Trends and concepts in fern classification

Annals of Botany

Volumn 113, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 571-594

  Christenhusz, Maarten J M ^a   Chase, Mark W ^a,b  

^a JODRELL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bibliography; classification; convergence; cryptogams; Cyatheaceae; fern allies; fern family concepts; ferns; history of botany; homology; lycopods; monilophytes; Polypodiaceae; pteridophytes

Indexed keywords

BIBLIOGRAPHY; CLADISTICS; CLASSIFICATION; CONVERGENCE; FERN; HOMOLOGY; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; STABILIZATION; VASCULAR PLANT;

BINOCULAR CONVERGENCE; CLASSIFICATION; CRYPTOGAMS; CYATHEACEAE; DNA SEQUENCE; EQUISETUM; FERN; FERN ALLIES; FERN FAMILY CONCEPTS; GENETICS; HISTORY OF BOTANY; HOMOLOGY; LYCOPODIACEAE; LYCOPODS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; PLANT LEAF; POLYPODIACEAE; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT;

BIBLIOGRAPHY; CLASSIFICATION; CONVERGENCE; CRYPTOGAMS; CYATHEACEAE; FERN ALLIES; FERN FAMILY CONCEPTS; FERNS; HISTORY OF BOTANY; HOMOLOGY; LYCOPODS; MONILOPHYTES; POLYPODIACEAE; PTERIDOPHYTES;

EQUISETUM; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FERNS; LYCOPODIACEAE; PHYLOGENY; PLANT LEAVES; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA;

EID: 84895792603     PISSN: 03057364     EISSN: 10958290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct299     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Alston A. 1956. The subdivision of the Polypodiaceae. Taxon 5: 23-25.
2. APG III. 2009. Anupdate of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for theorders andfamiliesoffloweringplants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 105-121.
3. Arnold CA. 1948. Classification of gymnosperms from the viewpoint of paleo-botany. Botanical Gazette 110: 2-12.
4. Asmussen CB, Chase MW. 2001. Coding and noncoding plastid DNA in palm systematics. American Journal of Botany 88: 1103-1117.
5. Benson L. 1957. Plant classification. Boston: Heath.
6. Bierhorst D. 1971. Morphology of vascular plants. London: Macmillan.
7. Bower FO. 1889. The comparative examination of the meristems of ferns, as a phylogenetic study. Annals of Botany 3: 305-392.
8. Bower FO. 1923-1928. The ferns, vols 1-3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Brownlie G. 1957. Cyto-taxonomic studies on New Zealand Pteridaceae. New Phytologist 56: 207-209.
10. Brownlie G. 1958. Chromosome numbersinNew Zealand ferns. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 85: 213-216.
11. Campbell DH. 1940. The evolution of the land plants. London: Stanford University Press.
12. Camus GM, Gibby M, Johns RJ, eds 1995. Pteridology in perspective-Pteridophyte symposium '95. Proceedings of the Holttum Memorial Pteridophyte Symposium. Richmond: Kew Publishing.
13. Cesalpino A. 1583. De plantis libri, XVI. Florence: Marescottum.
14. Ching R-C. 1940. On natural classification of the family 'Polypodiaceae'. Sunyatsenia 5: 201-268.
15. Ching R-C. 1975. Two new fern families. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13: 96-98.
16. Christ H. 1897. Die Farnkräuter der Erde-Beschreibende Darstellung der Geschlechter und wichtigeren Arten der Farnpflanzen. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
17. Christenhusz MJM. 2007. Evolutionary history and taxonomy of Neotropical marattioid ferns: studies of an ancient lineage of plants. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis ser. AII 216: 1-77.
18. Christenhusz MJM. 2009a. Index pteridophytorum Guadalupensium, or a revised checklist to the ferns and club mosses of Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 213-277.
19. Christenhusz MJM. 2009b. New combinations and an overview of Cyathea subg. Hymenophyllopsis (Cyatheaceae). Phytotaxa 1: 37-42.
