Emotions in history-lost and found

Emotions in History-Lost and Found

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-255

  Frevert, Ute ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (Germany)

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EID: 84895585273     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (347)

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2. Miller, William Ian, Humiliation and Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), ch. 4;
3. Lindner, Evelin, Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict (London: Praeger Security International, 2006).
4. Trentmann, Frank, ed., The Making of the Consumer: Knowledge, Power and Identity in the Modern World (Oxford: Berg, 2006).
5. Barker-Benfield, Graham J., The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), ch. 4, esp. pp. 211-14;
6. Brewer, John and Roy Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London: Routledge, 1993);
7. Bermingham, Ann and John Brewer, eds., The Consumption of Culture 1600-1800: Image, Object, Text (London: Routledge, 1995).
8. Hutcheson, Francis, An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense, ed. Aaron Garrett (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), p. 47.
9. Berger, Peter, "On the Obsolescence of the Concept of Honor," in The Homeless Mind, eds. Peter Berger et al. (New York: Random House, 1973), pp. 83-96.
10. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 13, 1974, p. 19.
11. Davis, Natalie Zemon, A Life of Learning (New York: American Council of Learned Societies Occasional Paper, No. 39, 1997).
12. Österberg, Eva, Friendship and Love, Ethics and Politics: Studies in Mediaeval and Early Modern History (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010).
13. Kolesch, Doris, Theater der Emotionen: Ästhetik und Politik zur Zeit Ludwigs XIV. (Frankfurt: Campus, 2006);
14. Gouk, Penelope and Helen Hills, eds., Representing Emotions: New Connections in the Histories of Art, Music and Medicine (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005);
15. Bredekamp, Horst, Theorie des Bildakts (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2010).
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17. Huizinga, Johan, The Autumn of the Middle Ages, trans. Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
18. Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
19. Rosenwein, Barbara H., ed., Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), esp.
20. Miller, Humiliation, pp. 97-98.
21. Davis, Life of Learning.
22. Dixon, Thomas, From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
23. See, among others, Goleman, Daniel, Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ (London: Bloomsbury, 1996);
24. Rieff, Philip, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith after Freud (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1966);
25. Bermingham, Ann, ed., Sensation and Sensibility: Viewing Gainsborough's Cottage Door (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005);
26. Knott, Sarah, Sensibility and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
27. Damasio, Hanna et al., "The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient," Science 264 (May 1994): pp. 1102-5;
28. Damasio, Antonio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Harper Collins, 2000);
29. for criticism, see Macmillan, Malcolm, An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000).
30. Damasio, Antonio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain (Orlando: Harcourt, 2003), pp. 53-80, 140-79;
31. Daum, Irene et al., "Neurobiological Basis of Emotions," in Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes, eds. Birgitt Röttger-Rössler and Hans J. Markowitsch (New York: Springer, 2009), pp. 111-38;
32. Reisberg, Daniel and Paula Hertel, eds., Memory and Emotion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), esp. pp. 76-154, 347-89.
33. Solomon, Robert C., ed., What is an Emotion? Classic and Contemporary Readings, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
34. Scherer, Klaus R. and Paul Ekman, eds., Approaches to Emotions: A Book of Readings (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1984);
35. Ekman, Paul and Richard Davidson, eds., The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
36. Jensen, Uffa and Daniel Morat, eds., Rationalisierungen des Gefühls: Zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Emotionen 1880-1930 (Munich: Fink, 2008), esp. pp. 35-59 (Jakob Tanner), 101-17 (Daniel Morat).
37. Elias, Civilizing Process, quotes pp. 367, 400.
38. Plessner, Helmuth, Limits of Community: A Critique of Social Radicalism (1924), trans. Andrew Wallace (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 1999).
39. Febvre, Lucien, "Sensibility and History: How to Reconstitute the Emotional Life of the Past," in A New Kind of History, ed. Peter Burke (New York: Routledge, 1973), pp. 12-26, quotes p. 26.
40. Febvre, Lucien, Honneur et Patrie (Paris: Perrin, 1996), pp. 30-31;
41. Jackson, Julian, France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 43;
42. Capdevila, Luc, "The Quest for Masculinity in a Defeated France, 1940-1945," Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (Nov. 2001): pp. 423-45.
