The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology: Anniversary edition

The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology: Anniversary Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-425

  Bijker, Wiebe ^a,b   Pinch, Trevor ^b,c   Hughes, Thomas P ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^b University of York ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895627941     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (469)

1. Arieti, S. 1976. Creativity: The Magic Synthesis. New York: Basic Books.
2. Arkin, W. M. 1984. "Sleight of hand with Trident II." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December, 5-6.
3. Armacost, M. H. 1969. The Politics of Weapons Innovation: The Thor-Jupiter Controversy. New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Aron, R. 1968. La Révolution introuvable. Paris: Fayard.
5. Association for Improvements in the Maternity Services. 1985. "A commentary on the Report of the RCOG Working Party on Routine Ultrasound Examination in Pregnancy." London: AIMS. Available from 163 Liverpool Road, London N1 0RF.
6. Bacon, E. M. 1942. "The growth of household conveniences in the United States, 1860-1900." Ph.D. thesis, Radcliffe College.
7. Baekeland, L. H. 1907a. "Condensation product of phenol and formaldehyde and method of making the same." US Patent 942,700. Filed on December 4. 1907.
8. Baekeland, L. H. 1907b. "Method of making products of phenol and formaldehyde." US Patent 942,699. Filed on July 13. 1907.
9. Baekeland, L. H. 1909a. "Bakelite, a new composition of matter: Its synthesis constitution, and uses." Scientific American, supplement, 68: 322-323, 342-343.
10. Baekeland, L. H. 1909b. "Bakelit und Resit? Erwiderung auf Dr. H. Lebachs Veröffentlichung über Resinit." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 41: 2006-2007.
11. Baekeland, L. H. 1909c. "On soluble, fusible, resinous condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1: 345-349.
12. Baekeland, L. H. 1909d. "The synthesis, constitution, and use of Bakelite." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1: 149-161.
13. Baekeland, L. H. 1912. "Phenol-formaldehyde condensation products." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 4: 737-743.
14. Baekeland, L. H. 1916. "Practical life as a complement to university education. Address of acceptance of the Perkin Medal." Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering 14: 151-158.
15. Baeyer, A. 1872. "Uber die Verbindungen der Aldehyde mit den Phenolen." Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 5: 25-26, 280-282.
16. Bailes, K. 1976. "Technology and legitimacy: Soviet aviation and Stalinism in the 1930's." Technology and Culture 17: 55-81.
17. Ballantine, H. T., Bolt, R. H., Hueter, T. F., and Ludwig, G. D. 1950. "On the detection of intracranial pathology by ultrasound." Science 112: 525-528.
18. Barnes, B. 1974. Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
19. Barnes, B. 1982a. "The science-technology relationship: A model and a query." Social Studies of Science 12: 166-172.
20. Barnes, B. 1982b. T. S. Kuhn and Social Science. London: Macmillan.
21. Barnes, B. 1984. Review of Networks of Power, Social Studies of Science 14: 309-314.
22. Barnes, B., and Edge, D., eds. 1982. Science in Context. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
23. Beard, E. 1976. Developing the ICBM: A Study in Bureaucratic Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
24. Beaujouan, G. 1966. "Science livresque et art nautique au XVe siecle," in Actes du cinquieme colloque international d'histoire maritime, Les aspects internationaux de la decouverte oceanique aux XVe et XVIe siecles, M. Mollat and P. Adam, eds. Paris: SEVPEN, 61-85.
25. Becker, H. A., and Porter, A. L., eds. 1986. Impact Assessment Today. Van Arkel: Utrecht.
26. Bell, F. G. 1969. "Schuler's principle and inertial navigation." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 147: 493-513.
27. Beniger, J. R. 1984. The Control Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
28. Beranek, L., Bolt, R., and Ballantine, H. T. 1949. Research proposal accompanying a letter to J. R. Killian, April 11. 1949. J. R. Killian Correspondence, MIT Archives, Collection AC4, Box 72, Folder 4.
29. Berman, R., and Baker, J. 1982. Soviet Strategic Forces: Requirements and Responses. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
30. von Bertalanffy, L. 1968. General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: Braziller.
31. Bhaskar, R. 1975. A Realist Theory of Science. Leeds: Leeds Books.
32. Bijker, W. E. 1984. "Collectifs technologiques et styles technologiques: Eléments pour un modèle explicatif de la construction sociale des artefacts techniques," in Travailleur collectif et relations science-production, J. H. Jacot, ed. Paris: Editions du CNRS, 113-120.
33. Bijker, W. E., and Pinch, T. J. 1983. "La construction sociale de faits et d'artefacts: Impératifs stratégiques et méthodologiques pour une approche unifiée de l'étude des sciences et de la technique." Paper presented to L'atelier de recherche (III) sur les problèmes stratégiques et méthodologiques en milieu scientifique et technique. Paris, March.
34. Bijker, W. E., Bonig, J., and van Oost, E. C. J. 1984. "The social construction of technological artefacts." Paper presented to the EASST Conference. A shorter version of this paper is published in Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftsforschung, special issue 2, 3: 39-52 (1984).
35. Bining, A. C. 1938. Pennsylvania Iron Manufacture in the Eighteenth Century. Harrisburg, Penn.: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, vol. 4.
36. Bishop, J. L. 1966 [1868]. A history of American Manufactures from 1608-1860, third edition. New York: A. M. Kelly, vol. 2.
37. Bloor, D. 1973. "Wittgenstein and Manheim on the sociology of mathematics." Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 4: 173-191.
38. Bloor, D. 1976. Knowledge and Social Imagery. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
39. Bloor, D. 1983. Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge. London: Macmillan.
40. Boden, M. 1981. Minds and Mechanisms: Philosophical, Psychological and Computational Models. Brighton: Harvester.
41. Bottler, M. 1919. Uber Herstellung und Eigenschaften von Kunstharzen und deren Verwendung in der Lack- und Firnisindustrie und zu elektrotechnischen und industriellen Zwecken. Munich: Lehmanns.
42. Bottler, M. 1924. Harze und Harzinustrie. Leipzig: Max Janecke.
43. Bourdieu, P. 1979. La distinction. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
44. Bourdieu, P., and Darbel, A. (n.d.) L'Amour de l'art. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
45. Bourdieu, P., and Passeron, J. C. 1970. La reproduction. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
46. Boxer, C. R. 1953. "The Portuguese in the East, 1500-1800," in Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction, H. V. Livermore, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 185-247.
47. Brickman, R. 1984. "Science and politics in toxic chemical regulations: US and European contrasts." Science, Technology and Human Values 9: 107-111.
48. Brown, T. G. 1960. "Direct contact ultrasonic scanning techniques for the visualisation of abdominal masses," in Medical Electronics, C. N. Smyth, ed. London: Iliffe, 358-366.
49. Bunge, M. 1966. "Technology as applied science." Technology and Culture 7: 329-347.
50. Burke, A. (n.d.) "Memorandum for Rear Admiral Clark (Op-51) and Rear Admiral Raborn (Office of the Secretary of the Navy), 2 December 1955," in The Fleet Ballistic Missile System, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc. Sunnyvale, Calif.: Lockheed, 6-7.
51. Burkhardt, R., and Kienle, G. 1978. "Controlled clinical trials and medical ethics." Lancet 3: 1356-1359.
52. Burkhardt, R., and Kienle, G. 1980. "Controlled clinical trials and drug regulation." Controlled Clinical Trials 1: 151-164.
53. Busch, J. 1983. "Cooking competition: Technology on the domestic market in the 1930's." Technology and Culture 24: 220-245.
54. Butler, S. 1970 [1872]. Erewhon. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
55. Callon, M. 1980a. "The state and technical innovation: A cast study of the electrical vehicle in France." Research Policy 9: 358-376.