20. Christenhusz MJM. 2010. Danaea (Marattiaceae) revisited: biodiversity, aclas-sification and ten newspecies of aN eotropical ferngenus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 360-385.
21. Christenhusz MJM. 2012. Pteridaceae. In: Greuter W, von Raab-Straube E, eds. Euro+Med Notulae, 6. Willdenowia 42: 284-284.
22. Christenhusz MJM, Schneider H. 2011. Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 28: 50-52.
23. Christenhusz MJM, Tuomisto H, Metzgar JS, Pryer KM. 2008. Evolutionary relationships within the Neotropical, eusporangiate fern genus Danaea (Marattiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 34-48.
24. Christenhusz MJM, Zhang X-C, Schneider H. 2011. A linear sequence of extant lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7-54.
25. Christenhusz MJM, Jones M, Lehtonen S. 2013. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic fern genus Dracoglossum. American Fern Journal 103: 131-138.
26. Christensen C. 1906. Index filicum, sive Enumeratio omnium generum specier-umque filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem anni 1905 descrip-torium: adjectis synonymis principalibus, area geographica, etc. Copenhagen: Hagerup.
27. Christensen C. 1938. Filicinae. In: Verdoorn F, ed. Manual of pteridology. The Hague: Nijhof, 522-550.
28. Conant DS, Raubeson LA, Attwood DK, Perera S, Zimmer EA, Sweere JA, Stein DB. 1995. Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of combined analysis of DNA and morphology in Cyatheaceae. In: Camus GM, Gibby M, Johns RJ, eds. Pteridology in perspective. Richmond: Kew Publishing, 231-248.
29. Copeland EB. 1929. The oriental genera of Polypodiaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 16: 45-128.
30. Copeland EB. 1947. Genera filicum. Waltham, MA: Chronica Botanica.
31. Corriveau JL, Coleman AW. 1988. Rapid screening method to detect potential biparental inheritance of plastid DNA and results for over 200 angiosperm species. American Journal of Botany 75: 1443-1458.
32. Corvez A, Galtier J, Barriel V, Dubuisson J.-Y. 2011. New in sight sonthe phyl-ogenyofPaleozoic fernsand implicationonfoliarorganevolution. IBC2011 Abstract Book, International Botanical Congress, Melbourne. http://www.ibc2011. com/(accessed 13 March 2013).
33. Crabbe JA, Jermy AC, Mickel JT. 1975. A new generic sequence for the pter-idophyte herbarium. Fern Gazette 11: 141-162.
34. Crane EH, Farrar DR, Wendel JF. 1995. Phylogeny of the Vittariaceae: convergent simplification leads to a polyphyletic Vittaria. American Fern Journal 85: 283-305.
35. Cranfill RB. 2001. Phylogenetic Studiesinthe Polypodiales (Pteridophyta) with an emphasis on the family Blechnaceae. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
36. Desvaux M. 1827. Prodrome de la famille des Fougeres. Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, 2me partie 6: 171-337.
37. Diels L. 1898-1900. Pteridophyta. In: Engler A, Prantl K, eds. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1. Teil, Abteilung 4. Leipzig: Engelmann.
38. Doweld A. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Moscow: Geos.
39. Dubuisson J-Y. 1995. Evolutionary relationships within the genus Trichomanes sensu lato (Hymenophyllaceae) based on anatomical and morphological characters and a comparison with rbcL nucleotide sequences: preliminary results. In: Camus GM, Gibby M, Johns RJ, eds. Pteridologyin perspective. Richmond: Kew Publishing, 203-215.
40. Ebihara A, Dubuisson J-Y, Iwatsuki K, Hennequin S, Ito M. 2006. A taxo-nomic revision of Hymenophyllaceae. Blumea 51: 221-280.
