Sir William Berkeley and the forging of colonial Virginia

Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-290

  Billings, Warren M ^a  

^a NONE

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References (492)

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14. William S. Powell, The Proprietors of Carolina (Raleigh, 1963), 29-33
15. Richard Ligon, Severall Circumstances to prove that Mris Jane Berkeley and Sr William Killigrew have combined together to defraud me of an estates left unto me by Henry Killigrew Esq.for payment of his debts, for which I lye now in prison (London, 1654), 14
16. Michael Strachan, Sir Thomas Roe, 1581-1644: A Life (London, 1989), 118-34
17. Wesley Frank Craven, The Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (1932 rpt., Gloucester, Mass., 1964), 327
18. Eric Gethyn-Jones, George Thorpe and the Berkeley Company: A Gloucestershire Enterprise in Virginia (Gloucester, 1982)
19. John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, 14 Nov. 1616, McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, 2:34.
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22. Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex, and Subordination in England, 1500-1800 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 297-342
23. Simon Bailey, the Oxford University archivist, provided a photographic copy of the page from Subscription Register that bears the signatures of William and John Berkeley.
24. Mark H. Curtis, Oxford and Cambridge in Transition, 1558-1642: An Essay on Changing Relations between the English Universities and English Society (Oxford, 1959), 36-40, 50-53, 260-81
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35. Prest, The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar, 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1986)
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37. Richard Lane, comp., ''A Booke of Accounts Ano Dom 1638,'' Middle Temple Library, London.
38. Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 43-46, 65-86. On the development of touring generally and its impact on young Englishmen such as Berkeley,
39. Janet P. Trevelyan, ''Wandering Englishmen in Italy,'' Proceedings of the British Academy 16 (1930): 66-78
40. John Walter Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 1604-1667: Their Influence in English Society and Politics (London, 1952)
41. Chaney, Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion, 19-91. An entry in the college's Pilgrim Book, 1580-1656, records ''Dmo. Barclay'' as arriving at the college on All Souls' Day (2 Nov.) 1631.
42. Kevin Sharpe, The Image of Virtue: The Court and Household of Charles I, 1625-1642
43. David Starkey et al., eds., The English Court: From the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London, 1987), 226-61, esp. 233-34, 246, 249-51.
44. Conrad Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, 1621-1629 (Oxford, 1979)
45. Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, Conn., 1992)
46. Pauline Gregg, King Charles I (Los Angeles, 1981)
47. Kevin Sharpe and Peter Lake, eds., Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Stanford, 1991).
48. R. Malcom Smuts, Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition (Philadelphia, 1987)
49. Kevin Sharpe and Stephen Zwicker, eds., Politics of Discourse: The Literature and History of Seventeenth Century England (Berkeley, 1987)
50. John Peacock, ''The Politics of Portraiture,'' in Sharpe and Lake, Culture and Politics, 199-229
51. J. Newman, ''Inigo Jones and the Politics of Architecture,'' in Sharpe and Lake, Culture and Politics, 229-57.
52. Kevin Sharpe, ''The Image of Virtue: The Court and Household of Charles I, 1625-1642,'' in David Starkey et al., eds., The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London, 1987), 229-48.
53. Anon., ''Sketch of the Character of John, Lord Berkeley,'' Add. MS 36,270, fols. 104-10, BL.
54. Nicholas Carlisle, An Inquiry into the Place and Quality of the Gentlemen of His Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Chamber (London, 1829), 109-16, 255-58, 288-89.
55. Neil Cuddy, ''The Revival of the Entourage: The Bedchamber of James I, 1602-1625,'' in Starkey et al., English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War, 173-225.
56. Roy Orgel and Stephen Jones, Inigo Jones: The Theater of the Stuart Court (Berkeley, 1973)
57. Kevin Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I (Cambridge, 1987), 179-265.
58. David Sturdy, ''The Tradescants of Lambeth,'' Journal of Garden History 2 (1982): 1-16
59. Arthur MacGregor, ''The Tradescants: Gardeners and Botanists,'' in Arthur MacGregor, ed., Tradescant's Rarities: Essays on the Foundation of the Ashmolean Museum, 1683, with a Catalogue of the Surviving Early Collections (Oxford, 1983), 3-17
60. April London, ''Musaeum Tradescantianum and the Benefactors to the Tradescants' Museum,'' in MacGregor, Tradescant's Rarities, 24-40
61. Mea Allan, The Tradescants: Their Plants, Gardens and Museum, 1570-1662 (London, 1964)
62. Prudence Leith-Ross, The John Tradescants: Gardener to the Rose and Lily Queen (London, 1984), 13-99, 99-111, 163-80, 181-97
63. B. Fletcher, Royal Homes Near London (London, 1930), 141-45.
64. Wesley Frank Craven, Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (1932 rpt., Gloucester, Mass, 1964), 292-337
65. Theodore Rabb, Jacobean Gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561-1629 (Princeton, 1998), 353-89
66. Michael Strachan, Sir Thomas Roe, 1581-1644: A Life (Salisbury, Wilts., 1991), 220-21
67. Richard Beale Davis, George Sandys, Poet-Adventurer: A Study in Anglo-American Culture in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1955), 257-60
68. Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619-1660 (New York, 1989), 81-95
69. Erica Veevers, Images of Love and Religion: Queen Henrietta Maria and Court Entertainments (Cambridge, 1989).
70. R. C. Bald, ''Sir William Berkeley's The Lost Lady,'' Library, 4th ser., 17 (1936-37): 395-426.
71. Josiah Quincy Adams, ed., Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, 1623-1673 (New Haven, Conn., 1917), 77.
72. Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, 322-91
73. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ''The Great Tew Circle,'' in Trevor-Roper, Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans: Seventeenth-Century Essays (London, 1987), 166-231
74. G. E. Aylmer, ''Presidential Address: Collective Mentalities in mid-Seventeenth-England: IV, Cross Currents: Neutrals, Trimmers and Others,'' Royal Historical Society Transactions, 5th ser., 39 (1988): 1-23.
75. Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637-1642 (Oxford, 1991), 1-71
76. Peter Donald, An Uncounselled King: Charles I and the Scottish Troubles, 1637-1641 (Cambridge, 1990)
77. Mark Charles Fissell, The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638-1640 (Cambridge, 1994), 1-18.
78. David Matthew, Scotland under Charles I (London, 1955), 293
79. Pauline Gregg, King Charles I (Los Angeles, 1981), 283-95.
80. William S. Powell, The Proprietors of Carolina (Raleigh, N.C., 1968), 30.
81. Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637-1642 (Oxford, 1991), 206-74.
82. Conrad Russell, ''The First Army Plot of 1641,'' Royal Historical Society Transactions, 5th ser. 38 (1988), 85ff.
83. Michael Strachan, Sir Thomas Roe, 1581-1644: A Life (Salisbury, Wilts., 1989), 241-52, 253-55
84. Daniel Goffman, Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642-1660 (Seattle, 1998).
85. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Virginia under the Stuarts, 1607-1688 (Princeton, 1914), 84
86. Wesley Frank Craven, The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1689, in Wendell Holmes Stephenson and E. Merton Coulter, eds., A History of the South (Baton Rouge, 1949), 164
87. Richard L. Morton, Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960), 1:146
88. Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619-1660 (New York, 1989), 105
89. Warren M. Billings, John E. Selby, and Thad W. Tate, Colonial Virginia: A History (White Plains, N.Y., 1986), 48
90. R. C. Bald, ''Sir William Berkeley's The Lost Lady,'' Library, 4th ser., 17 (1936- 37): 397, was closer to the truth than he realized when he suggested that disaffection with being a courtier impelled Berkeley to leave England.
91. Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, 289
92. abstract of warrant for commission to Sir William Berkeley, 31 July 1641, indexes 4214, fol. 25, PRO
93. Pauline Gregg, King Charles I (Los Angeles, 1981), 335-37.
94. J. Frederick Fausz and Jon Kukla, eds., ''A Letter of Advice to the Governor of Virginia, 1624,'' William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 34 (1977): 105-30
95. Nathaniel G. Hale, Virginia Venturer: A Historical Biography of William Claiborne, 1600-1677 (Richmond, 1951)
96. Annie Lash Jester and Martha Woodroof Hiden, comp., Adventurers of Purse and Person, Virginia 1607-1625, 2d ed. (Princeton, 1964), 131-33
97. Sarah S. Hughes, Surveyors and Statesmen: Land Measuring in Colonial Virginia (Richmond, 1979), 9-12, 38-44
98. J. Mills Thornton III, ''The Thrusting Out of Governor Harvey: A Seventeenth-Century Rebellion,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 76 (1968): 11-26.
99. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, 2d ed. (Richmond, 1979), 473-74, 494-97, 482, 483
100. Warren M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 2004), 5-25
101. Conway Robinson, comp., ''Notes and Excerpts from the Records of Colonial Virginia,'' Conway Robinson Papers, ViHi, 235.
102. Alain Charles Outlaw, Governor's Land: Archaeology of Early Seventeenth-Century Virginia Settlements (Charlottesville, Va., 1990). But those digs revealed little about Berkeley's uses of it.
103. John Smith, A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents as Hath Hapned in Virginia... (1608), in Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580-1631) in Three Volumes (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1986), 1:29
104. John L. Cotter, Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia (Washington, D.C., 1958), 152-53
105. Wesley Frank Craven, The Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (New York, 1932), 47-81
106. Sigmund Diamond, ''From Organization to Society: Virginia in the Seventeenth Century,'' American Journal of Sociology 63 (1958): 457-75
107. Sarah Shaver Hughes, Surveyors and Statesmen: Land Measuring in Colonial Virginia (Richmond, 1979), 8-10
108. Warren M. Billings, ''Vignettes of Jamestown,'' Virginia Cavalcade 45 (1996): 169-71.
109. Warren M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 2003), 141-49.
110. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
111. Nell Marion Nugent, comp., Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants (Richmond, 1934-79), 1:123.
112. Jon Kukla, ed., ''Nine Acts of the Grand Assembly of Virginia, 1641,'' 7, MS, Vi. (I am indebted to Jon Kukla for the copy in my possession.) The site of the earthen bastion is now located on National Park Service (NPS) property. It was recently confirmed by excavations conducted by Colonial Williamsburg archaeologists for the NPS.
113. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975), 412
114. Bernard Bailyn, ''Politics and Social Structure in Virginia,'' in James Morton Smith, ed., Seventeenth Century America: Essays in Colonial History (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), 90-115
115. Wesley Frank Craven, White, Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginia (Charlottesville, Va., 1971), 1-39
116. James Horn, ''Servant Immigration to the Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century,'' in Thad W. Tate and David Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 51-96
117. Russell R. Menard, ''British Migration to the Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century,'' in Lois Green Carr, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 99-133
118. James Horn, Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth Century Chesapeake (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994), 19-78
119. Alison Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 1-72.
120. W. Stitt Robinson Jr., Mother Earth: Land Grants in Virginia, 1607-1699 (Williamsburg, 1957), 10-26
121. Robinson, Mother Earth, 35
122. Billings, Little Parliament, 11-13
123. Richard Beale Davis, George Sandys, Poet-Adventurer (London, 1955), 257-64.
124. Ethnohistorians J. Frederick Fausz and Helen C. Rountree have made a convincing brief for the argument that between 1607 and 1677 the English and the Powhatans fought four wars for possession of eastern Virginia.
125. Fausz, ''Patterns of Anglo-Indian Aggression and Accommodation along the Mid-Atlantic Coast,'' in William W. Fitzhugh, ed., Native Cultural Institutions in Eastern North America (Washington, D.C., 1985), 225-68
126. Fausz, ''An Abundance of Blood Shed on Both Sides: England's First Indian War, 1609-1614,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98 (1990): 3-56
127. Rountree, Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians through Four Centuries (Norman, Okla., 1990), chap. 2.