56. Callon, M. 1980b. "Struggles and negotiations to define what is problematic and what is not: The sociology of translation," in The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, K. Knorr, R. Krohn, and R. Whitley, eds. Dordrecht and Boston: vol. 4. 197-219.
57. Callon, M. 1981a. "Boites noires et operations de traduction." Economie et Humanisme 262: 53-59.
58. Callon, M. 1981b. "Pour une sociologie des controverses technologiques." Fundamenta Scientiae 2: 381-399.
59. Callon, M. 1986. "Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay," in Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? J. Law, ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 196-233.
60. Callon, M., and Latour, B. 1981. "Unscrewing the big leviathan: How actors macrostructure reality and how sociologists help them to do so," in Toward an Integration of Micro and Macro Sociologies, K. Knorr-Cetina and A. V. Cicourel, eds. London: Routledge and Kegan, 277-303.
61. Callon, M., and Latour, B. 1986. "Comment suivre les innovations; clefs pour l'analyse sociotechnique." Prospective et Santé 36: 13-25.
62. Callon, M., and Law, J. 1982. "On interests and their transformation: Enrollment and counter-enrollment." Social Studies of Science 12: 615-625.
63. Campbell, D. T. 1974. "Evolutionary epistemology," in The Philosophy of Karl Popper, The Library of Living Philosophers, P. A. Schlipp, ed. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, vol. 14-I, 413-463.
64. Campbell, B. 1983. "The specialization of experts and institutions in the English patent court." Department of Sociology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick. Unpublished.
65. Carlson, W. B. 1983. "Elihu Thomson: Man of many facets." IEEE Spectrum, October, 72-75.
66. Caro, H. 1892. "Ueber die Entwickelung der Theerfarben-Industrie." Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 25: 955-1105.
67. Castoriadis, C. 1968. "Technique," in Encyclopedia Universalis. Paris: Encyclopedia Universalis, vol. 15, 803-809.
68. Caunter, C. F. 1955. The History and Development of Cycles (as Illustrated by the Collection of Cycles in the Science Museum); Historical Survey. London: HMSO.
69. Caunter, C. F. 1957. The History and Development of Light Cars. London: HMSO.
70. Chandler, A. D., Jr. 1966. Strategy and Structure. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
71. Chandler, A. D., Jr. 1977. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
72. Chandler, C. F. 1916. "Presentation address of the Perkin Medal to L. H. Baekeland." Journal of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering 14: 148-151.
73. Chaunu, P. 1979. European Expansion in the Later Middle Ages, K. Bertram, trans. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
74. Cipolla, C. M. 1965. Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion, 1400- 1700. London: Collins.
75. Collins, F. L. 1934. Consolidated Gas Company of New York: A History. New York.
76. Collins, H. M. 1974. "The TEA set: Tacit knowledge and scientific networks." Science Studies 4: 165-186. Reprinted in Science in Context, B. Barnes and D. Edge, eds., Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 1982.
77. Collins, H. M. 1975. "The seven sexes: A study in the sociology of a phenomenon, or the replication of experiments in physics." Sociology 9: 205-224.
78. Collins, H. M., ed. 1981a. "Knowledge and controversy." Social Studies of Science 11: 3-158.
79. Collins, H. M. 1981b. "The place of the core-set in modern science: Social contingency with methodological propriety in science." History of Science 19: 6-19.
80. Collins, H. M. 1981c. "Son of seven sexes: The social construction of a physical phenomenon." Social Studies of Science 11: 33-62.
81. Collins, H. M. 1981d. "Stages in the empirical programme of relativism." Social Studies of Science 11: 3-10.
82. Collins, H. M. ed. 1982. Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: A Source Book. Bath: Bath University Press.
83. Collins, H. M. 1983a. "An empirical relativist programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge," in Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science, K. D. Knorr-Cetina and M. J. Mulkay, eds. Beverly Hills: Sage, 85-113.
84. Collins, H. M. 1983b. "Scientific knowledge and science policy: Some foreseeable implications." EASST Newsletter, November, 2: 5-8.
85. Collins, H. M. 1983c. "The sociology of scientific knowledge: Studies of contemporary science." Annual Review of Sociology 9: 265-285.
86. Collins, H. M. 1984. "Concepts and practice of participatory fieldwork," in Social Researching, C. Bell and H. Roberts, eds. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 54-64.
87. Collins, H. M. 1985. Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice. Beverly Hills: Sage.
88. Collins, H. M., and Harrison, R. 1975. "Building a TEA laser: The caprices of communication." Social Studies of Science 5: 441-445.
89. Collins, H. M., and Pinch, T. J. 1979. "The construction of the paranormal: Nothing unscientific is happening," in On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge, R. Wallis, ed. Keele: University of Keele, 237-270.
90. Collins, H. M., and Pinch, T. J. 1982. Frames of Meaning: The Social Construction of Extraordinary Science. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
91. Collins, H. M., Green, R. H., and Draper, R. C. 1986. "Where's the expertise: Expert systems as medium of knowledge transfer," in Expert Systems 85, M. J. Merry, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 323-334.
92. Constant, F. W., II. 1978. "On the diversity and co-evolution of technological multiples: Steam turbines and Pelton water wheels." Social Studies of Science 8: 183-210.
93. Constant, E. W., II. 1980. The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
94. Constant, E. W., II. 1983. "Scientific theory and technological testability: Science, dynamometers, and water turbines in the 19th century." Technology and Culture 24: 183-198.
95. Constant, E. W., II. 1984. "Communities and hierarchies: Structure in the practice of science and technology," in The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? R. Laudan, ed. Dordrecht: Reidel, 27-46.
96. Copeland, L. D. 1981. "Do we really understand what our customers want?" in Symposium über Kreiseltechnik 1981. Stuttgart: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ortung und Navigation, A1.0-A1.13.
97. Coulter, J. 1979. The Social Construction of Mind. London: Macmillan.
98. Coulter, J. 1983. Rethinking Cognitive Theory. London: Macmillan.
99. Croon, L. 1939. Das Fahrrad und seine Entwicklung. Berlin: VDI-Verlag.
100. Crosstalk, Proceedings of the Fourteenth Joint Services Data Exchange Group for Inertial Systems. 1980. Clearwater Beach, Fla.
101. Crozier, M., and Friedberg, E. 1977. L'Acteur et le système. Paris: Editions du Seuil. English translation: Actors and Systems: The Politics of Collective Action, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980.
102. Daniels, C. E., and Wertheimer, A. J. 1980. "Therapeutic significance of the drug lag." Medical Care 18: 754-765.
103. Dawkins, R. 1978. The Selfish Gene. London: Granada.
104. De Mey, M. 1982. The Cognitive Paradigm. Dordrecht: Reidel.
105. Denhard, W. G. 1963. "Floated single-degree-of-freedom integrating gyros," in Air, Space and Instruments: Draper Anniversary Volume, S. Lees, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 464-497.
106. Denhard, W. G. 1971. "Technology of tomorrow's commercial air traffic control," in Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation National Air Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Navigation, 1-21.
107. Dennett, D. C. 1978. Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
108. Denoix, L. 1966. "Characteristiques des Navires de l'Epoque des Grandes Decouvertes," in Actes du Cinquieme Colloque International d'Histoire Maritime, Les Aspects Internationaux de la Decouverte Oceanique aux XVe et XVIe siecles, M. Mollat and P. Adam, eds. Paris: SEVPEN, 137-147.
109. de Solla Price, D. J. 1969. "The structure of publication in science and technology," in Factors in the Transfer of Technology, W. H. Gruber and D. G. Marquis, eds. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 91-104.
110. de Vries, G. H. 1984. "International workshop on new developments in the social study of technology-A personal report." EASST Newsletter, November, 3: 12-18.