41. Eiserhardt WL, Rohwer JG, Russell SJ, Yesilyurt JC, Schneider H. 2011. Evidence for radiations of cheilanthoid ferns in the greater Cape floristic region. Taxon 60: 1269-1283.
42. Fée ALA. 1844-1873. Mémoires sur la famille des fougères, olvols 1-13. Strasbourg: Berger-Levrault.
43. Fischer E. 2009. Moniliformopses ('Pteridophyta'). In: Frey W, ed. Syllabus of plant families, Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 13th edn. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger, 311-390.
44. Gastony GJ, Rollo DR. 1995. Phylogeny and generic circumscriptions of chei-lanthoidferns (Pteridaceae:Cheilanthoideae) inferredfromrbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 341-360.
45. Gastony GJ, Ungerer MC. 1997. Molecular systematicsandarevised taxonomy of the onocleoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae: Onocleeae). American Journal of Botany 84: 840-849.
46. Gastony GJ, Yatskievych G. 1992. Maternal inheritance of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes in cheilanthoid ferns. American Journal of Botany 78: 716-722.
47. Grew N. 1682. The anatomy of plants. London: Rawlins.
48. Harris SA, Ingram R. 1991. Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: the effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission. Taxon 40: 393-412.
49. Hasebe M, Ito M, Kofuji R, Ueda K, Iwatsuki K. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of ferns deduced from rbcL gene sequence. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37: 476-482.
50. Hasebe M, Omori T, Nakazawa M, Sano T, Kato M, Iwatsuki K. 1994. rbcL gene sequences provide evidencefor the evolutionary lineagesofleptospor-angiate ferns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 5730-5734.
51. Hasebe M, Wolf PG, Pryer KM, et al. 1995. Fern phylogeny based onrbcL nu-cleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 134-181.
52. Hennequin S, Schuettpelz E, Pryer KM, Ebihara A, Dubuisson J-Y. 2008. Divergence times and the evolution of epiphytism in filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) revisited. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169: 1278-1287.
53. Hennequin S, Hovenkamp P, Christenhusz MJM, Schneider H. 2010. Phylogenetics and biogeography of Nephrolepis-a tale of old settlers and young tramps. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 113-127.
54. Hennipman E. 1995. Scientific consensus classification of pteridophyta. In: Camus GM, Gibby M, Johns RJ, eds. Pteridology in perspective. Richmond: Kew Publishing, 191-202.
55. Hirai RY, Rouhan G, Labiak PH, Ranker TA, Prado J. 2011. Moranopteris: a new Neotropical genusofgrammitidferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from Asian Micropolypodium. Taxon 60: 1123-1137.
56. Holttum RE. 1913. Copeland's contribution to fern taxonomy. Philippine Agriculturist 57: 17-20.
57. Holttum RE. 1947. A revised classification of leptosporangiate ferns. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 53: 123-158.
58. Holttum RE. 1968. Proposalto conserve the name Thelypteris Schmidel against Thelypteris Adanson. Taxon 17: 330-331.
59. Holttum RE. 1971. The family names of ferns. Taxon 20: 527-532.
60. Holttum RE. 1973. Posing the problems. In: Jermy AC, Crabbe JA, Thomas BA, eds. The phylogeny and classification of the ferns. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 67, Suppl. 1: 1-10.
61. Holttum RE. 1991. Tectaria group. Flora Malesiana. Series II, Pteridophyta: ferns and fern allies Vol. 2, pt 1. Leiden: Foundation Flora Malesiana.
62. Hooker WJ, Bauer F. 1842. Genera filicum, or illustrations of the ferns, and other allied genera. London: Bohn.
63. Iwatsuki K. 1977. Studiesinthe systematics of filmy ferns III. An observation on the involucres. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 90: 259-267.
64. Jeffrey EC. 1903. The structure and development ofthe stem in the pteridophyta and gymnosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 195: 119-146.
65. Kato M, Tsutsumi C. 2009. Generic classification of Davalliaceae. Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 59: 1-14.