128. William L. Shea, The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Cen tury (Baton Rouge, 1983), 25-58
129. Helen C. Rountree, ''The Powhatans and the English: A Case Study of Multiple Conflicting Agendas,'' in Rountree, ed., Powhatan Foreign Relations, 1500-1722 (Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 173-206
130. Hening, Statutes at Large, 1:123, 202.
131. Shea, Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century, 39-54.
132. J. Frederick Fausz, ''Merging and Emerging Worlds: Anglo-Indian Interest Groups and the Development of the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,'' in Lois Green Carr, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean B. Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 54-73
133. Michael Leroy Oberg, Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1999), 176-79.
134. Billings, Little Parliament, 5-25, 68-73, 149-55
135. Philip Alexander Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1910), 1:653-90
136. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
137. Jane Carson, ''Green Spring Plantation in the 17th Century: House Report,'' MS, 6-8, ViWC.
138. Virginia Barrett Price, ''The Making, Remaking, and Unmaking of Green Spring between 1643 and 1803'' [master's thesis, University of Virginia, 2000]). I am indebted to Mrs. Price for providing me with a copy of her fine study.
139. Billings, ''Imagining Green Spring House,'' 92-94.
140. Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven, 1979), 119-63, provides a useful, brief discussion of the impact of Palladianism in Caroline England.
141. John Parkinson, Paradisi in Sole Paradisius Terrestris [London, 1629], 494).
142. Phyllis Couzens, Bruton in Selwood: Some Account of Its History (Sherborne, Dorset, 1972), 101, 102. My vision of the finished house differs from that of Louis R. Caywood, the National Park Service archaeologist who excavated the foundations in 1955.
143. Caywood, Green Spring Plantation: Archaeological Report (Yorktown, 1955), 8-12
144. John Dixon Hunt, Garden and Grove: The Italian Renaissance Garden in the English Imagination, 1600-1750 (Princeton, 1986)
145. John Gerard, comp., The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes (London, 1597).
146. John Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum. The Theater of Plantes, or An Universall and Compleat Herball (London, 1640).
147. Samuel Hartlib, A Discourse for Division or Setting Out of Land, as to the Best Form (London, 1655)
148. Caywood, Green Spring Plantation, 15-16.
149. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy S. Berkeley, eds., ''Another 'Account of Virginia' by the Reverend John Clayton,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 76 (1968): 427
150. Warren M. Billings, ''Durand of Dauphine: An Itinerant Huguenot in Colonial Virginia'' (paper read at the annual meeting of the Huguenot Society of the Founders of Manakin in the Colony of Virginia, Baton Rouge, June 1988), 4-5
151. Berkeley, Discourse and View of Virginia (London, 1662), 7
152. Berkeley to Clarendon, 18 Apr. 1663, Egerton MS 2395, BL
153. Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia, ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, 1947), 135.
154. Virginia Dejohn Anderson, ''Animals into the Wilderness: The Development of Livestock Husbandry in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,'' WMQ, 3d ser., 59 (2001): 377-409.
155. Billings, ''Sir William Berkeley and the Diversification of the Virginia Economy,'' VMHB 104 (1996): 433-37.
156. Madge Lorwin, Dining with William Shakespeare (New York, 1976), 266-67
157. Karen Hess, ed., Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery and Booke of Sweetmeats... (New York, 1984), 104-5, 125-26
158. William Strachey, The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612), ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund (London, 1953), 37-38
159. H. J., Nova Britannia: Offering Most Excellent fruites by Planting in Virginia (London, 1609), 22
160. Wesley Frank Craven, The Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (1932 rpt., Gloucester, Mass., 1964), 101, 179, 187-88.
161. Ransome, ''An Old Man's Dream: John Ferrar and the Promotion of Virginia'' (paper delivered at the Samuel Hartlib Papers Conference on Peace, Unification, and the Advancement of Learning in the Seventeenth Century, University of Sheffield, July 1992)
162. Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill, 1972), 189-223
163. Charles E. Hatch Jr., ''Mulberry Trees and Silkworms: Sericulture in Early Virginia,'' VMHB 65 (1957): 3-4
164. Leith-Ross, John Tradescants, 93-94.
165. Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580-1631) in Three Volumes (Chapel Hill, 1986), 1:151, 159
166. Hatch, ''Mulberry Trees and Silkworms,'' 4-24
167. Billings, ''Berkeley and Diversification,'' 443.
168. John Clayton, The Defence of a Sermon, Preach'd upon the Receiving into the Communion of the Church of England, the Honourable Terence Mac-Mahon Baronet, and Christopher Dunn Converts from the Church of Rome (Dublin, 1701), preface. I am indebted to Edward L. Bond, who called this work to my attention and who provided a photocopy of the relevant passage.
169. Edward Bland, The Discovery of New Brittaine, 1650 (London, 1651)
170. Alan Vance Briceland, Westward from Virginia: The Exploration of the Virginia-Carolina Frontier, 1650-1710 (Charlottesville, 1987), 13-68
171. J. Frederick Fausz, ''Merging and Emerging Worlds: Anglo-Indian Interest Groups and the Development of the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake,'' in Lois Green Carr, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean B. Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society (Chapel Hill, 1988), 58-59.
172. Neville Williams, ''The Tribulations of John Bland, Merchant: London, Seville, Jamestown, Tangier, 1643-1680,'' VMHB 72 (1964): 19-42
173. Briceland, Westward from Virginia, 22-23.
174. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 49-52
175. James B. Lynch Jr., The Custis Chronicles: The Years of Migration (Camden, Maine, 1993), 129-43.
176. John R. Pagan, ''Dutch Maritime and Commercial Activity in Mid-Seventeenth Century Virginia,'' VMHB 90 (1982): 484-88
177. Jan de Vries and Ad van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815 (Cambridge, 1997), 297, 403-4.
178. Peter Stuyvesant to Sir William Berkeley, 24 Nov. 1647, summarized in E. B. O'Callaghan, comp., Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in the Office of the Secretary of State, Albany, N.Y. (Albany, 1865-66), 1:270.
179. Warren M. Billings, ''Imagining Green Spring House,'' Virginia Cavalcade 44 (1994): 92
180. Warren M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 2004), chap. 8 n. 6
181. Carl Lounsbury, ''The Statehouses of Jamestown,'' MS in the author's possession and Billings to Lounsbury, 29 Feb. 1996, Sir William Berkeley Papers Project Archive.
182. Billings, Little Parliament, 115-19, 123-27.
183. Billings, Little Parliament, 31-45, 173-84
184. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, 2d ed. (Richmond, 1979), app. A.
185. Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members (Richmond, 1978), 20.
186. Michael Dalton, comp., The Countrey Justice: Containing the Practice of Justices of the Peace Out of their Sessions (London, 1677), 16-19.