111. Diesel, E. 1953. Diesel: Der Mensch, Das Werk, Das Schicksal. Stuttgart: Reclam.
112. Diffie, B. W., and Winius, G. D. 1977. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415- 1580. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
113. Dolman, H., and Bodewitz, H. 1985. "The sedimentation of a scientific concept: The use of citation data." Social Studies of Science 15: 507-524.
114. Donald, I. 1969. "On launching a new diagnostic science." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 103: 609-628.
115. Donald, I. 1974a. "Apologia: How and why medical sonar developed." Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 54: 132-140.
116. Donald, I. 1974b. "Sonar: The story of an experiment." Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 1: 109-117.
117. Donald, I. 1976. "The ultrasonic boom." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 4 (5): 323-328.
118. Donald, I. 1980. "Medical sonar: The first 25 years," in Advances in Ultrasound Diagnosis, A. Kurjak, ed. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 4-20.
119. Donald, I., and Brown, T. 1961. "Demonstration of tissue interfaces within the body by ultrasonic echo-sounding." British Journal of Radiology 34 (405): 539-546.
120. Donald, I., MacVicar, J., arid Brown, T. 1958. "Investigation of abdominal masses with pulsed ultrasound." The Lancet 1: 1188-1194.
121. Dosi, G. 1982. "Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: A suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change." Research Policy 11: 147-162.
122. Dosi, G. 1984. Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. London: Macmillan.
123. Douglas, S. J. 1985. "Technological innovation arid organizational change: The navy's adoption of radio, 1899-1919," in Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience, M. Roe Smith, ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 117-173.
124. Draper, C. S.. 1947. "Fundamental possibilities and limitations of navigation by means of inertial space references." Meteor Report 9. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Guided Missiles Program, February.
125. Draper, C. S. 1959. "Submarine inertial navigation: A review arid some predictions." Paper presented to Polaris Steering Task Group, 22 October 1959. Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Library, CSD-107.
126. Draper, C. S. 1975. "Importance of research directed toward the development of ultimate performance for inertial system components." Cambridge, Mass.: Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, January, P-030.
127. Draper, C. S. 1977. "The evolution of aerospace guidance technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1935-1951: A memoir," in Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics: Proceedings of the Third through Sixth History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics, R. Cargill-Hall, ed. Washington, D.C.: NASA, vol. 2. 219-252.
128. Dreyfus, H. 1965. Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation.
129. Dreyfus, H. 1979. What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence, second edition. New York: Basic Books.
130. Dreyfus, H., and Dreyfus, S. 1985. "From Socrates to expert systems: The limits of calculative rationality." Technology in Society 6: 217-233.
131. Dubois, J. H. 1972. Plastic History USA. Boston: Cahners.
132. Duffy, R. A. 1973. "Summary of new developments at the Draper Laboratory," in Inertial Navigation Components and Systems (AGARD Conference Proceedings 116), NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Neuilly-sur-Seine: AGARD, 3-1-3-5.
133. Duisberg, C. 1933. Meine Lebenserinnerungen. Leipzig: Verlag Reclarn.
134. Dukes, M. N. G. 1979. "The strong, the weak and the wicked," in Drug Assessment, Criteria and Methods, J. Z. Bowers and G. P. Velo, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1-17.
135. Dunlop, D. 1972. "Medicines, governments and doctors." Drugs 3: 305-313.
136. Dunlop, J. B. 1888. "An improvement in tyres of wheels for bicycles, tricycles, or other road cars." British Patent 10607. Filed on July 23, 1888.
137. Dussik, K. T., Dussik, F., and Wyt, L. 1947. "Auf dem Wege zur Hyperphonographie des Gehirnes." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 97: 425-429.
138. Elias, N. 1970. Was ist Soziologie? München: Juventa Verlag.
139. Elster, J. 1983. Explaining Technical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
140. Elster, J. 1984. Ulysses and the Sirens. Cambridge and Paris: Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.
141. Elzen, B. 1985. "De ultracentrifuge: op zoek naar patronen in technologische ontwikkeling door een vergelijkin van twee case-studies." Jaarboek voor de Geschiedenis van Bedrijf en Techniek 2: 250-278.
142. Elzen, B. 1986. "Two ultracentrifuges: A comparative study of the social construction of artefacts." Social Studies of Science 16: 621-662.
143. Enos, J. L. 1962. Petroleum Progress and Profits. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
144. Erickson, J. 1982. "The Soviet view of deterrence: A general survey." Survival 24: 242-250.
145. Feigenbaum, E. A., and McCorduck, P. 1984. The Fifth Generation. London and Sydney: Pan Books.
146. Feldman, E. J. 1985. Concorde and Dissent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
147. Ferguson, E. 1974a. "An historical sketch of central heating." Unpublished.
148. Ferguson, E. 1974b. "Toward a discipline of the history of technology." Technology and Culture 15: 13-30.
149. Fincke, M. 1977. Arzneimittelprüfung-Strafbare Versuchsmethoden. Heidelberg-Karlsruhe: Müller.
150. Firestone, F. A. 1945. "The supersonic reflectoscope for interior inspection." Metal Progress 48: 505-512.
151. Fleck, J. 1982. "Development and establishment in artificial intelligence," in Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies. Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, N. Elias, H. Martins, and R. Whitley, eds. Dordrecht: Reidel, vol. 6, 169-217.
152. Fleck, J. 1984. "Artificial intelligence arid industrial robots: An automatic end for utopian thought?" in Nineteen Eighty Four: Science Between Utopia and Dystopia. Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, E. Mendelsohn and H. Nowotny, eds. Dordrecht: Reidel, vol. 8, 189-231.
153. Fleck, L. 1935. Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache: Einfürhung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. Basel: Benno Schwabe. Reprinted by Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main. 1980. English translation: The Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1979.
154. Fodor, J. A. 1975. The Language of Thought. New York: Crowell.
155. Franklin, B. 1960 [1740]. "An account of the new invented Pennsylvanian Fireplace," in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, L. W. Labaree. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 419-446.
156. Freeman, C. 1974. The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Reprinted by Frances Pinter, London. 1982.
157. Freeman, C. 1977. "Economics of research and development," in Science, Technology and Society. A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective, I. Spiegel-Rösing and D. de Solla Price, eds. London and Beverly Hills: Sage, 223-275.
158. Friedel, R. 1979. "Parkesine and Celluloid: The failure and success of the first modern plastic," in History of Technology, A. R. Hall, and N. Smith, eds. London: Mansell, vol. 4, 45-62.
159. Friedel, R. 1983. Pioneer Plastic. The Making and Selling of Celluloid. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
160. Fuhrman, E., and Oehler, K. 1986. "Discourse analysis and reflexivity." Social Studies of Science 16: 293-307.
161. Galbraith, J. K. 1971. The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
162. Garfinkel, H. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
163. Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
164. Gerber, M. A. 1978. "Gravity gradiometer: Something new in inertial navigation." Astronautics and Aeronautics, May, 18-26.
165. Gibbons, M., and Johnson, C. 1970. "Relationship between science and technology." Nature 227: 125-127.
166. Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 1960. The Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development. London: HSMO.
167. Giedion, S. 1948. Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History. New York: Oxford University Press.
168. Gieryn, T. F., and Hirsch, R. F. 1983. "Marginality and innovation in science." Social Studies of Science 13: 87-106.
169. Gilbert, G. N., and Heath, C., eds. 1985. Social Action and Artificial Intelligence. Aldershot: Gower Press.
170. Gilfillan, S. G. 1935. The Sociology of Invention. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
171. Gille, B. 1978. Histoire des techniques. Paris: Gallimard.
172. Gillen, E. 1977. "Die Sachlichkeit der Revolutionäre," in Wem g_ehört die Welt: Kunst und Gesellschaft in der Wiemarer Republik. Berlin: NGBK.