43. Febvre, Honneur, pp. 31, 54, 67-68.
44. Crislip, Andrew, "The Sin of Sloth or the Illness of the Demons? The Demon of Acedia in Early Christian Monasticism," Harvard Theological Review 98, no. 2 (Apr. 2005): pp. 143-69;
45. Irvine, Ian, "Acedia, Tristitia and Sloth: Early Christian Forerunners to Chronic Ennui," Humanitas 12 (Spring 1999): pp. 89-103.
46. Schuster, Klaus-Peter, Melencolia I: Dürers Denkbild, 2 vols. (Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1991).
47. Clair, Jean, ed., Melancholie: Genie und Wahnsinn in der Kunst (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2005), French edition: Mélancolie: Génie et Folie en Occident (Paris: Gallimard, 2005);
48. Sieber, Andrea and Antje Wittstock, eds., Melancholie-zwischen Attitüde und Diskurs: Konzepte in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit (Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2009).
49. Bailey, Christian, "Honor Bestowed and Felt? Verdienstorden in the Federal Republic after 1945," in Politische Leidenschaften, ed. José Brunner (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2010), pp. 61-78;
50. East Germany that cultivated a particular honour culture, see Speitkamp, Winfried, Ohrfeige, Duell und Ehrenmord: Eine Geschichte der Ehre (Stuttgart: Reclam, 2010), pp. 219-21, 240-44.
51. Whitman, James Q., "Enforcing Civility and Respect: Three Societies," Yale Law Journal 109, no. 6 (Apr. 2000): pp. 1279-1398.
52. Febvre, Honneur, pp. 31, 67.
53. A., "Betrachtung über das Duelliren," Neue Mannigfaltigkeiten 1 (1774): p. 765 ("im Herzen eingewurzelt").
54. Czernin, Rudolf Graf, Die Duellfrage (Vienna: K. Gerolds Sohn in Komm., 1904), p. 3;
55. James, William, "What is an emotion?" in What is an emotion, ed. Solomon, pp. 66-76.
56. Montesquieu, The Spirit of Law, Book III, 6 and 7: http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_03.htm (last access: Dec. 5, 2010).
57. See Miller, Humiliation, pp. 116-24 on honour and shame in Icelandic sagas of the Middle Ages;
58. Schreiner, Klaus and Gerd Schwerhoff, eds., Verletzte Ehre: Ehrkonflikte in Gesellschaften des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit (Cologne: Böhlau, 1995).
59. Simmel, George, Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1992), pp. 599-603.
60. Demeter, Karl, Das deutsche Offizierkorps in Gesellschaft und Staat 1650-1945 (Frankfurt: Bernard & Graefe, 1965), quote p. 290.
61. Brentano, Lujo, "Über die Duellfrage," Mitteilungen der Deutschen Anti-Duell-Liga 29 (1909), p. 6.
62. Welcker, Carl, "Infamie, Ehre, Ehrenstrafen," in Das Staats-Lexikon: Encyklopädie der sämmtlichen Staatswissenschaften für alle Stände, 2nd ed., eds. Rotteck, Carl von and Carl Welcker (Altona: Hammerich, 1845-1848), vol. 7 (1847), p. 393;
63. Jhering, Rudolf von, Der Kampf um's Recht, 2nd ed. (Vienna, 1872), p. 98;
64. Fischer, Arnold. Für oder wider das Duell? (Rostock: Volckmann, 1896), p. 9.
65. Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels, Werke, vol. 29 (Berlin: Dietz, 1970), pp. 331, 336, 562-63.
66. Lassalle, Ferdinand, Nachgelassene Briefe und Schriften, ed. Gustav Mayer, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: DVA, 1922), pp. 127-29; vol. 4 (1924), p. 211.
67. Becker, Bernhard, Enthüllungen über das tragische Lebensende Ferdinand Lassalle's und seine Beziehung zu Helene von Dönniges (Nürnberg: Wörlein und Comp. 1892), p. 210-15.
68. Gay, Peter, The Bourgeois Experience, vol. III: The Cultivation of Hatred (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993), pp. 9-33;
69. Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen, ed. Anna von Sydow, vol. 4 (Berlin: Mittler, 1910), pp. 543, 545-46.
70. Freud, Sigmund, Briefe 1873-1939, eds. Ernst Freud and Lucie Freud (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1960), p. 128.