187. Henry Swinburne, A Treatise of Testaments and Last Wills, 4th ed. (London, 1677), 75, 297-303
188. Henry Conset, The Practice of the Spiritual or Ecclesaiasticall Courts, 2d ed. (London, 1703), 406-7.
189. Susie M. Ames, ed., County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton Virginia, 1632-1640 (Washington, D.C., 1954), xlii-xliv.
190. Craven, Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 151-53
191. Richard L. Morton, Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960), 1:147-48
192. Richard Beale Davis, George Sandys, Poet-Adventurer (London, 1955), 257-64
193. Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619-1660 (New York, 1989), 106-7.
194. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 137. Stegge returned to the council in June 1643 and attended with regularity thereafter (Robinson, ''Notes,'' 238
195. Hening, Statutes at Large, 1:239, 240, 238-82.
196. Warren M. Billings, ''The Growth of Political Institutions in Virginia, 1634 to 1676,'' WMQ, 3d ser., 31 (1974): 230-45
197. Ludwell Lee Montague, ''Richard Lee 1613?-64, the Immigrant,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 74 (1966): 3-22
198. Leonard, General Assembly of Virginia, xx, 26
199. John R. Pagan, ''Dutch Maritime and Commercial Activity in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Virginia,'' VMHB 90 (1982): 488-90.
200. James B. Lynch Jr., The Custis Chronicles: The Years of Migration (Camden, Maine, 1993), 135-39
201. Nicholas Luccketti, Edward A. Chappell, and Beverly A. Straube, Archaeology: Excavations at the Ancestral Custis Plantation, Northampton County, Virginia (Jamestown, Va., 1999), 7-9
202. Lynch, Custis Chronicles, 157-71.
203. Samuel Hartlib, The Reformed Virginia Silk-Worm... (London, 1655), 31-35.
204. Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia, ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), 60-61
205. William L. Shea, The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century (Baton Rouge, 1983), 57-72.
206. William S. Powell, The Proprietors of Carolina (Raleigh, N.C., 1968), 30-31, 13.
207. William L. Shea, ''Virginia at War, 1644-1646,'' Military Affairs 41 (1977): 142-77
208. Hening, Statutes at Large, 1:317-19, 323-26
209. Beverley, History and Present State of Virginia, 61-62
210. Wesley Frank Craven, ''Indian Policy in Early Virginia,'' William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 1 (1944): 65-82.
211. Hening, Statutes at Large, 1:245-46, 252, 300, 330, 331
212. J. Paul Hudson, A Pictorial Booklet on Early Jamestown Commodities and Industries (Williamsburg, 1957), 76
213. John L. Cotter, Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia (Washington, D.C., 1958), 147-50
214. Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven, Conn., 1978), 262.
215. Hening, Statutes at Large, 362
216. Edmund Wingate, comp., An Exact Abridgment of all Statutes in Force and Use. From the Beginning of Magna Charta, Untill 1641 (London, 1670), 79-80
217. Cay, Abridgment, 1, under ''Clerk of the market.''
218. Warren M. Billings, ''Vignettes of Jamestown,'' Virginia Cavalcade 45 (1996): 172-73
219. William M. Kelso, Nicholas M. Luccketti, and Beverly A. Straube, Jamestown Rediscovery V (Richmond, 1999), 15-20.
220. Hening, Statutes at Large, 1:258-59.
221. Henk den Heijer, De geshiedenis van WIC (Zutphen, 1994), 85-88
222. Edward L. Bond, Damned Souls in a Tobacco Colony: Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia (Macon, Ga., 2001), 93-144.
223. John Bennett Boddie, Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County: A history of the County of Isle of Wight, Virginia, during the Seventeenth Century, including abstracts of the county records (Chicago, 1938), 6-31, 54-61
224. George Carrington Mason, Colonial Churches of Tidewater Virginia (Richmond, 1945), 187-88.
225. Harrison (1619-82) was from Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire. A tradition, which modern scholars have repeated, holds that he was Berkeley's private chaplain (Philip Alexander Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century [New York, 1910], 1:253-58
226. John H. Latane, The Early Relations between Maryland and Virginia, in Herbert B. Adams, ed., Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, 13th ser., 13 [1895]: 41-44
227. J. H. Hexter, The Reign of King Pym (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), 85
228. Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History (New Haven, Conn., 1934-38), 1:167
229. John Gibbon, Introductio ad Latinam Blasoniam (London, 1682), 156
230. Kukla, Speakers and Clerks, 54-57.
231. Berkeley, The Speech of the Honourable Sr. William Berkeley Governour and Capt. Generall of Virginea, to the Burgesses in the Grand Assembly at James Towne on the 17. of March 1650/1... (The Hague, 1651).
232. Worsley, ''A Memorandum of the Virginia Plantation,'' ca. Feb. 1649, piece 5
233. Worsley, ''Further Animadversions about Virginia,'' n.d., piece 6
234. William H. Gaines Jr., ''The Treaty of Jamestown, 1652,'' Virginia Cavalcade 1 (Spring 1952): 20-21.
235. Richard L. Morton, Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960), 1:168-73
236. Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 148-57.
237. Warren M. Billings, ed., ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly, April 1652, November 1652, and July 1653,'' VMHB 83 (1975): 22-72.
238. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
239. Charles Wilson, Profit and Power: A Study of England and the Dutch Wars (London, 1957)
240. Simon Hart, ''The Dutch and North America, 1600-1650,'' De Halve Maen 66 (1971): no. 1: 5-6, 15
241. C. R. Boxer, The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century (London, 1972), 4-20
242. J. R. Powell, Robert Blake, General-at-Sea (London, 1972).
243. Warren M. Billings, ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly, April 1652, November 1653, and July 1653,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 83 (1975): 27-28.
244. Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619-1660 (New York, 1989), 169-82, 192-204
245. Warren M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 2004), 34-35.
246. Billings, Little Parliament, chaps. 2 and 6
247. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 46-48.
