (Delhi: Vivek Publishers, 1977), pp. 91-95.
245. Ravi Batra, Leadership in Its Finest Mould (Amritsar: SGPC, 1979), pp. 23-24.
246. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 89-90.
247. Sarah Coakley, Religion and the Body (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 295-96.
248. Mircea Eliade, The Two and the One (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), pp. 201-8.
249. Nancy J. Chodorow, The Power of Feelings (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 2.
250. Prithwish Neogy, ed. Rabindranath Tagore on Art and Aesthetics (Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1966), p. 23.
251. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite (Reading, Massachusetts: Perseus Books, 1991), p. 10.
252. Alf Hiltebeitel, "Hair Like Snakes and Mustached Brides: Crossed Gender in an Indian Folk Cult, " in Hiltebeitel and Miller, Hair, p. 172.
253. Charles Berg, The Unconscious Significance of Hair (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1951), p. 92.
254. Dalip Singh, Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline (Amritsar: Singh Brothers, 1992), p. 474.
255. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " pp. 40-41.
256. J. P. Singh Uberoi, "The Five Symbols of Sikhism" in Perspectives on Guru Nanak: Seminar Papers, ed. Harbans Singh (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1975).
257. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 27.
258. Uberoi, "Five Symbols of Sikhism, " p. 508.
259. Kapur Singh, The Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Hind Publishers, Ltd., 1959), p. 104.
260. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 20.
261. Sabdarath Sri Guru Granth Sahib, vol. 1, 4th ed. (Amritsar: Shromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, 1964), (p. 98).
262. G.S. Talib, Sri Guru Granth Sahib: In English Translation, vol. 1 (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1987), (p. 204).
263. K. Murthy, Hair Styles in Ancient Indian Art (Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1982) p. 10.
264. Gary Ebersole, " 'Long Black Hair Like a Seat Cushion': Hair Symbolism in Japanese Popular Religion, " in Hiltebeitel and Miller, Hair, p. 98.
265. "An Enchanted Universe, " in The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 139-203.
266. Murthy, Hair Styles in Ancient Indian Art, p. 10.
267. Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient (New York: Vintage International, 1993), p. 217.
268. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 12.
269. Ganda Singh, Hukamnama (June 25, 1699).
270. Gunda Singh, "Hair and Turban, " p. 202.
271. Uberoi, "Five Symbols of Sikhism, " p. 508.
272. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 39.
273. George A. Dorsey and Alfred L. Kroeber, Traditions of the Arapaho (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), pp. 321-41.
274. Ebersole, "Long Black Hair, " p. 92.
275. G. S. Mansukhani, "Sikh Rahat Maryada and Sikh Symbols, " in Advanced Studies in Sikhism. ed. J. S. Mann and H. S. Saraon, (Irvine, CA: Sikh Community of North America, 1989), p. 184.
276. Hang-Georg Gademer, Truth and Method (New York: Crossroad, 1989) p. 73.
277. Hang-Georg Gademer, Truth and Method (New York: Crossroad, 1989) Ibid., p. 153.
278. McLeod, Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), p. 180.
279. Saram khand is enunciated in Jap, the first hymn of GG, pp. 7-8.
280. David Kinsley, The Goddesses' Mirror (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989) p. 237.
281. Gadamer, Truth and Method, pp. 153-54.
282. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, pp. 141-42.
283. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, Ibid., p. 142.
284. Uberoi, "Five Symbols of Sikhism, " p. 508.
285. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 27.
286. Batra, Leadership, p. 24.
287. "Hair and Turban, " p. 207.
288. Sahib Singh, Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Raj Publishers, 1967), p. 64.
289. Sahib Singh, Guru Gobind Singh (Jullundur: Raj Publishers, 1967), Ibid., p. 109.
290. Gadamer, Truth and Method, p. 306.
291. Carol Christ, "Symbols of Goddess and God in Feminist Theology, " in The Book of the Goddess, ed. Carl Olson (New York: Crossroad, 1985), p. 234.
292. Batra, Leadership p. 26.
293. Johar, Handbook on Sikhism, p. 96.
294. Olivelle, "Hair and Society, " p. 27.
295. Sahib Singh, Guru Gobind Singh, p. 109.
296. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, p. 153.
297. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh,Ibid., p. 146.
298. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, Ibid., p. 149.