66. Kenrick P, Crane PR. 1997. The origin and early diver sificationofl and plants. A cladistic study. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
67. Kim C, Zha H-G, Deng T, Sun H, Wu S-G. 2013. Phylogenetic position of Kontumia (Polypodiaceae) inferred from four chloroplast DNA regions. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 51: 154-163.
68. Klekowski EJ Jr. 1971. Ferns and genetics. Bioscience 21: 317-322.
69. Korall P, Pryer KM, Metzgar JS, Schneider H, Conant DS. 2006. Tree ferns: monophyletic groups and their relationships as revealed by four protein-coding plastid loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 830-845.
70. Korall P, Conant DS, Metzgar JS, Schneider H, Pryer KM. 2007. Amolecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae). American Journal of Botany 94: 873-886.
71. Kramer KU, Green PS. 1990. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. In: Kubitzki K, ed. The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 1. Berlin: Springer.
72. Lam HJ. 1948. Classification and the new morphology. Acta Biotheoretica 8: 107-154.
73. Lehnert M, Kessler M, Schmidt-Lebuhn AN, Klimas SA, Fehlberg SD, Ranker TA. 2009. Phylogeny of the fern genus Melpomene (Polypodiaceae) inferred from morphology and chloroplast DNA analysis. Systematic Botany 34: 17-27.
74. Lehtonen S. 2011. Towards resolving the complete fern tree of life. PLoS One 6: e24851.
75. Lehtonen S, Tuomisto H, Rouhan G, Christenhusz MJM. 2010. Phylogenetics and classification of the pantropical fern family Lindsaeaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 305-359.
76. Lehtonen S, Wahlberg N, Christenhusz MJM. 2012. Diversification of lind-saeoid ferns and phylogenetic uncertainty of early polypod relationships. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 170: 489-503
77. Lellinger BD. 1984. Hymenophyllopsidaceae. In: The botany of the Guayana Highland-pt XII. Memoires of the New York Botanical Garden 38: 2-9.
78. Lindsay J. 1794. Account of the germination and raising of ferns from the seed. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 93-100.
79. Linnaeus C. 1753. Species plantarum, etc. Stockholm: Salvius.
80. Linnaeus C. 1754. Genera plantarum, etc. Stockholm: Salvius.
81. Liu H, Schneider H. 2013. Evidence supporting Davallia canariensis as a Late Miocene relict endemic to Macaronesia and Atlantic Europe. Australian Journal of Botany 26: 378-385.
82. Liu H-M, Jiang R-H, Guo J, Hovenkamp P, Perrie L, Shepherd L, Hennequin S, Schneider H. 2013. Towards a phylogenetic classification of the climbing fern genus Arthropteris. Taxon 62: 688-700.
83. Malpighi M. 1675. Anatome plantarum. London: Martyn.
84. Manhart JR. 1995. Chloroplast 16S rDNAsequencesand phylogenetic relationships of fern allies and ferns. American Fern Journal 85: 182-192.
85. Manton I. 1950. Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
86. Manton I. 1954. Cytological notes on one hundred species of Malayan ferns. In: Holttum RE, ed. Flora of Malaya. II. Ferns. Singapore: Government Printing House, 623-627.
87. Manton I. 1958. Chromosomes and fern phylogeny with special reference to 'Pteridaceae'. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 56: 73-92.
88. Manton I, Sledge WA. 1954. Observations onthe cytology and taxonomyof the pteridophyte flora of Ceylon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 238: 127-185.
89. McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR, et al. eds. 2012. International codeofnomen-clature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum vegetabile 154. Koenigstein: Koeltz.
90. Mehra P. 1961. Cytological evolution of ferns with particular reference to Himalayan forms. Proceedings of the 48th Indian Science Congress 2: 1-24.