248. Henry Norwood, A Voyage to Virginia. By Colonel Norwood, in Peter Force, ed., Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from the Discovery of the Country to the Year 1776 (Washington, D.C., 1836-44), 3, no. 10, 49-50
249. Thomas Burch, ed., A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq. (London, 1742), 3:65, 66, 72-75
250. Fairfax Harrison, ''Henry Norwood (1615-1689): Treasurer of Virginia, 1661-1673,'' VMHB 33 (1925): 4
251. James B. Lynch Jr., The Custis Chronicles: The Years of Migration (Camden, Maine, 1992), 61-66
252. Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1972), 79-80.
253. Ronald Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658- 1667 (Oxford, 1985), 3-125
254. Richard L. Morton, Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill), 1:184-87
255. John Frederick Dorman, ''Governor Samuel Mathews, Jr.,'' VMHB 74 (1966): 439-52.
256. Warren M. Billings, ''The Return of Sir William Berkeley,'' Virginia Cavalcade 47 (1998): 100-110.
257. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
258. Jon Kukla, ed., ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly, October 1660,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 83 (1975): 80-85.
259. Kukla, ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes,'' 86-87.
260. Warren M. Billings, ed., ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly, April 1652, November 1652, and July 1653,'' VMHB 81 (1975): 22-72.
261. Hening, Statutes at Large, 1:86-87, 88, 90-91, 92-93
262. Warren M. Billings, ''Sir William Berkeley and the Diversification of the Virginia Economy,'' VMHB 104 (1996): 445.
263. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:10, 11, 12, 13, 13-14, 15, 16.
264. Lindley S. Butler, ''The Governors of Albemarle,'' North Carolina Historical Review (NCHR) 46 (1969): 281-89
265. Warren M. Billings, ''Sir William Berkeley and the Carolina Proprietary,'' NCHR 76 (1995): 336.
266. Douglas L. Hayward, ed., The Registers of Bruton, Co. Somerset (n.p., n.d.), 1:22
267. Junius Rodes Fishburne, ''The Office of Secretary of State in Colonial Virginia'' (Ph.D. diss., Tulane University, 1971), chap. 8
268. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 89-94.
269. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:39.
270. Charles M. Andrews, British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations, 1622-1675, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Sciences, ser. 26 (Baltimore, 1908), 49-51, 69-74
271. Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History (New Haven, Conn., 1934-38), 4:1-108
272. Lawrence A. Harper, The English Navigation Laws: A Seventeenth-Century Experiment in Social Engineering (New York, 1939), 51-58.
273. Robert C. Latham and William Mathews, eds., The Diary of Samuel Pepys (Berkeley, Calif., 1970), 2:18-25.
274. David Ogg, England in the Reign of Charles II, 2d ed. (Oxford, 1961), 152-67
275. Kevin Sharpe, ''The Image of Virtue: The Court and Household of Charles I, 1625-1642,'' in David Starkey et al., eds., The English Court: From the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London, 1987), 262.
276. Clifford E. Walton, History of the British Army, A.D. 1660 to 1700 (London, 1894).
277. Antonia Fraser, Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration (New York, 1979), 215-23.
278. J. C. Sainty, comp., Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Admiralty Officials, 1660-1870 (London, 1975), 1, 18-20
279. J. M. Collinge, comp., Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Navy board Officials, 1660- 1832 (London, 1978), 1, 6, 18-22
280. John Callow, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a Fallen King (Thrupp Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000), 33-34, 192-200.
281. Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History (New Haven, Conn., 1934-38), 4:22-50
282. Jan de Vries ad van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, failure, and perseverance of the Dutch economy, 1500-1815 (Cambridge, 1997), 404.
283. Andrews, Colonial Period, 4:50-85
284. Stephen Saunders Webb, The Governors-General: The English Army and the Definition of the Empire, 1569-1681 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 57-101
285. J. M. Sosin, The Restoration Monarchy of Charles II: Transatlantic Politics, Commerce, and Kinship (Lincoln, Neb., 1980), 5-91
286. Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Politics of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (Athens, Ga., 1986), 7-19.
287. J. C. Sainty, comp., Office-Holders in Modern Britain: The Board of Trade, 1660-1870 (London, 1974), 20
288. Charles M. Andrews, British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations, 1622-1675, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Sciences, ser. 26 (Baltimore, 1908), 69-74.
289. Warren M. Billings, ''Sir William Berkeley's Discourse and View of Virginia: A Note on Its Authorship,'' Documentary Editing 24 (2002): 33-36.
290. John C. Rainbolt, ''The Absence of Towns in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,'' Journal of Southern History 35 (1969): 343-60
291. Martin Noell [?], Proposalls concerning building of Towns, ca.1662, Egerton MS 2395, 666, BL
292. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
293. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:189-90, 208.
294. Cay, Abridgement, 2: under ''Tobacco''
295. W. L. Grant and James Munro, eds., Acts of the Privy Council of England, Colonial Series (London, 1908-12), 1:27, 592
296. C. F. Firth and R.S. Rait, eds., Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660 (London, 1911), 2:870
297. Charles M. MacInnes, The Early English Tobacco Trade (London, 1926), 51-105
298. Andrews, Colonial Period, 4:14n-15n.
299. Russell R. Menard, ''A Note on Chesapeake Tobacco Prices,'' VMHB 84 (1976): 401-11.
300. Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland: A History (Millwood, N.Y., 1981), 57-73.
301. C. H. Collins-Baker, Lely and Kneller (New York, 1922), 1-61.
302. William S. Powell, The Proprietors of Carolina (Raleigh, N.C., 1963), 12-43, 47-49.
303. Andrews, Colonial Period, 3:182-91
304. Craven, Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 310-25
305. William S. Powell, ed., Ye Countie of Albemarle in Carolina: A Collection of Documents, 1664- 1675 (Raleigh, N.C., 1958), xiii-xxii
306. Herbert R. Paschal Jr., ''Proprietary North Carolina: A Study in Colonial Government'' (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1961), 66-76
307. William S. Powell, The Proprietors of Carolina (Raleigh, N.C., 1963), 13-49
308. M. Eugene Sirmans, Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663-1729 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1966), 3-6
309. Wesley Frank Craven, The Colonies in Transition, 1660-1713 (New York, 1968), 54-57
310. K. H. D. Haley, The First Earl of Shaftsbury (Oxford, 1968), 227-31
311. Daniel W. Fagg Jr., ''Carolina, 1663-1683: The Founding of a Proprietary'' (Ph.D. diss., Emory University, 1970), 31-34
312. Robert M. Weir, Colonial South Carolina: A History (Millwood, N.Y., 1983), 49-51
313. Warren M. Billings, ''Sir William Berkeley and the Carolina Proprietary,'' North Carolina Historical Review (NCHR) 72 (1995): 329-34.