299. G. S. Mansukhani and S. S. Kohli, Guru Gobind Singh (New Delhi: Hemkunt Press, 1976), p. 106.
300. Nita Kumar, ed. Women as Subjects (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), p. 21.
301. Ursula King, ed. Religion and Gender (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995), p. 5.
302. Virginia Woolf, Orlando: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, 1928), pp. 170-71.
303. Kapur Singh, Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh, p. 148.
304. Geoffrey Parrinder, Sexual Morality in the World's Religions (Oxford: Oneworld, 1996), p. 45.
305. Audre Lorde, "Uses of the Erotic, " in Weaving the Visions: Patterns in Feminist Spirituality, ed. J. Plaskow and C. Christ (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), p. 210.
306. Sandra Lee Bartky, "Suffering to be Beautiful, " in Gender Struggles: Practical Approaches to Contemporary Feminism, ed. Constance L. Mui and Julien S. Murphy, (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), p. 248.
307. Ajeet Cour, Kooda Kabada (New Delhi: Kitabghar Prakash, 1999), p.1.
308. Luce Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, trans. Gillian C. Gill (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 16.
309. Luce Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, trans. Gillian C. Gill (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), Ibid., p. 132.
310. Carter Heyward, "Sexuality, Love, and Justice, " in Plaskow and Christ, Weaving the Visions, pp. 295-96.
311. Gadamer, Truth and Method, p. 78.
312. Sandra Lipsitz Bim, The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 194-96.
313. W. H. McLeod, Sikhs of the Khalsa, pp. 396-401.
314. Owen Cole, Six World Faiths (London: Cassell, 1996), pp. 320-21.
315. Sikh Rahit Maryada (Amritsar: Shromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, 1950).
316. Sikh Rahit Maryada (Amritsar: Shromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, 1950) Ibid., p. 24.
317. Julia Kristeva, In the Beginning was Love: Psychoanalysis and Faith, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), p. 5.
318. André Padoux, Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras, trans. Jacques Gontier (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), p. 11.
319. Guy Beck, Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), p. 29.
320. S. Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968), p. 76.
321. Judith Newton, "Making-and-Remaking History: Another Look at 'Patriarchy' in Feminist Issues in Literary Scholarship, ed. Shari Benstock (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 124.
322. "The Spiritual Experience in Sikhism, " in Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern World Spirituality, ed. K .R. Sundararajan and Bithika Mukerji) (New York: Crossroad, 1997), pp. 530-61.
323. G. S. Talib, Japuji (Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1977), p. 63nn.
324. W. H. McLeod, Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), pp. 222-23.
325. David Kinsley, The Goddesses' Mirror (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 93.
326. Talib, Japuji, p. 135.
327. Kartar Singh, Japuji Sahib te hor bania da steek (Amritsar: Shromani Gurdwarara Prabandhak Committee, 1996), p. 72.
328. Gyani Harbans Singh, Japu-nirnaya, preface by Gyani Lal Singh, (Chandigarh: 1963 n.p., p. 230. ).
329. Jackie Byars, All that Hollywood Allows: Re-reading Gender in 1950s Melodrama (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), p. 69.
330. Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 97.
331. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Vintage, 1974), p. 179.
332. Alf Hiltebeitel and Kathleen M. Erndl, Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), p. 12.
333. Luce Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, trans. Gillian Gill (New York: Columbia University Press, 93), p. 18.
334. Adriana Cavarero, In Spite of Plato (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 60.
335. Madelon Sprengnether, The Spectral Mother: Freud, Feminism, and Psychoanalysis (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), p. 1, .
336. The Standard Edition of the Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1974), 1:169.
337. Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, p. 109.
338. Cavarero, In Spite of Plato, p. 69.
339. Cavarero, In Spite of Plato, p. 69.
340. Grace Jantzen, Becoming Divine (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), p. 132.
341. In the Beginning was Love, p. 45.
342. Ibn al'Arabi, The Bezels of Wisdom, trans. R. W. J. Austin (NJ: Paulist Press, 1980), p. 29.
343. Phyllis Trible, God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978), pp. 31-59.
344. Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, p. 16.
345. Naomi Goldenberg, "The Return of the Goddess: Psychoanalytic Reflections on the Shift from Theology to Thealogy, " in Religion and Gender, ed. Ursula King (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), p. 154.
346. Irigaray, Sexes and Genealogies, p. 57.
347. Cavarero, In Spite of Plato, p. 74.
348. Goldenberg, "Return of the Goddess, " p. 154.
349. G. S. Talib, Sri Guru Granth Sahib: In English Translation (Patiala: Punjabi University Press, 1987), 3:2098:.
350. Gopal Singh, Sri Guru Granth Sahib: English Version (Chandigarh: The World Sikh University Press, 1978), 4:979:.
351. Sabdarath Sri Guru Granth Sahib, 4th ed. (Amritsar: Shromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, 1964), 3:1026.
352. Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 118.
353. Julia Kristeva, "A New Type of Intellectual: The Dissident" in The Kristeva Reader, ed. Toril Moi (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 297.
354. Nikky-G.K. Singh, The Feminine Principle in the Sikh Vision of the Transcendent, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 69-77.
355. Hélène Cixous, "The Laugh of the Medusa, " in Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, p. 342.
356. Ernest Trumpp, The Adi Granth or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs: "[T]he Sikh Granth is incoherent and shallow in the extreme, and couched at the same time in dark and perplexing language to cover these defects" (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970), p. vii.
357. Cixous, "Laugh of the Medusa", p. 338.
358. André Padoux, Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras, trans. Jacques Gontier, p. 98.
359. Hélène Cixous and Catherine Clement, The Newly Born Woman, trans. Betsy Wing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), p. 94.
360. Goldenberg, "Return of the Goddess, " p. 155.
361. Cixous and Clement, Newly Born Woman, p. 93.
362. Cixous "Laugh of the Medusa, " p. 339.
363. Goldenberg, "Return of the Goddess, " p. 159.
364. Arvind-Pal Mandair, "Thinking Differently about Religion and History: Issues for Sikh Studies, " in Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity, ed. Christopher Shackle, Gurharpal Singh, and Arvind-Pal Mandair (Surrey: Curzon, 2001), pp. 68-69.
365. Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1983), p. 206.
366. "The Maharaja's Glorious Body, " in his book The Nation's Tortured Body (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), pp. 39-78.
367. Veena Talwar Oldenburg, Dowry Murder (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 154.
368. DeWitt C. Ellinwood, "An Historical Study of the Punjabi Soldier in World War I, " in Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honor of Ganda Singh, ed. Harbans Singh, (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1976), p. 344.
369. Khushwant Singh's History of the Sikhs, vol. 2 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 160.
370. Oldenburg, Dowry Murder, p. 173.
371. Hélène Cixous and Catherine Clement, The Newly Born Woman, trans. Betsy Wing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), p. 98.
372. New York Times, March 19, 2002.
373. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultana's Dream: A Feminist Utopia (New York: Feminist Press at CUNY, 1988), p. 26.
374. Catharine Stimpson, "The Future of Memory: A Summary, " Michigan Quarterly Review vol. 26, no. 1 (Winter 1987), p. 260.
375. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley (New York: Vintage, 1974), p. 680.
376. Prithipal Singh Kapur and Dharam Singh, The Khalsa (Patiala: Punjabi University Press, 1999), p. 127.
377. Jagdish Kaur, Jagir Kaur Faguwalia, and Nirlep Kaur. Tribune (Chandigarh, India), September 3, 1996.
378. Gurinder Mann, in The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States, ed. Harold Coward, John R. Hinnells, and Raymond Brady Williams (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), p. 272.
379. Shauna Singh Baldwin, What the Body Remembers (New York: Doubleday, 1999), p. 47.
380. New York Times, Sunday, April 22, 2001.
381. Gurjeet K. Gill, "Female Feticide as a contemporary cultural practice in the Punjab" in Dialectical Anthropology 23 (Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), pp. 203-13.
382. C. Christine Fair, "Female Foeticide among Vancouver Sikhs: Recontexualizing Sex Selection in the North American Diaspora, " International Journal of Punjab Studies 3, no. 1, (1996), 1-44.
383. Cynthia Mahmood and Stacy Brady, Guru's Gift: An Ethnography Exploring Gender Equality with North American Sikh Women (Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000), p. 47.
384. W. H. McLeod, "The Turban: Symbol of Identity" in Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change, ed. Pashaura Singh and N. Gerald Barrier (Manohar Press, 1999), pp. 58-59.
385. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 110.
386. Gurpreet Bal, "Migration of Sikh Women to Canada: A Social Construction of Gender, " Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology (Amritsar), April 1997, 107.
387. Tribune, June 15, 1996.
388. Bal, "Migration of Sikh Women to Canada, " p. 108.
389. Mahadevi Varma, "The Art of Living", in The Penguin New Writing in India, ed. Aditya Behl and David Nichols (Harmendsworth, UK: Penguin, 1995), p. 100.
390. June O'Connor, "The Epistemological Significance of Feminist Research in Religion in Religion and Gender, ed. Ursula King (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), p. 47.