173. Gillespie, B., Eva, D., and Johnston, R. 1979. "Carcinogenic risk assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The case of aldrin/dieldrin." Social Studies of Science 9: 265-301.
174. Gohr, H., and Wedekind, T. 1940. "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin." Klinische Wochenschrift 19: 25-29.
175. Goldman, J. 1982. "The introduction of the cast iron stove in the northeast, 1800- 1840." SUNY-Stony Brook, unpublished.
176. Gooding, D. 1986. "How do scientists reach agreement about novel observations?" Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 17: 205-230.
177. Gordon, D. 1959. "Echo-encephalography: Ultrasonic rays in diagnostic radiology." British Medical Journal 1: 1500.
178. Götschl, J., and Rip, A., eds. 1984. "Problems and perspectives of the study of science and technology in Europe." Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftsforschung, special issue 2, vol. 3, April.
179. Gould, S. J. 1980. Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
180. Gould, S. J. 1984. Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
181. Gray, C. 1977. The Future of Land-Based Missile Forces. Adelphi Paper 140. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
182. Gray, C. 1982. "The idea of strategic. superiority." Air Force Magazine, March, 62-63.
183. Greenwood, T. 1975. Making the MIRV: A Study of Defense Decision Making. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
184. Grew, W. 1921. The Cycle Industry, Its Origin, History and Latest Developments. London: Pitman & Sons.
185. Griffin, J. P., and Long, J. R. 1982. "International co-operation in drug evaluation and marketing approval in Western Europe." Pharmacy International 3: 153-158.
186. Gutting, G. 1984. "Paradigms, revolutions, and technology," in The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? Dordrecht: Reidel, 47-65.
187. Hackmann, W. 1985. Seek and Strike. Sonar, Anti-submarine Warfare and the Royal Navy. 1914-1954. London: HMSO.
188. Haeussermann, W. 1981. "Developments in the field of automatic guidance and control of rockets." Journal of Guidance and Control 4: 225-239.
189. Halacsy, A. A., and von Fuchs, G. H. 1961. "Transformer invented seventy-five years ago." Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers: Power Apparatus and Systems 80: 121-125.
190. Halmos, P., ed. 1972. The Sociology of Science. Sociological Review Monograph 18. Keele: University of Keele.
191. Handlin, D. 1980. The American Home: Architecture and Society, 1815-1915. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.
192. Hanieski, J. F. 1973. "The airplane as an economic variable: Aspects of technological change in aeronautics. 1903-1955." Technology and Culture 14: 535-552.
193. Hayes-Roth, F. 1985. "Knowledge-based systems: The state of the art in the US." The Knowledge Engineering Review 1: 18-27.
194. Haynes, W. 1954. American Chemical Industry, Vol. 2. New York: Van Nostrand.
195. Hayward, S. 1984. "Is a decision tree an expert system?" in Research and Development in Expert Systems, M. Brauner, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 184-192.
196. Healey, P. 1982. "The research funding organization as a focus for science studies." Paper presented to the Science Studies Conference, Oxford, September.
197. Heidegger, M. 1977. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, W. Lovitt, trans. New York: Harper & Row.
198. Hellige, H. D. 1984. "Die Gesellschaftlichen und historischen Grundlagen der Technikgestaltung als Gegenstand der Ingenieurausbildung." Technikgeschichte 51 (4): 281-283.
199. Hesse, M. 1974. The Structure of Scientific Inference. London: Macmillan.
200. Hessen, B. 1931. "The social and economic roots of Newton's Principia," in Science at the Crossroads, by N. I. Bukharin, A. F. Joffe, M. Rubinstein, B. Zavadovsky, E. Colman, N. I. Vavilov, W. Th. Mitkewich, and B. Hessen. London: Frank Cass, 147-212.
201. Hill, C. R. 1973. "Medical ultrasonics: An historical review." British Journal of Radiology 46: 899-905.
202. Hoag, D. G. 1971. "Ballistic-missile guidance," in Impact of New Technologies on the Arms Race, B. T. Feld et al., eds. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 19-106.
203. Hoddeson, L. 1981. "The emergence of basic research in the Bell Telephone Lab." Technology and Culture 22: 512-524.
204. Holloway, D. 1977. "Military technology," in The Technological Level of Soviet Industry, R. Amann et al., eds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 407-489.
205. Holloway, D. 1982. "Innovation in the defence sector: Battle tanks and ICBMs," in Industrial Innovation in the Soviet Union, R. Amman and D. Cooper, eds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 368-414.
206. Holmes, J. H. 1967. Discussion in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 99: 676.
207. Holmes, J. H. 1980. "Diagnostic ultrasound during the early years of the AIUM." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 8: 299-308.
208. Homburg, E. 1983. "The influence of demand on the emergence of the dye industry. The roles of chemists and colourists." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 99: 325-333.
209. Hounshell, D. A. 1975. "Elisha Gray and the telephone: On the disadvantages of being an expert." Technology and Culture 16: 133-161.
210. Hounshell, D. A. 1984. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
211. Howry, D. H., and Bliss, W. R. 1952. "Ultrasonic visualisation of soft tissue structures of the body." Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 40: 579-592.
212. Hughes, T. P. 1969. "Technological momentum in history: Hydrogenation in Germany 1898-1933." Past & Present, August, 44: 106-132.
213. Hughes, T. P. 1971. Elmer Sherry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
214. Hughes, T. P. 1976a. "The development phase of technological change." Technology and Culture 17: 423-431.
215. Hughes, T. P. 1976b. "The science-technology interaction: The case of high-voltage power transmission systems." Technology and Culture 17: 646-659.
216. Hughes, T. P. 1979a. "The electrification of America: The system builders." Technology and Culture 20: 124-161.
217. Hughes, T. P. 1979b. "Emerging themes in the history of technology." Technology and Culture 20: 697-711.
218. Hughes, T. P. 1983. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
219. Hummon, N. P. 1984. "Organizational aspects of technological change," in The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? R. Laudan, ed. Dordrecht: Reidel, 67-82.
220. Hunter, L. C. 1949. Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
221. Hyatt, J. W. 1870. "Improvement in treating and molding pyroxyline." US Patent 105338. Filed on July 12, 1870.
222. Hyatt, J. W. 1914. "Address of acceptance of the Perkin Medal." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 6: 158-161.
223. Hyde, B. 1986. "An interview study of pregnant women's attitudes to ultrasound scanning." Social Science and Medicine 22 (5): 587-592.
224. Illich, I. 1975. Medical Nemesis: The Exploration of Health. New York: Wiley.
225. Illinois Institute of Technology. 1968. Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science (TRACES). Chicago: ITT Research Institute.
226. Jacob, F. 1970. La logique du vivant. Paris: Gallimard.
227. Jelsma, J., and Smit, W. A. 1986. "Risks of recombinant DNA research: From uncertainty to certainty," in Impact Assessment Today, H. A. Becker and A. L. Porter, eds. Van Arkel: Utrecht, 715-741.
228. Jenkins, R. V. 1975. "Technology and the market: George Eastman and the origins of mass amateur photography." Technology and Culture 16: 1-19.
229. Jenkins, R. V. 1976. Images and Enterprise: Technology and the American Photographic Industry, 1839-1925. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
230. Jenkins, R. V. 1985. "Edison and the art of invention." Paper presented at the Seventeenth International Congress of History of Science, Berkeley, July-August.
231. Jevons, F. R. 1976. "The interaction of science and technology today, or, is science the mother of invention?" Technology and Culture 17: 729-742.
232. Jewkes, J., Sawers, D., and Stillerman, R. 1969. The Sources of Invention. London: Macmillan.
233. Johnston, R. 1972. "The internal structure of technology," in The Sociology of Science, P. Halmos, ed. Keele: University of Keele, 117-130.
