Does the gender of MPs matter in postcommunist politics? The case of the Russian duma, 1995-2001

Living Gender after Communism

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 128-146

  Shevchenko, Iulia ^a  

^a EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY AT ST PETERSBURG   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895686130     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (65)

1. Sue Bridger, Kathryn Pinnick, and Rebecca Kay, No More Heroines? Russia, Women, and the Market (London: Routledge, 1996).
2. See, for instance, Michael B. Berkman and Robert E. O'Connor, "Do Women Legislators Matter? Female Legislators and State Abortion Policy", American Politics Quarterly 21, no. 1(1993):102-24
3. and Sue Thomas, How Women Legislate (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). However, the question of the exact size of the "critical mass" remains unanswered. Some studies use the 15 percent cutoff, while others conclude that it should be closer to 30 percent of legislative corps.
4. See Rosabeth M. Kanter, "Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women", American Journal of Sociology 82, no. 5(1977):965-90;
5. Mark Considine and Iva Ellen Deutchman, "Instituting Gender: State Legislators in Australia and the United States", Women and Politics 16, no. 4(1996):1-19.
6. Anne Phillips, Politics of Presence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
7. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1990);
8. Jane Mansbridge, "Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent 'Yes'", Journal of Politics 61, no. 3(1999):628-57;
9. Jane Mansbridge, "Rethinking Representation", American Political Science Review 97, no. 4(2003):515-28;
10. Robert E. Goodin, "Representing Diversity", British Journal of Political Science 34, no. 3(2004):453-69.
11. Kathleen B. Jones, "Citizenship in a Woman-Friendly Polity", Journal of Women in Culture and Society 15, no. 4(1990):781-812.
12. Ol'ga A. Khasbulatova, "Obzor opyta sovetskoi gosudarstvennoi politiki v otnoshenii zhenshchin" [A Review of the Experience of Soviet State Policies toward Women], in Gendernaia rekonstruktsiia politicheskikh sistem [Gender Reconstruction of Political Systems], ed. N. M. Stepanova and E. V. Kochkina (St. Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2004), 397-421.
13. Mary Buckley, "Adaptation of the Soviet Women's Committee: Deputies' Voices from Women of Russia", in Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia, ed. Mary Buckley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 157-85.
14. On Russian women during perestroika see Gail Lapidus, "Gender and Restructuring: The Impact of Perestroika and Its Aftermath on Soviet Women", in Democratic Reform and the Position of Women in Transitional Economies, ed. Valentine M. Moghadam (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 137-61.
15. Tat'iana Klimenkova, "What Does Our New Democracy Offer Society?" in Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, ed. Anastasia Posadskaya and trans. Kate Clark (London: Verso, 1994), 14-36.
16. Rosalind Marsh, "Women in Contemporary Russia and the Former Soviet Union", in Women, Ethnicity, and Nationalism: The Politics of Transition, ed. Rick Wilford and Robert L. Miller (London: Routledge, 1998), 101.
17. Anastasia Posadskaya, Women in Russia;
18. Valerie Sperling, "Gender Politics and the State during Russia's Transition Period", in Gender, Politics and the State, ed. Vicky Randall and Georgina Waylen (London: Routledge, 1998), 143-66.
19. Vitalina Koval, "Women and Work in Russia", in Women in Contemporary Russia, ed. Vitalina Koval (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1995), 17-33;
20. Lynne Attwood, "The Post-Soviet Woman in the Move to the Market: A Return to Domesticity and Dependence?" in Women in Russia and Ukraine, ed. Rosalind Marsh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 255-66.
21. Among them there were: federal program "Safe Maternity, 1995-1997" 1994);
22. presidential decree "On Basic Directions of the State Family Policy" (1996);
23. the State Duma's resolution "On Urgent Measures Improving Health of Women and Children in Russia" (1999);
24. governmental resolution "The Concept of Russia's Demographic Development until 2015" (2001); and also many laws.
25. Rebecca Kay, "Images of an Ideal Woman: Perceptions of Russian Womanhood through the Media, Education, and Women's Own Eyes", in Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia, ed. Mary Buckley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 77-98.
26. Laura Belin and Robert W. Orttung, The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995: The Battle for the Duma (Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1997).
27. Wendy Slater", 'Women of Russia' and Women's Representation in Russian Politics", in Russia in Transition, ed. David Lane (New York: Longman, 1995), 76-90;
28. Grigorii V. Golosov, "Political Parties, Electoral Systems, and Women's Representation in the Regional Legislative Assemblies of Russia, 1995-1998", Party Politics 7, no. 1(2001):45-68.
29. Buckley, "Adaptation of the Soviet Women's Committee", 169.