91. Merckx V, Freudenstein J, Kissling J, Christenhusz MJM, Stotler RE, Crandall-Stotler B, Wickett N, Rudall PJ, Maas-van de Kamer H, Maas PJM. 2012. Taxonomy and classification. In: Merckx V, ed. Mycoheterotrophy, the biology of plants living on fungi. Heidelberg: Springer, 19-104.
92. Mettenius GH. 1856. Filices horti botanici Lipsiensis, die Farne des bota-nischen Gartens zu Leipzig. Leipzig: Voss.
93. Mettenius GH. 1857. Uber einige Farngattungen. Frankfurt: Brönner.
94. Mickel JT. 1974. Phyletic lines in the modern ferns. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 474-482.
95. Moore T. 1857. Index filicum, etc. London: Pamplin.
96. Morison R. 1699. Plantarum historiae universalis Oxoniensis pars tertia, post auctoris mortem expleta et absoluta a Jacobo Bobartio. Oxford: Sheldonian.
97. Murdock AG. 2008. A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description ofanew genus Ptisana. Taxon 57: 737-755.
98. Nagalingum NS, Schneider H, Pryer KM. 2006. Comparative morphology of reproductive structures in heterosporous water ferns and a reevaluation of the sporocarp. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167: 805-815.
99. Nagalingum NS, Schneider H, Pryer KM. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in the heterosporous fern genus Marsilea. Systematic Botany 32: 16-25.
100. Nakai T. 1949. Classes, ordines, familiae, subfamiliae, tribus, genera nova quae attinent ad plantas Koreanas. Journal of Japanese Botany 24: 8-14.
101. Nayar BK. 1970. Aphylogenetic classification ofthe homosporous ferns. Taxon 19: 229-236.
102. Nayar BK, Kaur S. 1971. Gametophytes of homosporous ferns. Botanical Review 37: 295-396.
103. Neale DB, Sederoff RR. 1988. Inheritance and evolution of conifer organelle genomes. In: Hannover JW, Keathley DE, eds. Genetic manipulation of woody plants. New York: Plenum, 251-264
104. Øllgaard B. 2012. New combinations in Neotropical Lycopodiaceae. Phytotaxa 57: 10-22.
105. Pahnke J, Gorenykin V, Bobrova V, Troitsky A, Antonov A, Martin W. 1995b. Utility of rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences from the inverted repeat of chloroplast DNA in pteridophyte molecular phylogenies. In: Camus GM, Gibby M, Johns RJ, eds. Pteridology in perspective. Richmond: Kew Publishing, 217-230.
106. Petiver J. 1712. Pteri-graphia Americana, icones continens plusquam 400 filicum variarum specierum, etc. London: Royal Society.
107. Pichi-Sermolli REG. 1953. The nomenclature of some fern-genera. Webbia 9: 387-454.
108. Pichi-Sermolli REG. 1957. Adumbratio florae Aethiopicae-5. Parkeriaceae, Adiantaceae, Vittariaceae. Webbia 12: 645-704.
109. Pichi-Sermolli REG. 1958. The higher taxa of the Pteridophyta and their classification. In: Hedberg O, ed. Systematics of today. Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift 6. Uppsala: Lundequist, 70-90.
110. Pichi-Sermolli REG. 1970a. Fragmenta pteridologica II. Webbia 24: 699-722.
111. Pichi-Sermolli REG. 1970b. A provisional catalogue of the family names of living pteridophytes. Webbia 25: 219-297.
112. Pichi-Sermolli REG. 1973. An historical review of the higher classification of the Filicopsida. In: Jermy AC, Crabbe JA, Thomas BA, eds. The phylogeny and classification of the ferns. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 67, Suppl. 1: 11-40.
113. Plumier C. 1705. Traité des fougères de l'Amérique. Paris: Imprimérie Royale.
114. Presl CB. 1836. Tentamen pteridographiae, etc. Prague: Haase.
115. Presl CB. 1845. Supplementumtentaminis Pteriodographiae. Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften n. ser. 4: 261-380.
116. Presl CB. 1847. Die Gefässbündel im Stipes der Farrn. Prague: K. Böhmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.