234. Johnston, R. 1984. "Controlling technology: An issue for the social studies of science." Social Studies of Science 14: 97-112.
235. Jokisch, R., ed. 1982. Techniksoziologie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
236. Jones, B. 1984. "The division of labour and the distribution of tacit knowledge in the automation of metal machining," in Design of Work in Automated Manufacturing Systems. T. Martin, ed. Oxford: Pergamon, 232-251.
237. Jones, B., and Wood, S. 1985. "Tacit skills, division of labour and new technology." Sociologie du Travail 4: 402-421.
238. Jones, P. 1940. History of the Consolidated Edison System, 1878-1900. New York: Consolidated Edison Co.
239. Kaldor, M. 1981. The Baroque Arsenal. New York: Hill and Wang.
240. Kaplan, F. 1984. The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon & Schuster.
241. Kaufman, M. 1963. The First Century of Plastics: Celluloid and Its Sequel. London: The Plastics Institute.
242. Keep, W. J. 1916. "History of stoves." Baker Library, Harvard University, unpublished.
243. Keller, W. 1985. "Imperfect science, important conclusions." New York Times, July 28, 4E.
244. Kessler, H. 1969. Walther Rathenau: His Life and Work. New York: Howard Fertig.
245. Kidder, J. T. 1982. The Soul of a New Machine. London: Allen Lane.
246. Kienle, G. 1974. Arzneimittelsicherheit und Gesellschaft. Stuttgart: Schattaner.
247. Kleeberg, W. 1891. "Uber die Einwirkung des Formaldehyds auf Phenole." Annalen der Chemie 263: 283-286.
248. Kline. S. 1985. "Research, invention, innovation, and production: Models and reality." Research Management 28 (4): 36-45.
249. Knoll & Co. 1907. "Improvements relating to the manufacture of resin-like products from phenols and formaldehyde." British Patent 28,009. Filed on December 19. 1907.
250. Knoll & Co. 1908. "Verfahren zur Beschleunigung der Erhärtung von Kondensationsprodukten, aus Phenolen und Aldehyden." Deutsches Patent 214194. Filed on July 4. 1908. Addition filed on October 21. 1908.
251. Knorr, K. D., Krohn, R., and Whitley, R., eds. 1980. The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 4. Dordrecht: Reidel.
252. Knorr-Cetina, K. D. 1981. The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science. Oxford: Pergamon.
253. Knorr-Cetina, K. D., and Mulkay, M. J., eds. 1983. Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. London and Beverly Hills: Sage.
254. Koestler, A. 1964. The Act of Creation. New York: Macmillan.
255. Kranakis, E. F. 1982. "The French connection: Giffard's injector and the nature of heat." Technology and Culture, January, 23: 3-38.
256. Kränzlein, G. 1935. Werden, Sein und Vergehen der künstlichen organischen Farbstoffe. Stuttgart: Verlag von Ferdinand Enke.
257. Kras, R. J., Gras, S., Lokin, D. H. A. C., Rube, M. M. J. T., Zweers van der Elst, F. J., and Tange, J. A. 1981. Bakeliet-techniek, vormgeving, gebruik. Rotterdam: Museum Boymans-Van Beuningen, catalogue 288.
258. Kreilkamp, K. 1971. "Hindsight and the real world of science policy." Science Studies 1: 43-66.
259. Krohn, W., Layton, E. T., and Weingart, P., eds. 1978. The Dynamics of Science and Technology, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 2. Dordrecht: Reidel.
260. Kubler, G. 1962. The Shape of Time: Remarks upon the History of Things. New Haven: Yale University Press.
261. Kuhn, T. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, second edition. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
262. de Lamettrie, J. O. 1748. L'homme machine. Leiden.
263. Landstrom, B. 1978. Sailing Ships in Words and Pictures from Papyrus Boats to Full-Riggers. London: Allen and Unwin.
264. Lane, F. C. 1934. Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
265. Lane, F. C. 1973. Venice, a Maritime Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
266. Langrish, J., Gibbons, M., Evans, W. G., and Jevons, F. R. 1972. Wealth from Knowledge. London: Macmillan.
267. Latour, B. 1983. "Give me a laboratory and I will raise the world," in Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science, K. D. Knorr-Cetina and M. J. Mulkay, eds. London and Beverly Hills: Sage, 141-170.
268. Latour, B. 1984. Les microbes, querre et paix, suivi de irréductions. Paris: Métaillé. English translation: The Pasteurization of French Society, followed by Irréductions. A Politico-Scientific Essay, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1987.
269. Latour, B. 1986. "Visualization and cognition: Thinking with eyes and hands." Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present 6: 1-40.
270. Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. 1979. Laboratory Life. The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. London and Beverly Hills: Sage; second edition published as Laboratory Life. The Construction of Scientific Facts, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1986.
271. Laudan, R., ed. 1984a. The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? Dordrecht: Reidel.
272. Laudan, R. 1984b. Introduction to The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? R. Laudan, ed. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1-26.
273. Laudan, R. 1984c. "Cognitive change in technology and science," in The Nature of Technological Change: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? R. Laudan, ed. Dordrecht: Reidel, 83-104.
274. Law, J. 1984a. "International workshop on new developments in the social studies of technology," 4S Review, Winter, 2: 9-13.
275. Law, J. 1984b. "Sur la tactique du controle sociale: une introduction a la theorie de l'acteur-reseau," in La Leqitimite Scientifique, Cahiers Science, Technologie, Societe. Paris: CNRS, vol. 4, 106-126.
276. Law, J. 1985. "On politicians and planes: A memo on the TSR.2." Keele: Department of Sociology, University of Keele, unpublished.
277. Law, J. 1986a. "On the methods of long distance control: Vessels, navigation and the Portuguese route to India," in Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? J. Law, ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 234-263.
278. Law, J, ed. 1986b. Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? Sociological Review Monograph 32. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
279. Law, J., and Lodge, P. 1984. Science for Social Scientists. London: Macmillan.
280. Layton, E. T. 1972. "Mirror image twins: The communities of science and technology in nineteenth century America," in Nineteenth Century American Science: A Reappraisal, G. H. Daniels, Jr., ed. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
281. Layton, E. 1977. "Conditions of technological development," in Science, Technology and Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective, I. Spiegel-Rösing and D. de Solla Price, eds. London and Beverly Hills: Sage. 197-222.
282. Layton, E. 1978. "Millwrights and engineers," in Dynamics of Science and Technology, W. Krohn, E. Layton, and P. Weingart, eds. Dordrecht: Reidel, 61-87.
283. Lazonick, W. 1979. "Industrial relations and technical change: The case of the selfacting mule." Cambridge Journal of Economics 3: 231-262.
284. Lebach, H. 1909. "Uber Resinit." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 22: 1598- 1601.
285. Lederer, L. 1894. "Eine neue Synthese von Phenolalkoholen." Journal für Praktische Chemie, Neue Folge 50: 223-226.
286. Leslie, S. W. 1980. "Thomas Midgley and the politics of industrial research." Business History Review 14: 480-503.
287. Levine, A. S. 1982. Managing NASA in the Apollo Era. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
288. Liljestrand, A. 1977. Discussion in Trends and Prospects in Drug Research and Development, Eleventh CIOMS Round Table Conference, Z. Bankowski arid J. F. Dunne, eds. Geneva: Scrip/CIOMS, 110.
289. Lilley, S. 1973. "Technological progress and the Industrial Revolution 1700-1914," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe, C. M. Cipolla, ed. London: Collins/ Fontana Books, vol. 3, 187-254.