314. Paschal, ''Proprietary Carolina,'' 1-6, 83-86
315. Paul E. Kopperman, ''Profile of Failure: The Carolana Project, 1629-1640,'' NCHR 59 (1982): 1-23.
316. Francis Moryson, comp. The Lawes of Virginia Now in Force. Collected Out of the Assembly Records, and Digested into one Volume (London, 1662). In all likelihood Berkeley arranged for the printing of Moryson's compilation, which incorporated the General Assembly's revision of Mar. 1661/62.
317. Kukla, ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly of October 1660,'' VMHB 83 (1975): 87-88, 92-93
318. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:17
319. George Monck, duke of Albemarle
320. William Craven, earl of Craven
321. John Berkeley, baron Berkeley of Stratton
322. Anthony Ashley, baron Ashley of Wimborne St. Giles
323. Herbert R. Paschal Jr., ''Proprietary North Carolina: A Study in Colonial Government'' (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1961), 1-6, 83-86
324. Paul E. Kopperman, ''Profile of Failure: The Carolana Project, 1629-1640,'' NCHR 59 (1982): 1-23.
325. From Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, and others, 8 Sept. 1663, CO 1/20, fols. 3-6, PRO
326. Mattie Erma Parker, ed., North Carolina Charters and Constitutions, 1588-1683 (Raleigh, N.C., 1963), 62-73.
327. DanielW. Fagg Jr., ''Carolina, 1663-1683: The Founding of a Proprietary'' (Ph.D. diss., Emory University, 1970), 7-28.
328. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, 2d ed. (Richmond, 1979), 315, 467
329. Lindley S. Butler, ''The Governors of Albemarle County, 1663-1689,'' NCHR 46 (1969): 281-89
330. William S. Powell, ed., Dictionary of North Carolina Biography (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1986), 2:107-8.
331. Craven, Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 322-28.
332. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
333. McIlwaine, Minutes of the Council and General Court, 334, 342, 367
334. Thomas Mathew, ''The Rise, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in the Years 1675-1676'' [1705], printed in Charles M. Andrews, ed., Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675-1690 (New York, 1915), 38
335. Virginia M. Meyer and John Frederick Dorman, eds., Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1624/5 (Richmond, 1987), 586-88.
336. Terri L. Snyder, ''Frances Culpeper Stephens Berkeley,'' in John T. Kneebone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography (Richmond, 1998), 1:450-51
337. K. H. D. Haley, The First Earl of Shaftsbury (Oxford, 1968), 241-42
338. Fagg, ''Carolina, 1663-1683,'' 119-21
339. J. R. Woodhead, The Rulers of London, 1660-1689: A Biographical Record of the Aldermen and Common Councilmen of the City of London (London, 1965), 132.
340. Hugh F. Rankin, Upheaval in Albemarle: The Story of Culpeper's Rebellion, 1675-1689 (Raleigh, N.C., 1962), 26-30
341. William S. Smith, ''Culpeper's Rebellion: New Data and Old Problems'' (master's thesis, North Carolina State University, 1990), 31-32, a copy of which Mr. Smith kindly gave me. Berkeley's attorney, John Culpeper, was a brother of Dame Frances and of no discernible relation to the John Culpeper who gave his name to the uprising in Albemarle.
342. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 63-64
343. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:172-76.
344. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:163-71, 177-79
345. Warren M. Billings, ''A Quaker in Seventeenth-Century Virginia: Four Remonstrances by George Wilson,'' WMQ 33 (1976): 127-40
346. Edward L. Bond, Damned Souls in a Tobacco Colony: Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia (Athens, Ga., 2001), 161-74;Warren M. Billings, ''The Law of Servants and Slaves in Colonial Virginia,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 99 (1991): 45-63
347. Warren M. Billings, ''The Law of Servants and Slaves in Colonial Virginia,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 99 (1991): 45-63
348. Henry Swinburne, A Treatise of Testaments and Last Wills, Fit to be understood by all men, that they may know, Whether, Whereof, and How to make them (London, 1677), 52.
349. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Journals of the House of Burgesses of Colonial Virginia, 1619-1658/59
350. Samuel H. Yonge, The Site of Old ''James Towne,'' 1607-1698 (Richmond, 1904), 84-97, esp.
351. James M. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion: Historic Preservation and Virginia Traditionalism (Charlottesville, 1993), 121-23.
352. Henry Chandlee Forman, Jamestown and St. Mary's Buried Cities of Romance (Baltimore, 1938), 165-74
353. John L. Cotter, Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia (Washington, D.C., 1958), 25-28.
354. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 28.
355. John C. Rainbolt, ''The Absence of Towns in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,'' Journal of Southern History (JSH) 25 (1969): 343-60
356. John W. Reps, Tidewater Towns: City Planning in Colonial Virginia and Maryland (Williamsburg, 1972), 52-55
357. Ludwell to Arlington, 10 Apr. 1665, CO 1/19, fols. 75-76.
358. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 60
359. McIlwaine, ed., Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia (Richmond, 1925), 1:93-94.
360. William M. Kelso, Jamestown Rediscovery II (Richmond, 1996), 21-22.
361. Cotter, Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, 121-29.
362. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 44, 50.
363. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 53.
364. Memorial from the House of Burgesses to Berkeley and the Council of State, ca. 5 June 1666
365. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 25, 56, 58.
366. Susie M. Ames, Studies of the Virginia Eastern Shore in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 1940), 230-37
367. Clayton Torrence, Old Somerset on the Eastern Shore of Maryland (Richmond, 1935), 3-81
368. Spotswood Hunnicut, ''Quakerism in Virginia'' (master's thesis, College of William and Mary, 1957), chap. 1
369. Susie M. Ames, ''The Reunion of Two Virginia Counties,'' JSH 8 (1942): 536-48
370. J. Frederick Fausz, ''Richard Bennett,'' in John T. Kneebone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography (Richmond, 1998), 1:446.