117. Presl CB. 1851. Epimeliae botanicae. Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften n. ser. 6: 361-624.
118. Pryer KM, Smith AR, Skog JE. 1995. Phylogenetic relationshipsofextant pter-idophytes based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 205-282.
119. Pryer KM, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Wolf PG, Hunt JS, Sipes SD. 2001a. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409: 618-622.
120. Pryer KM, Smith AR, Hunt JS, Dubuisson J-Y. 2001b. rbcL data reveal two monophyletic groups of filmy ferns (Filicopsida: Hymenophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 1118-1130.
121. Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Wolf PG, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1582-1598.
122. Ranker TA, Smith AR, Parris BS, Geiger JMO, Haufler CH, Straub SCK, Schneider H. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case of rampant morphological homoplasy. Taxon 53: 415-428.
123. Reimers H. 1954. XV. Abteilung: Pteridophyta. Farnpflanzen. In: Melchior H, Werdermann E, eds. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Berlin-Nikolassee: Borntraeger, 269-311.
124. Rothfels CJ, Windham MD, Grusz AL, Gastony GJ, Pryer KM. 2008. Towards a monophyletic Notholaena (Pteridaceae): resolving patterns of evolutionary convergence in xeric-adapted ferns. Taxon 57: 712-724.
125. Rothfels CJ, Larsson A, Kuo L-Y, Korall P, Chiou W-L, Pryer KM. 2012. Overcoming deep roots, fast rates, and short internodes to resolve the ancient rapid radiation of eupolypod II ferns. Systematic Biology 16: 490-509.
126. Rothmaler W. 1951. Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. Feddes Repertorium 54: 256-266.
127. Schkuhr CS. 1809. Vier und zwanzigste Klasse des Linné ischenPflanzensystems oder Kryptogamische Gewäsche (Farnkräuter). Wittenburg: bei dem Verfasser.
128. Schmidel CC. 1763. Icones plantarum 3. Nuremberg.
129. Schneider H. 2007. Plant morphology as the cornerstone to the integration of fossils and extant taxa in phylogenetic systematics. Species, Phylogeny and Evolution 1: 65-74.
130. Schneider H. 2013. Evolutionary morphology of ferns (monilophytes). Annual Plant Reviews 45: 115-140.
131. Schneider H, Schuettpelz E, Pryer KM, Cranfill R, Megallon S, Lupia R. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553-557.
132. Schneider H, Smith AR, Pryer KM. 2009. Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny? Systematic Botany 34: 455-475.
133. Schneider H, He L, Hennequin S, Zhang X-C. 2013. Towards a natural classification of Pteridaceae: inferring the relationships of enigmatic pteridoid fern species occurring in the Sino-Himalaya and Afro-Madagascar. Phytotaxa 77: 49-60.
134. Schomburgk MR. 1848. Versuch einer Fauna und Flora von Britisch-Guiana. Leipzig: Weber.
135. Schott HW. 1834. Genera filicum. Vienna: Wallishausser.
136. Schuettpelz E, Pryer KM. 2007. Fern phylogeny inferred from 400 leptospor-angiate species and three plastid genes. Taxon 56: 1037-1050.
137. Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Pryer KM. 2006. Plastid atpA data provide improved support for deep relationships among ferns. Taxon 55: 987-906.
138. Sears BB. 1980. Eliminationofplastids during spermatogenesis and fertilization in the plant kingdom. Plasmid 4: 233-255.
139. Smith AR. 1995. Non-molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for ferns. American Fern Journal 85: 104-122.
140. Smith AR, Cranfill RB. 2002. Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (Thelypteridaceae). American Fern Journal 92: 131-149.
141. Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705-731.
142. Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2008. Fern classification. In:Ranker TA, Haufler CH, eds. Biologyandevolutionof ferns and lycophytes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 417-467.
143. Smith J. 1841. An arrangement and definition of the genera of ferns. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4: 38-70, 147-198.