290. Lindqvist, S. 1984. Technology on Trial: The Introduction of Steam Power Technology into Sweden, 1715-1735. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
291. Livermore, H. V. 1953. Portugal and Brazil: An introduction. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
292. Louis, M. R. 1981. "A cultural perspective on organizations: The need for and consequences of viewing organizations as culture-bearing milieux." Action Research Management 2: 246-258.
293. Ludwig, G. D. 1950. "The velocity of sound through tissues and the acoustic impedance of tissues." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 22: 862.
294. Luhmann, N. 1973. Vertrauen. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
295. Luhmann, N. 1984. Soziale Systeme. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag.
296. Lynch, M. 1985a. Art and Artefact in Laboratory Science: A Study of Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
297. Lynch, M. 1985b. "Discipline and the material form of images: An analysis of scientific visibility." Social Studies of Science 15: 37-66.
298. MacKenzie, D. 1978. "Statistical theory and social interest: A case study." Social Studies of Science 8: 35-83.
299. MacKenzie, D. 1984. "Marx and the machine." Technology and Culture 25: 473-502.
300. MacKenzie, D. 1985. "The missile accuracy system." Paper presented at the International Congress of the History of Science. Berkeley, August.
301. MacKenzie, D. 1989. "From Kwajalein to Armageddon? Testing and the social construction of missile accuracy," in The Uses of Experiment, D. Gooding, T. Pinch, and S. Schaller, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
302. MacKenzie, D., and Wajcman, J., eds. 1985. The Social Shaping of Technology. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
303. Magalhaes-Godinho, V. 1969. L'economie de l'empire portuqais aux XVe et XVI siecles. Paris: SEVPEN.
304. Manasse, O. 1894. "Uber eine Synthese aromatischer Oxy-Alkohole." Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 27: 2409-2413.
305. Manwaring, T., and Wood, S. 1985. "The ghost in the labour process," in Job Redesign: Critical Perspectives on the Labour Process, D. Knights, H. Wilmott, and D. Collinson, eds. London: Gower, 171-196.
306. March, J. G., and Simon, H. A. 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley.
307. Matthis, A. R. c. 1920. Insulating Varnishes in Electrotechnics. London: John Heywood.
308. Mayr, O. 1976. "The science-technology relationship as a historiographic problem." Technology and Culture 17: 663-673.
309. McCorduck, P. 1979. Machines Who Think. San Francisco: Freeman.
310. McCrea, F. B., and Markle, G. E. 1984. "The estrogen replacement controversy in the USA and UK: Different answers to the same question?" Social Studies of Science 14: 1-26.
311. McKenna, R. 1963. The Sand Pebbles. London: Gollancz.
312. Mensch, G. 1979. Stalemate in Technology: Innovations Overcome Depression. New York: Ballinger.
313. Merz, C. H. 1908. "Power supply and its effects on the industries of the north-east coast." Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, September, 4.
314. Meyer, S. M. 1983-1984. Soviet Theatre Nuclear Forces. Adelphi Papers 187 and 188. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
315. Michael, A. 1883-1884. "Action of aldehydes on phenols." American Chemical Journal 5: 338-349.
316. Moncrief, F. J. 1979. "SALT verification: How we monitor the Soviet arsenal." Microwaves, September, 41-51.
317. Mowery, D. C., and Rosenberg, N. 1979. "The influence of market demand upon innovation: A critical review of some recent empirical studies." Research Policy 8: 103-153.
318. Mueller, F. K. 1960. A History of Inertial Guidance. Redstone Arsenal, Ala.: Army Ballistic Missile Agency.
319. Mulkay, M. J. 1979a. "Knowledge and utility: Implications for the sociology of knowledge." Social Studies of Science 9: 63-80.
320. Mulkay, M. J. 1979b. Science and the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Allen and Unwin.
321. Mulkay, M. J., and Milič, V. 1980. "The sociology of science in East and West." Current Sociology, Winter, 28: 1-342.
322. Murphy, J. J. 1873. "Instinct: A mechanical analogy." Nature, April 24, 7: 483.
323. Needham, J. 1928. Man a Machine, in Answer to a Romantical and Unscientific Treatise Written by Sig. Eugenio Rignano and Entitled "Man Not A Machine." New York: Kegan Paul.
324. Nelson, R. R., and Langlois, R. N. 1983. "Industrial innovation policy: Lessons from American history." Science 219: 814-818.
325. Nelson, R. R., and Winter, S. G. 1977. "In search of a useful theory of innovation." Research Policy 6: 36-76.
326. Nelson, R. R., and Winter, S. G. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
327. "The new German Drug Law." Internist, Special issue, 21: 301-345 (1980).
328. Nickles, T. 1981. "ERISS and international sociology of science." Presented to the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science, Atlanta, November.
329. Nickles, T. 1982. "How discovery is important to cognitive studies of science." Paper presented to the Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Philadelphia, October.
330. Noble, D. F. 1977. America by Design: Science, Technology and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Knopf.
331. Noble, D. F. 1979. "Social choice in machine design: The case of automatically controlled machine tools," in Case Studies on the Labour Process, A. Zimbalist, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 18-50.
332. Noble, D. F. 1984. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. New York: Knopf.
333. Oakley, A. 1984. The Captured Womb: A History of the Medical Care of Pregnant Women. Oxford: Blackwell.
334. Ogburn, W. F. 1945. The Social Effects of Aviation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
335. Ogburn, W. F., and Meyers Nimkoff, F. 1955. Technology and the Changing Family. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
336. Oldman, D., and Ducker, C. 1984. "The non-reproduceability of ethno-methods: Can people and computers form a society?" in Social Action and Artifical Intelligence, G. N. Gilbert and C. Heath, eds. Aldershot: Gower Press, 128-141.
337. Palermo, D. S. 1973. "Is a scientific revolution taking place in psychology?" Science Studies 3: 211-244.
338. Parkes, A. 1855. "Manufacture of elastic and adhesive compounds." British Patent 2359. Filed on October 22, 1855. Sealed on January 25, 1856.
339. Parkes, A. 1865a. "On the properties of Parkesine, and its application to the arts and manufacture." Journal of the Society of Arts, December, 14: 81-86.
340. Parkes, A. 1865b. "Preparing compounds of gun cotton and other substances, &c." British Patent 2675. Filed on October 28, 1864. Sealed on January 31, 1865.
341. Parry, J. H. 1963. The Age of Reconnaissance. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
342. Parsons, T. 1968. "Social systems." Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 15: 458-472.
343. Paskoff, P. F. 1983. Industrial Evolution: Organization, Structure and Growth of the Pennsylvania Iron Industry, 1750-1860. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
344. Passer, H. C. 1953. The Electrical Manufacturers, 1875-1900. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
345. Pavitt, K. 1984. "Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory." Research Policy 13: 343-373.
346. Peirce, J. 1951. Fire on the Hearth: The Evolution and Romance of the Heating Stove. Springfield, Mass.: Pond-Ekberg.
347. Peters, T., and Austin, N. 1985. A Passion for Excellence. New York: Random House.
348. Pickering, A. 1984. Constructing Quarks-A Sociological History of Particle Physics. Chicago and Edinburgh: University of Chicago Press and Edinburgh University Press.
349. Pinch, T. J. 1977. "What does a proof do if it does not prove? A study of the social conditions and metaphysical divisions leading to David Bohm and John von Neumann failing to communicate in quantum physics," in The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge, E. Mendelsohn, P. Weingart, and R. Whitley, eds. Dordrecht: Reidel, 171-215.
350. Pinch, T. J. 1985. "Recent trends in the history of technology." BSHS Newsletter, January, 16: 19-21.
351. Pinch, T. J. 1986. Confronting Nature: The Sociology of Solar-Neutrino Detection. Dordrecht: Reidel.
352. Pinch, T. J., and Bijker, W. E. 1984. "The social construction of facts and artefacts: Or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other." Social Studies of Science 14: 399-441. Also published in Serbo-Croatian as "Društveno Proizvodenje Činjenica I Tvorevina: O Cjelovitom Pristupu Izučavanju Znanosti I Tehnologije," Gledišta, časopis za društvenu kritiku i teoriju, March-April, 25: 21-57 (1984).