371. Virginia M. Meyer and John Frederick Dorman, eds., Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1624/5, 3d ed. (Richmond, 1987), 390-91.
372. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:179, 183-85, 190-91
373. William Hand Browne et al., comps., Archives of Maryland (Baltimore, 1883), 1:484-85
374. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:180-83
375. Michael Dalton, comp., The Countrey Justice: Containing the Practice of Justices of the Peace Out of their Sessions (London, 1677), 180-81
376. Melvin G. Herndon, Tobacco in Colonial Virginia: ''The Sovereign Remedy'' (Williamsburg, 1957)
377. Michael G. Kammen, ''The Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,'' Maryland Historical Magazine 55 (1960): 292-313
378. John C. Rainbolt, From Prescription to Persuasion: Manipulation of Eighteenth Century [i.e., Seventeenth] Economy (Port Washington, N.Y., 1974), 57-59
379. David W. Jordan, Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632-1715 (Cambridge, 1987), 97-112.
380. Brown et al., eds., Archives of Maryland, 2:35-43, 43-49, 143-44
381. Jordan, Representative Government in Maryland, 103-4
382. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:225. The five burgesses were Thomas Ballard, Joseph Bridger, Peter Jennings, Daniel Parke, and Nicholas Spencer.
383. Jordan, Representative Government in Maryland, 104-5
384. Jon Kukla, ed., ''Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly, October 1660,'' VMHB 87 (1975): 88-89
385. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 39
386. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:241-42.
387. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:236-37.
388. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy S. Berkeley, eds., ''Another 'Account of Virginia' by the Reverend John Clayton,'' VMHB 76 (1968): 427.
389. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:13-15, 34, 35, 36, 39
390. William L. Shea, The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century (Baton Rouge, 1983), 73-83.
391. John Catlett to Thomas Catlett, 1 Apr. 1664, ViWC
392. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:193-94. The record of the Indians' trial no longer exists.
393. John Catlett et al. to Berkeley, ca. 22 June 1666, RDWI, 1663-68, 57
394. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 32-45
395. Billings, Little Parliament, 167-69
396. Ames, ''Reunion of Two Virginia Counties,'' 539-43.
397. Warren M. Billings, ''The Law of Servants and Slaves in Colonial Virginia,'' VMHB 99 (1991): 45-63
398. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 28
399. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:197, 191
400. Billings, Little Parliament, 266 n. 45. Berkenhead arrived on the merchant ship Mary & Elizabeth in the fall of 1662. So far as can be determined, he was a run-of-the-mill indentured servant rather than an old Cromwellian warrior (warrant from James, duke of York, to Sir William Berkeley, 9 Sept. 1662, HCA 1/9, pt. 1, 53, PRO).
401. Kenneth Scott, ed., ''The Arms of Amsterdam: An Extract from the Records of the General Court of Virginia, 1664,'' VMHB 77 (1969): 407-40
402. Jaap Jacobs, Een zegenrijk gewest: Nieuw-Nederland in de zeventiende eeuw (Amsterdam, 1999), 164-66
403. C. R. Boxer, The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1974), 20-42
404. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:220-21.
405. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 42.
406. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:255-59, 265
407. Boxer, The Anglo-Dutch Wars, 42.
408. William Edmundson, A Journal of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry, of That Worthy Elder, and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, William Edmundson, Who Departed This Life, the 31st of the 6th Month, 1712 (Dublin, 1715), 61-63
409. Edward D. Neill, comp., Virginia Carolorum: The Colony under the Rule of Charles the First and Second (Albany, 1886), 339-41.
410. Charles M. Andrews, British Committees, Commissions and Councils of Trade and Plantations, 1622-1675, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, 26th ser. (1908): 96-106
411. R. P. Beiber, ''The British Plantation Councils of 1670-4,'' English Historical Review 40 (1925): 93-106
412. Winfred T. Root, ''The Lords of Trade and Plantations,'' American Historical Review 23 (1917): 20-41
413. Warren M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 2004), chaps. 2, 5.
414. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York, 1949), 1: app. I-1, 447-82
415. Fairfax Harrison, Virginia Land Grants: A Study of Conveyancing in Relation to Colonial Politics (Richmond, 1925)
416. Harrison, Landmarks of Old Prince William: A Study of Origins in Northern Virginia (Richmond, 1925)
417. Billings, ''Thomas Culpeper, 2d baron Culpeper of Thoresway,'' in Colin Mathew et al., eds., The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004)
418. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Journals of the House of Burgesses of Colonial Virginia, 1619-1658/59
419. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:311-14
420. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, ''The Virginia Charter of 1676,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB) 66 (1948): 263-66
421. David S. Lovejoy, ''Virginia's Charter and Bacon's Rebellion, 1675-1676,'' in Alison G. Olson and Richard Maxwell Brown, eds., Anglo-American Political Relations, 1675-1775 (New Brunswick, N.J, 1970), 31-51.
422. Warren M. Billings, ''Giles Bland,'' in Sara B. Bearss, John T. Kneebone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography (Richmond, 2001), 2:7-8.
423. Joan R. Gunderson, ''Anna Bennett Bland,'' in Bearss et al., Dictionary of Virginia Biography, 3-4.
424. McIlwaine, Minutes of the Council and General Court, 423, 448-49
425. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:292-94.
426. C. R. Boxer, The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century (London, 1974), 42-62
427. Antonia Fraser, Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration (New York, 1979), 307-33.
428. Donald G. Sho mette and Robert D. Haslach, Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672-1674 (Columbia, S.C., 1988), 138-48.
429. Thomas Mathew, ''The Rise, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in the Years 1675-1676'' (1705), printed in Charles M. Andrews, ed., Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675-1690 (New York, 1915), 17
430. Sir John Berry and Francis Moryson, ''A True Narrative of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, by the Royal Commissioners, 1677,'' Andrews, Narratives, 105-6
431. John Gerard, ''A narrative of the transactions of the Susquehannock Fort,'' 1677, WDWI, 1665-77, fol. 288
432. Alice L. Ferguson, ''The Susquehannock Fort on Piscataway Creek,'' Maryland Historical Magazine 337 (1941): 1-9.
433. Wilcomb E.Washburn, ''Governor Berkeley and King Philip's War,'' New England Quarterly 30 (1957): 363-77
434. Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1975)
435. Jill Lepore, King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (New York, 1998).
436. Berry and Moryson, ''True Narrative,'' 107
437. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:326-39.