30. Michelle Rivkin-Fish, Women's Health in Post-Soviet Russia: The Politics of Intervention (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005);
31. A. Popov and Henry P. David, "Russian Federation and USSR Successor States", in From Abortion to Contraception: A Resource to Public Policies and Reproductive Behavior in Central and Eastern Europe from 1917 to the Present, ed. Henry P. David (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999), 223-77;
32. Julie DaVanzo and Clifford Grammich, Dire Demographics: Population Trends in the Russian Federation (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001).
33. Data sources: Vybory deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy 1995: Electoral'naia statistika [The 1995 Elections of the Deputies of the State Duma: Electoral Statistics] (Moscow: Ves' Mir, 1996), 237-40;
34. Vybory deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy Federal'nogo sobraniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii 1999: Electoral'naia statistika [The 1999 Elections of the Deputies of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation: Electoral Statistics] (Moscow: Ves' Mir, 2000), 235.
35. Debra L. Dodson et al., Voices, Views, Votes: The Impact of Women in the 103rd Congress (New Brunswick, N. J.: Center for the American Women and Politics, 1995);
36. Susan J. Carroll, Debra L. Dodson, and Ruth B. Mandel, The Impact of Women in Public Office: An Overview (New Brunswick, N. J.: Center for the American Women and Politics, 1991);
37. Thomas, How Women Legislate;
38. Michelle A. Saint-Germain, "Does Their Difference Make a Difference? The Impact of Women on Public Policy in the Arizona Legislature", Social Science Quarterly 70, no. 4(1989):956-98;
39. Elizabeth A. Segal and Stephanie Brzuzy, "Gender and Congressional Voting: A Legislative Analysis", Journal of Women and Social Work 10, no. 1(1995):8-23.
40. Considine and Deutchman, "Instituting Gender."
41. Pippa Norris, "Women Politicians: Transforming Westminster?" Parliamentary Affairs 49, no. 1(1996):89-102.
42. Michele L. Swers, "Are Women More Likely to Vote for Women's Issue Bills than Their Male Colleagues?" Legislative Studies Quarterly 23, no. 3(1998):435-48.
43. Paul Allen Beck, Party Politics in America, 8th ed. (New York: Longman, 1996), 323-25.
44. An earlier interpretation of some of this data was published in Iulia Shevchenko, "Who Cares about Women's Problems? Female Legislators in the 1995 and 1999 Russian State Dumas", Europe-Asia Studies 54, no. 8(2002):1201-22.
45. Alison Fell, "Language and the Body", Critical Quarterly 37, no. 4(1995):60-65;
46. Alan Soble, Pornography: Marxism, Feminism, and the Future of Sexuality (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986).
47. Chilla Bulbeck", 'Women Are Exploited Way Too Often': Feminist Rhetorics at the End of Equality", Australian Feminist Studies 20, no. 46(2005):65-76.
48. Lynn Mills Eckert, "The Incoherence of the Zoning Approach to Regulating Pornography: The Exclusion of Gender and a Call for Category Refinement in Free Speech Doctrine", Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 4(Summer 2003):863-87;
49. Ronald J. Berger, Patricia Searles, and Charles E. Cottle, Feminism and Pornography (New York: Praeger, 1991).
50. Marsh, "Women in Contemporary Russia and the Former Soviet Union", 105;
51. Attwood, "The Post-Soviet Women in the Move to the Market."
52. Petra K. Kelly, "Women and Power", Earth Island Journal 9, no. 1(1993/1994):38-40.
53. T. Jean Blocker, "Gender and Environmentalism: Results from the 1993 General Social Survey", Social Science Quarterly 78, no. 4(1997):841-58;
54. Ruth Liepins", 'Women of Broad Vision:' Nature and Gender in the Environmental Activism of Australia's 'Women in Agriculture' Movement", Environment and Planning 30, no. 7(1998):1179-96;
55. Manjusha Gupte, "Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and the Environment: Exploring the 'Natural' Connection", Women and Politics 24, no. 1(2002):47-62.
56. Michele A. Barnello, "Gender and Roll Call Voting in the New York State Assembly", Women and Politics 20, no. 4(1999):77-93.
57. Iulia Shevchenko and Grigorii V. Golosov, "Legislative Activism of Russian Duma Deputies, 1996-99", Europe-Asia Studies 53, no. 2(2001):239-61.
58. See the records for the Duma meeting of February 20, 1997 (the first reading of the bill). Data Source: http://www.cir.ru/.
59. See the records for the Duma meeting of April 7, 1999 (the second and third readings of the bill). Data Source: http://www.cir.ru/.
60. See the records for the Duma meeting of February 20, 1997 (the first reading of the bill). Data Source: http://www.cir.ru/.
61. Elena B. Kochkina, "Politicheskaia sistema preimushchestv dlia grazhdan muzhskogo pola v Rossii (1917-2002) " [Political System of Advantages for Citizens of the Male Sex in Russia (1917-2002)], in Gendernaia rekonstruktsiia politicheskikh sistem, 477-523.
62. Izvestiia, Sept. 11, 2003.
63. Beth Reingold, "Concepts of Representation among Female and Male State Legislators", Legislative Studies Quarterly 17, no. 4(1992):521-22.
64. Thomas, How Women Legislate, 65;
65. Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman Orenstein, eds., Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990).