353. Polanyi, M. 1967. The Tacit Dimension. New York: Anchor.
354. Polanyi, M. 1968. "Life's irreducible structure." Science 160: 1308-1312.
355. Popper, K. R. 1968. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson.
356. Popper, K. 1972. Objective Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
357. Putnam, H. 1960. "Minds and machines," in Dimensions of Mind, S. Hook, ed. London: Collier-Macmillan, 148-179.
358. Quarterly Progress Report of the Acoustics Laboratory. 1951. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 24.
359. Ragan, R. R. 1980. Innovation at the Draper Laboratory or an Environment for Innovation. Cambridge, Mass.: Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, October, P-1226.
360. Ravetz, A. 1968. "The Victorian coal kitchen and its detractors." Victorian Studies 11: 428-445.
361. Rosenfield, L. C. 1941. From Beast-Machine To Man-Machine: Animal Soul in French Letters from Descartes to La Mettrie. New York: Oxford University Press.
362. Rudwick, M. 1976. "The emergence of a visual language for geological science." History of Science 14: 149-165.
363. Ryle, G. 1949. The Concept of Mind. London: Hutchinson.
364. Sahal, D. 1981. Patterns of Technological Innovation. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
365. Sapolsky, H. M. 1972. The Polaris System Development: Bureaucratic and Programmatic Success in Government. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
366. Schmookler, J. 1966. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
367. Schmookler, J. 1972. Patents, Invention and Economic Change, Data and Selected Essays. Z. Griliches and L. Hurwicz, eds. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
368. Scholz, L. with a contribution by G. von L. Uhlmann. 1977. Technik-Indikatoren, Ansätze zur Messung des Standes der Technik in der industriellen Produktion. Berlin and München: Duncker & Humblot.
369. Schot, J. 1985. "De ontwikkeling van de techniek als een variatieen selectieproces. De meekrapteelt en-bereiding in het licht van een alternatieve techniekopvatting." Master's thesis, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, unpublished.
370. Schot, J. 1986. "De meekrapnijverheid: de ontwikkeling van de technick als een proces van variatie en selectie," in Jaarboek voor de Geschiedenis van Bedrijf en Techniek, E. S. A. Bloemen, W. E. Bijker, W. van den Brocke, et al., eds. Utrecht: Stichting, vol. 3, 43-62.
371. Schroeer, D. 1985. "Quantifying technological imperatives in the arms race," in Reassessing Arms Control, D. Carlton and C. Schaerf, eds. London: Macmillan, 60-75.
372. Schuler, M. 1923. "Die Störung von Pendel and Kreiselapparaten durch die Beschleunigung des Fahrzeuges." Physikalische Zeitschrift 24: 344-350.
373. Schumpeter, J. 1971 [1928]. "The instability of capitalism," in The Economics of Technological Change, N. Rosenberg, ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 13-42.
374. Schumpeter, J. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row. Reprinted 1974 by Unwin University Books, London.
375. Schutz, A. 1962. The Problem of Social Reality. Collected Papers, vol. 1. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
376. Schutz, A. 1964. Studies in Social Theory. Collected Papers, vol. 2. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
377. Schwartz Cowan, R. 1983. More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books.
378. Scientific Advisory Board, Office of the Chief of Staff, US Air Force. 1949. "Seminar on automatic celestial and inertial long range guidance systems." MIT, February 1-3.
379. Searle, J. 1980. "Minds, brains and programs." The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3): 417-457.
380. Sestre Levante Workshop. 1977. "Towards a more rational regulation of the development of new medicines." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 11: 233-238.
381. Shapin, S. 1979. "The politics of observation: Cerebral anatomy and social interests in the Edinburgh phrenology disputes," in On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge, R. Wallis, ed. Keele: University of Keele, 139-178.
382. Shapin, S. 1980. "Social uses of science," in The Ferment of Knowledge, G. S. Rousseau and R. Porter, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 93-139.
383. Shapin, S. 1982. "History of science and its sociological reconstructions." History of Science 20: 157-211.
384. Shapin, S. 1984. "Pump and circumstance: Robert Boyle's literary technology." Social Studies of Science 14: 481-520.
385. Shapin, S., and Schaffer, S. 1985. Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
386. Shapley, D. 1978. "Technology creep and the arms race: ICBM problem a sleeper." Science 201: 1102-1105.
387. Sherwin, C. S., and Isenson, R. S. 1966. First Interim Report on Project Hindsight: Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering.
388. Sherwin, C. S., and Isenson, R. S. 1967. "Project hindsight: A Defense Department study of the utility of research." Science 156: 1571-1577.
389. Sherwood Taylor, E. 1957. A History of Industrial Chemistry. London: Heinemann.
390. Shrum, W. 1984. "Scientific specialities and technical systems." Social Studies of Science 14: 63-90.
391. Simon, H. A. 1969. Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
392. Slater, J. M. 1966. Twenty Years of Inertial Navigation at North American Rockwell. Anaheim, Calif.: Autonetics Division, North American Rockwell.
393. Smith, J. Maynard. 1958. The Theory of Evolution. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
394. Smith, M. Roe. 1977. Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology: The Challenge of Change. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
395. Smith, M. Roe, ed. 1985. Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
396. Sperry, E. 1930. "Spirit of invention in an industrial civilization," in Toward Civilization, Charles A. Beard, ed. New York: Longmans Green, 47-68.
397. "The Stanley Exhibition of Cycles." 1889. The Engineer 67: 157-158.
398. "The Stanley Exhibition of Cycles." 1890. The Engineer 69: 107-108.
399. Staudenmaier, J. M., SJ. 1983. "What SHOT hath wrought and what SHOT hath not: Reflections on 25 years of the history of technology." Paper presented to the Twentyfifth Annual Meeting of SHOT.
400. Staudenmaier, J. M., SJ. 1985. Technology's Storytellers: Reweaving the Human Fabric. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
401. Stern, N. 1981. From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Bedford, Mass.: Digital Press.
402. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1964. "House and home papers." Atlantic Monthly 13: 42.
403. Strasser, S. 1982. Never Done: A History of American Housework. New York: Pantheon. ch. 3.
404. Suchman, L. 1985. Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication. Palo Alto: Xerox Corporation, ISL-6.
405. Suppe, F. 1974. The Structure of Scientific Theories. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
406. Tarr, J. A., and Lamperes, B. C. 1980-1981. "Changing fuel use behavior and energy transitions. The Pittsburgh smoke control movement. 1940-1950: A case study in historical analogy." Journal of Social History 14: 78-96.
407. Taylor, E. R. G. 1956. The Haven-Finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook. London: Hollis and Carter.
408. Taylor, E. S., Holmes, J. H., Thompson, H. E., and Gottesfeld, K. R. 1964. "Ultrasound diagnostic techniques in obstetrics and gynecology." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 90: 655-669.
409. Temin, P. 1964. Iron and Steel in Nineteenth Century America. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
410. Temmin, P. 1980. Taking Your Medicine: Drug Regulation in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
411. Thinius, K. 1976. "Entwicklung der Reaktion zwischen Formaldehyde und Phenol zu einem Productionszweig der Plasindustrie zwischen 1900 und 1930." Plaste und Kautschuk 23: 746-749.
412. Toulmin, S. 1972. Human Understanding, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
413. Touraine, A. 1968. Le mouvement de mai ou le communisme utopique. Paris: Le Seuil.
414. Touraine, A. 1973. Production de la société. Paris: Le Seuil.
415. Touraine, A. 1979. La phrophétie antinucléaire. Paris: Le Seuil.
416. "The trouble with gravity." 1950. Time, January 2, 55: 54.