71. Weber, Marianne, Max Weber. Ein Lebensbild (Heidelberg: Schneider, 1950), pp. 473-89.
72. Freeman, Joanne B., Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001);
73. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
74. Guardian, March 27, 1829. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/1829/mar/28/mainsection.fromthearchive/print (last access Dec. 7, 2010). The case is discussed in Appiah, Honor Code, ch. 1.
75. Thimm, Carl A., A Complete Bibliography of Fencing and Duelling (1896) (reprint, New York: Benjamin Blom, 1968), pp. 457-58, 479-80.
76. Reddy, William M., The Invisible Code: Honor and Sentiment in Postrevolutionary France, 1814-1848 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 237-38.
77. Schmid, Joseph C., Über die Duelle (Landshut: Weber'sche Buchhandlung, 1802), pp. 9, 28.
78. Lasson, Adolf, System der Rechtsphilosophie (Berlin: Guttentag, 1882), p. 547;
79. Frevert, Ute, Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel, trans. Anthony Williams (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), pp. 136-44.
80. See his 1897 argument, in Die Verhandlungen des achten Evangelisch-sozialen Kongresses (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1897), pp. 110-11.
81. Wagner, Adolf, "Meine Duellangelegenheit mit dem Freiherrn von Stumm," Die Zukunft 10 (1895): pp. 408-27.
82. Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen, ed. von Sydow, vol. 4, pp. 545-46.
83. Fürst Bismarcks Briefe an seine Braut und Gattin, ed. Herbert von Bismarck, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1906), pp. 328-29.
84. Lassalles letzte Tage: Nach den Originalbriefen und Dokumenten des Nachlasses, ed. Ina Britschgi-Schimmer (Berlin: Juncker, 1925), pp. 269-70, 280-81.
85. Jhering, Kampf, pp. 21, 95-96.
86. Preußische Jahrbücher 84 (1896), p. 376.
87. Mann, Thomas, The Magic Mountain, trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter (London: Penguin, 1960), p. 699.
88. Mann, Katja, Meine ungeschriebenen Memoiren, eds. Elisabeth Plessen and Michael Mann (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1983), pp. 12, 76.
89. Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen, ed. von Sydow, vol. 4, pp. 545-46.
90. Frevert, Men of Honour, pp. 168-70.
91. Honneth, Axel, The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995);
92. Burkhart, Dagmar, Eine Geschichte der Ehre (Darmstadt: WBG, 2006), ch. III.
93. Gambetta, Diego, The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993);
94. Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009);
95. Labov, William, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972), ch. 8 (Rules for Ritual Insults);
96. Abrahams, Roger D., "Black talking on the streets," in Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking, eds. Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer (London: Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 240-62;
97. Tertilt, Hermann, "Rauhe Rituale: Die Beleidigungsduelle der Turkish Power Boys," in Kursbuch Jugend Kultur, ed. SPo KK (Cologne: Bollmann, 1997), pp. 157-67.
98. I owe these references to Anja Tervooren. See also Wilms, Yvonne, Ehre, Männlichkeit und Kriminalität (Münster: LIT, 2009), pp. 87-120;
99. Mertol, Birol, "Männlichkeitskonzepte von Jungen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund," in Junge Muslime in Deutschland, eds. Hans-Jürgen von Wensierski and Claudia Lübcke (Opladen: Budrich, 2007), pp. 173-94.
100. See the UN Population Fund's 2000 report on The State of World Population, ch. 3 (honor killings): http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2000/english/ch03.html (last access: Jan. 28, 2011);
101. Appiah, Honor Code, ch. 4;
102. Wilms, Ehre, pp. 69-86;
103. Eck, Clementine van, Purified by Blood. Honour Killings amongst Turks in the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003).
104. See, e.g., Dundes, Alan et al., "The Strategy of Turkish Boys' Verbal Dueling Rhymes," Journal of American Folklore 83, no. 329 (Jul.-Sep. 1970): pp. 325-49.
105. Chesler, Phyllis, "Are Honor Killings simply Domestic Violence?," Middle East Quarterly 16, no. 2 (Spring 2009): pp. 61-69.
106. Roper, Lyndal, "Männlichkeit und männliche Ehre," in Frauengeschichte-Geschlechtergeschichte, eds. Karin Hausen and Heide Wunder (Frankfurt: Campus, 1992), pp. 154-72;
107. Müller-Wirthmann, Bernhard, "Raufhändel: Gewalt und Ehre im Dorf," in Kultur der einfachen Leute, ed. Richard van Dülmen (Munich: Beck, 1983), pp. 79-111.