438. ''Strange News from Virginia'' (London, 1677), in Harry Finestone, ed., Bacon's Rebellion: The Contemporary News Sheets (Charlottesville, Va., 1956), 8-9
439. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon's Rebellion and Its Leader (Princeton, 1940), 39-59
440. Brent Tarter, ''Nathaniel Bacon,'' in John T. Kneebone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography (Richmond, 1998) 1:271-74
441. Warren M. Billings, ''Nathaniel Bacon,'' in Colin Matthew et al., eds., The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
442. Sir John Berry and Francis Moryson, ''A True Narrative of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, by the Royal Commissioners, 1677,'' in Charles M. Andrews, ed., Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675- 1690 (New York, 1915), 109-10
443. Robert Beverley, History and Present State of Virginia, ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), 78
444. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, 2d ed. (Richmond, 1979), 401.
445. Thomas Mathew, ''The Rise, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in the Years 1675- 1676'' (1705), in Andrews, Narratives, 24n
446. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, ''Richard Lawrence: A Sketch,'' William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser. 16 (1959): 244-48
447. Berry and Moryson, ''True Narrative,'' 109, 110.
448. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
449. Warren M. Billings, '' 'Virginias Deploured Condition': The Coming of Bacon's Rebellion, 1666-1676'' (Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1968), app. 2
450. Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members (Richmond, 1978), 32
451. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Journals of the House of Burgesses of Colonial Virginia, 1619-1658/59
452. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 65-69.
453. Hening, Statutes at Large, 2:340-65.
454. William Sherwood to Sir Joseph Williamson, 12 June 1676, CO 1/37, fol. 1, PRO
455. Conway Robinson, ''Notes and Excerpts from the Records of Colonial Virginia,'' Conway Robinson Papers, ViHi, 260.
456. Sir Thomas Grantham, An Historical Account of Some Memorable Actions, Particularly in Virginia... (London, 1716), 17-24
457. Berry, Herbert Jeffreys, and Francis Moryson as commissioners of investigation, 3 Oct. 1676, CO 5/ 1355, fols. 83-85
458. Stephen Saunders Webb, '' 'Brave Men and Servants to His Royal Highness': The Household of James Stuart in the Evolution of English Imperialism,'' in Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds., Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 55-83
459. Webb, The Governors-General: The English Army and the Definition of the Empire, 1569-1681 (Chapel Hill, 1979), 3-57, 122-37
460. Henry Norwood, A Voyage to Virginia. By Col. Norwood (n.p., n.d.) in Peter Force, comp., Tracts, Relating Principally to the Origins, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from the Discovery of the Country to the Year 1776 (Washington, D.C., 1836-44), 3: no. 10
461. Webb, Governors-General, 336-37.
462. ''Instructions to Berkeley,'' 13 Oct. 1676, CO 5/1355, fols. 111-14, PRO
463. ''Instructions from Charles II,'' clause 3, clauses 4, 6, 7-8, clauses 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, fols. 111-14, PRO.
464. Wilcomb E.Washburn, ed., ''Sir William Berkeley's 'History of Our Miseries,' '' William and Mary Quarterly 14 (1957): 403-13.
465. Berry, Jeffreys, and Moryson to Coventry, 14 Feb. 1676/77, CO 389/6, fol. 401
466. Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members (Richmond, 1978), 42
467. Jon Kukla, Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond, 1981), 70-73.
468. WilliamWaller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large
469. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Journals of the House of Burgesses of Colonial Virginia, 1619-1658/59
470. Berry, Jeffreys, and Moryson to the General Assembly, 27 Feb. 1676/77, Wiseman Papers, n.p.
471. McIlwaine, Journals, 1659/60-1693, 87-90. Some of these grievances are printed in McIlwaine, Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1659/60-1693, 99-113. Contemporary file copies of the entire collection reside in CO 1/ 39, fols. 194-255
472. Berry, Jeffreys, and Moryson to Thomas Watkins, 4 May 1677, CO 1/40, fols. 130-31.
473. A printed text of Jeffreys's proclamation is in VMHB 22 (1914): 44-45
474. Berkeley to Jeffreys, 28 Apr. 1677, CO1/40, fols. 68-69. Jeffreys did not receive the letter until 7 June (Jeffreys to Williamson, 11 June 1677, CO 1/40, fols. 225-26).
475. John Callow, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a Fallen King (Thrupp Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000), 234-36.
476. Thomas Mathew, ''The Rise, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in the Years 1675- 1676'' (1705), in Charles M. Andrews, ed., Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675-1690 (New York, 1915), 40
477. Wilcomb E. Washburn, The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon's Rebellion (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), 139-53
478. Warren M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond, 2004), 49-63.
479. Wilcomb E. Washburn, ''The Humble Petition of Sarah Drummond,'' William and Mary Quarterly (WMQ), 3d ser. 13 (1956): 354-75
480. William S. Powell, The Proprietors of Carolina (Raleigh, 1963), 53
481. Warren M. Billings, Virginia's Viceroy, Their Majesties' Governor General: Francis Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham (Fairfax, Va., 1991), 24-28
482. William Byrd to Warham Horsmanden, 21 June 1684, in Marion Tingling, ed., The Papers of the Three William Byrds of Westover, Virginia, 1684-1776 (Charlottesville, 1977), 1:25
483. Warren M. Billings, ed., The Papers of Francis Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham, 1643-1695 (Richmond, 1989), 115.
484. Robert Beverley, History and Present State of Virginia, ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), 61-86.
485. Stephen Saunders Webb, 1676: The End of American Independence (New York, 1984)
486. Warren M. Billings, John E. Selby, and Thad W. Tate, Colonial Virginia: A History (White Plains, N.Y., 1986)
487. John M. Murrin, review of Webb, 1676, WMQ, 3d ser., 43 (1986): 119-24
488. Wilcomb E. Washburn, ''Stephen Saunders Webb's Interpretation of Bacon's Rebellion,'' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 95 (1987), 275-301
489. Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619-1660 (New York, 1989)
490. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989)
491. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996)
492. Michael Leroy Oberg, Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1999).