417. Turkle, S. 1982. "The subjective computer: A study in the psychology of personal computation." Social Studies of Science 12: 173-205.
418. Turkle, S. 1984. The Second Self: The Human Spirit in a Computer Culture. New York: Simon & Schuster.
419. Uhlmann, L. 1978. Der Innovationsprozess in westeurpäischen Industrieländern. Band 2: Den Ablauf industriellen Innovationsprozesses. Berlin and München: Duncker and Humblot.
420. Unger, R. W. 1980. The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600. London: Croom Helm.
421. USAEC. 1955. "Studies in methods and instruments to improve the localisation of radioactive materials in the body with special reference to the diagnosis of brain tumours and the use of ultrasonic techniques." USAEC Final Progress Report, July 1. 1952, to June 30. 1953. Report AECU-3012. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
422. US Bureau of the Census. 1940. Census of Housing. 1940. General Characteristics, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, table 12, 42.
423. US Bureau of the Census. 1950. Census of Housing. 1950. General Characteristics. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, table Q, xxxiii.
424. US Bureau of the Census. 1970. Census of Housing. 1970. General Characteristics. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, table 24, 18.
425. Usher, A. P. 1971. "Technical change and capital formation," in The Economics of Technological Change, N. Rosenberg, ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 43-72.
426. van den Belt, H. 1985. "A. W. Hofman en de Franse Octrooiprocessen rond anilinerood: demarcatie als sociale constructie." Jaarboek voor de Geschiedenis van Bedrijf en Techniek 2: 64-86.
427. van der Meer, F. B. 1983. Organisatie als Spel. Enschede: Boerderij-cahier, Twente University of Technology.
428. van der Meer, F. B. 1986. "Social simulation: A research methodology and learning strategy for social impact assessment," in Impact Assessment Today, H. A. Becker and A. L. Porter, eds. Van Arkel: Utrecht, 701-714.
429. Vartanian, A. 1960. La Mettrie's L'Homme Machine: A Study in the Origins of an Idea. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
430. Veatch, R. M. 1981. "Federal regulation of medicine and biomedical research: Power, authority and legimimacy," in The Law-Medicine Relation, S. F. Spicker, J. M. Healey, and H. T. Engelhardt, eds. Dordrecht: Reidel, 75-91.
431. Vincenti, W. G. 1979. "The air propeller tests of W. F. Durand and E. P. Lesley: A case study in technological methodology." Technology and Culture 20: 712-751.
432. Vincenti, W. G. 1984. "Technological knowledge without science: The innovation of flush riveting in American airplanes, c. 1930-c. 1950." Technology and Culture 25: 540-576.
433. Vincenti, W. G. 1986. "The Davis wing and the problem of airfoil design: Uncertainty and growth in engineering knowledge." Technology and Culture 26.
434. Wade, O. 1977. Discussion in Trends and Prospects in Drag Research and Development, Eleventh CIOMS Round Table Conference, Z. Bankowski and J. F. Dunne, eds. (Geneva: Scrip/CIOMS), 107.
435. Wallis, R., ed. 1979. On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge. Sociological Review Monograph 27. Keele: University of Keele.
436. Wardell, M. W. 1981. "Patients' needs in drug development and regulation," in Papers in Science and Public Policy I, B. L. Rosenberg, ed. New York: Academy of Sciences, vol. 368, 187-203.
437. Waters, D. W. 1980. Science and the Techniques of Navigation in the Renaissance. Maritime Monographs and Reports 19-1974, second edition. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum.
438. Weber, M. 1921. Gesammelte politische Schriften. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag.
439. Weber, M. 1949. The Methodology of the Social Sciences, E. A. Shils and H. A. Finch, eds. Glencoe: Free Press.
440. Weingart, P. 1984. "The structure of technological change: Reflections on a sociological analysis of technology," in The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? R. Laudan, ed. Dordrecht: Reidel, 115-142.
441. Weizenbaum, J. 1976. Computer Power and Human Reason. San Francisco: Freeman. Reprinted 1984 by Pelican, London.
442. Welbank, M. 1983. A Review of Knowledge Acquisition Techniques for Expert Systems. Martlesham Heath: British Telecom Research Laboratories.
443. Wells, P. N. T. 1978. "History," in Handbook of Clinical Ultrasound, M. de Vlieger, ed. New York: Wiley, 3-13.
444. Westrum, R. 1983. "What happened to the old sociology of technology?" Paper presented to the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science, Blacksburg. Virginia, November.
445. Whitley, R. D. 1972. "Black boxism and the sociology of science: A discussion of the major developments in the field," in The Sociology of Science, P. Halmos, ed. Keele: University of Keele, 62-92.
446. Wild, J. J. 1950. "The use of ultrasonic pulses for the measurement of biologic tissues and the detection of tissue density changes." Surgery 27: 183-188.
447. Wild, J. J., and Neal, D. 1951. "The use of high frequency ultrasound waves for detecting changes in texture of living tissues." The Lancet 1: 655-657.
448. Wildes, K. L., and Lindgren, N. A. 1985. A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
449. Wilhelm, P. W. 1985. "Coupling mechanisms and integration processes." Paper presented at the Conference on the Social Direction of Public Sciences, Amsterdam, November.
450. Wilhelm, P. W., and Bolk, H. 1986. "Strategy and the art of structure maintenance: On the interplay of strategy and structure in science policy," in Impact Assessment Today, H. A. Becker and A. L. Porter, eds. Van Arkel: Utrecht, 741-758.
451. Williamson, B. 1983. The Shopfloor Politics of New Production Technology. London: Heinemann.
452. Williamson, O. E. 1979. "Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations." The Journal of Law and Economics 22: 233-261.
453. Williamson, O. E. 1981. "The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach." American Journal of Sociology 87: 548-577.
454. Winch, P. G. 1958. The Idea of a Social Science. London: Routledge.
455. Winner, L. 1977. Autonomous Technology: Technics Out of Control as a Theme in Political Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
456. Wise, G. 1980. "A new role for professional scientists in industry." Technology and Culture 21: 408-429.
457. Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.
458. Woodforde, J. 1970. The Story of the Bicycle. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
459. Woolgar, S. 1981. "Interests and explanation in the social study of science." Social Studies of Science 11: 365-394.
460. Woolgar, S. 1982. "Laboratory studies: A comment on the state of the art." Social Studies of Science 12: 481-498.
461. Woolgar, S. 1985. "Why not a sociology of machines? The case of sociology and artificial intelligence." Sociology 19: 557-572.
462. Worden. E. C. 1911. Nitro-cellulose Industry. New York: Van Nostrand.
463. Wright, L. 1964. Horne Fires Burning: The History of Domestic Heating and Cooking. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
464. Wynne, B. 1976. "C. G. Barkla and the J phenomenon: A case study of the treatment of deviance in physics." Social Studies of Science 6: 307-347.
465. Wynne, B. 1983. "Reflecting the issues of risk and public acceptance: The social viability of technology." Futures, February, 15: 13-32.
466. Yearley, S. 1982. "The relationship between epistemological and sociological cognitive interests: Some ambiguities underlying the use of interest theory in the study of scientific knowledge." Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 13: 353-388.
467. Yearley, S. 1984. Science and Sociological Practice. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
468. Yoxen, E. J. 1986. "Form and strategy in biology: Reflections on the career of C. H. Waddington," in A Critical History of Embryology, T. J. Horder, J. A. Witkowski, and C. C. Wylie, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 309-330.
469. Zimbalist, A. ed. 1979. Case Studies on the Labour Process. New York: Monthly Review Press.