144. Smith J. 1843. An arrangement and definition of the genera of ferns. London Journal of Botany 1: 419-438, 659-668; 2: 378-394.
145. Smith J. 1875. Historia filicum, etc. London: MacMillan.
146. Smith J. E. 1793. Tentamen botanicum de filicum generibus dorsiferarum. Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Turin 5: 401-422.
147. Sundue MA. 2010. A morphological cladistic analysis of Terpsichore (Polypodiaceae). Systematic Botany 35: 716-729.
148. Sundue MA, Islam MB, Ranker TA. 2010. Systematics of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae): using morphology and plastid sequence data to resolve the circumscription of Melpomene and the polyphyletic genera Lellingeria and Terpsichore. Systematic Botany 35: 701-715.
149. Swartz O. 1801. Genera et species filicum, etc. Journal für die Botanik [ed. Schrader H. A.] 1800: 1-120.
150. Swartz O. 1806. Synopsis filicum, etc. Kiel: Imp. Bibliopolii Novi Academici.
151. Taylor TN, Taylor EL, Krings M. 2009. Palaeobotany, the biology and evolution of fossil plants, 2nd edn. Burlington: Elsevier.
152. Tryon RM. 1952. A sketch of the history of fern classification. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 39: 255-262.
153. Tryon RM, Tryon AF. 1982. Ferns and allied plants with special reference to tropical America. New York: Springer.
154. Tsutsumi C, Kato M. 2006. Evolution of epiphytes in Davalliaceae and related ferns. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 495-510.
155. Tsutsumi C, Zhang X-C, Kato M. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of Davalliaceae and implications for generic classification. Systematic Botany 33: 44-48
156. Van Rheede tot Draakestein HA. 1678-1703. Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, 12 vols. Amsterdam: Someren & van Dyck.
157. Wagner WH Jr. 1961. Problems in the classification of ferns. Recent Advances in Botany 1: 841-844.
158. Wagner WH Jr. 1969. The construction of a classification. In: Sibley CG chairman. Systematic Biology: proceedings of an international conference. [National Academy of Sciences] Publication 1692. Washington: US National Academy of Science Press, 67-90.
159. Walker TG. 1973. Evidence from cytology in the classification of ferns. In: Jermy AC, Crabbe JA, Thomas BA, eds. The phylogeny and classification of the ferns. Botanical Journalof the Linnean Society 67, Suppl. 1:91-110.
160. Wikström N, Kenrick P. 1997. Phylogeny of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida) and the relationships of Phylloglossum drummondii Kunze based on rbcL sequences. International Journal of Plant Sciences 158: 862-871.
161. Wolf PG. 1995a. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL and nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences in Dennstaedtiaceae. American Fern Journal 85: 306-327.
162. Wolf PG. 1995b. Pteridophyte phylogenies based on analysis of DNA sequences: a multiple gene approach. In: Camus GM, Gibby M, Johns RJ, eds. Pteridology in perspective. Richmond: Kew Publishing, 203-215.
163. Wolf PG, Sipes SD, White MR, Martines ML, Pryer KM, Smith AR, Ueda K. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic fern families Hymenophyllopsidaceae and Lophosoriaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleo-tide sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 219: 263-270.
164. Yatabe Y, Nishida H, Murakami N. 1999. Phylogeny of Osmundaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences and comparison to the fossil evidences. Journal of Plant Research 112: 397-404.
165. Zhang L-B, Zhang L. 2012. The inclusion of Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema in Dryopteris: the molecular phylogeny, systematics and nomenclature of Dryopteris subg. Nothoperanema (Dryopteridaceae). Taxon 61: 1199-1216.
166. Zhang L-B. 2012. Reducing the fern genus Dryopsis to Dryopteris and the sys-tematics and nomenclature of Dryopteris subgenus Erythrovariae section Dryopsis (Dryopteridaceae). Phytotaxa 71: 17-27.