108. See the case studies in Peristiany, John G., ed., Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), esp. Pierre Bourdieu's "The Sentiment of honour in Kabyle Society" (pp. 191-241);
109. Gilmore, David, ed., Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean (Washington: American Anthropological Association, 1987);
110. Peristiany, John G. and Julian Pitt-Rivers, eds., Honor and Grace in Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
111. Frevert, Ute, 'Mann und Weib, und Weib und Mann': Geschlechter-Differenzen in der Moderne (Munich: Beck, 1995), pp. 178-218.
112. Frevert, Mann und Weib, pp. 183, 214.
113. Lange, Helene, "Die Duelldebatten im Reichstag," in Kampfzeiten, ed. eadem, vol. 2 (Berlin: Herbig, 1928), pp. 92-100.
114. Rother, Rainer, ed., Die letzten Tage der Menschheit: Bilder des Ersten Weltkrieges (Berlin: Ars Nicolai, 1994), pp. 468-71, 474;
115. Horne, John N. and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), ch. 5;
116. Harris, Ruth, "The 'Child of the Barbarian': Rape, Race and Nationalism in France during the First World War," Past & Present 141 (Nov. 1993): pp. 170-206;
117. Gullace, Nicoletta F., "Sexual Violence and Family Honor: British Propaganda and International Law during the First World War," American Historical Review 102, no. 3 (Jun. 1997): pp. 714-47;
118. Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, L'enfant de l'ennemi 1914-1918: Viol, avortement, infanticide pendant la Grande Guerre (Paris: Aubier, 1995).
119. Bourke, Joanna, Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present Day (London: Virago, 2007), ch. 13.
120. Treitschke, Heinrich von, Politics, trans. Blanche Dugdale and Torben de Bille, vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1916), p. 595.
121. Gullace, Nicoletta F., "The Blood of our Sons": Men, Women, and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship during the Great War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), pp. 73-97.
122. Robert Capa, Retrospektive, ed. Laure Beaumont-Maillet (Berlin: Nicolai, 2005), p. 213.
123. Virgili, Fabrice, Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France (Oxford: Berg, 2002).
124. Warring, Anette, "Intimate and sexual relations," in Surviving Hitler and Mussolini, eds. Robert Gildea et al. (Oxford: Berg, 2006), pp. 88-128;
125. Frommer, Benjamin, "Denouncers and Fraternizers: Gender, Collaboration, and Retribution in Bohemia and Moravia during World War II and after," in Gender and War in 20th century Eastern Europe, eds. Nancy M. Wingfield and Maria Bucur (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 111-32;
126. Vervenioti, Tassoula, "Left-Wing Women between Politics and Family," in After the War was Over, ed. Mark Mazower (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 105-21.
127. Sander, Helke and Barbara Johr, eds., Be Freier und Befreite: Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder (Munich: Kunstmann, 1992);
128. Naimark, Norman M., The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995), ch. 2.
129. Woller, Hans, Gesellschaft und Politik in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone: Die Region Ansbach und Fürth (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1986), p. 71;
130. Meyer-Lenz, Johanna, ed., Die Ordnung des Paares ist unbehaglich: Irritationen am und im Geschlechterdiskurs nach 1945 (Hamburg: LIT, 2000), pp. 71-72.
131. Berger, "Obsolescence," p. 83.
132. Fontanes Briefe, ed. Gotthard Erler, vol. 2 (Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 1989), pp. 213, 299, 377-78.
133. Allen, Beverly, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996);
134. Naimark, Norman M., Fires of Hatred: Ethnic cleansing in 20th-century Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 167-70.
135. Davis, Natalie Zemon, Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth-century France (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), pp. 77-84.
136. As to the growing literature on anger in premodern times, see, e.g., Glick, Robert A. and Steven P. Roose, eds., Rage, Power, and Aggression (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993);
137. Harris, William V., Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001);
138. Zedler, Johann Heinrich, ed., Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon Aller Wissenschafften und Künste (Leipzig/Halle: Zedler, 1732-1750), vol. 63 (1750), col. 501.
139. Izard, Carroll E., The Psychology of Emotions (New York: Plenum Press, 1991), p. 243: "Anger mobilizes energy for action, induces a sense of vigor and self-confidence, and thereby makes individuals more capable of defending themselves."
140. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände [Brockhaus], 7th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1827), vol. 12, p. 548.
141. Schlegel, Friedrich, Theorie der Weiblichkeit, ed. Winfried Menninghaus (Frankfurt: Insel, 1983), p. 127: "Der höhere weibliche Charakter ist-zornfähig männlich."
142. Kant, Immanuel, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, ed., trans. Robert B. Louden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 205.
143. Krünitz, Johann Georg, ed., Oekonomische Encyklopädie (Berlin: Pauli, 1773-1858), vol. 236 (1856), p. 12.
144. Basedow, Johann Bernhard, Das Elementarwerk, vol. 2 (Dessau: Crusius, 1774), p. 299; vol. 1, p. 218.
145. Zedler, ed., Universal Lexicon, vol. 63 (1750), col. 507;
146. Real-Encyklopädie [Brockhaus], 7th ed., vol. 12 (1827), p. 548.
147. Cureau de la Chambre, Marin, Von den Kennzeichen der Leidenschaften des Menschen, vol. 2, (Münster: Perrenon, 1789), pp. 180, 250, 280-81, 316.
148. Zedler, ed., Universal Lexicon, vol. 63 (1750), col. 510;
149. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände [Brockhaus], 11th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1864-1868), vol. 15 (1868), p. 775.
150. Meyer, J[oseph], ed., Das große Conversations-Lexicon für die gebildeten Stände, 1st ed. (Hildburghausen: Bibliographisches Institut, 1840-1853), vol. 3 (1842), p. 424;
151. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände [Brockhaus], 10th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1851-1855), vol. 1 (1851), p. 630.
152. Real-Encyklopädie [Brockhaus], 7th ed., vol. 12 (1827), p. 548.
153. John Rawls distinguishes "resentment" and "indignation" (as moral reactions to injustice) from "anger" and "annoyance" ("The sense of justice" in idem, Collected papers, ed. Samuel Freeman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 96-116, quote p. 111).
154. See, e.g., Brockhaus-Enzyklopädie, 17th ed. (Wiesbaden: F.A. Brockhaus, 1966-1974), vol. 20 (1974), p. 738;
155. Kring, Ann M., "Gender and Anger," in Gender and Emotion, ed. Agneta H. Fischer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 211-31, quotes pp. 211, 219, 223;
156. Campbell, Anne, Men, Women and Aggression (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
157. Hess, Ursula et al., "Facial Appearance, Gender, and Emotion Expression," Emotion 4, no. 4 (Dec. 2004): pp. 378-88, quote p. 378.
158. Messner, Elisabeth M., "Emotionale Tränen," Der Ophthalmologe 106, no. 7 (Jul. 2009): pp. 593-602, esp. p. 601.
159. Newmark, Catherine, "Weibliches Leiden-männliche Leidenschaft: Zum Geschlecht in älteren Affektenlehren," Feministische Studien 26, no. 1 (May 2008): pp. 7-18.
160. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, "The Social Contract," in Social Contract: Essays by Locke, Hume, and Rousseau, ed. Ernest Barker (London: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 185;
161. "Emile or on Education," in The Collected Writings of Rousseau, eds., trans. Christopher Kelly and Allan Bloom, vol. 13 (Hanover: Dartmouth College Press, 2010), p. 374.
162. Rousseau, "Emile," Book V.
163. Laqueur, Thomas, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), ch. 5;
164. Honegger, Claudia, Die Ordnung der Geschlechter: Die Wissenschaften vom Menschen und das Weib (Frankfurt: Campus, 1991), Virchow's quote p. 210.
165. Kant, Anthropology, pp. 204-05.
166. Welcker, Carl Theodor, "Geschlechtsverhältnisse," in Staats-Lexikon oder Encyklopädie der Staatswissenschaften, eds. Rotteck, Carl von and Carl Welcker (Altona: Hammerich, 1834-1843), vol. 6 (1838), pp. 629-65, quotes pp. 638-41.
167. Campe, Joachim Heinrich, Väterlicher Rath für meine Tochter (Braunschweig: Verlag der Schulbuchhandlung, 1789), pp. 26, 189-97.
168. Kant, Anthropology, pp. 149-182;
169. Löchel, Rolf, "Frauen sind ängstlich, Männer sollen mutig sein: Geschlechterdifferenz und Emotionen bei Immanuel Kant," Kant-Studien 97, no. 1 (Mar. 2006): pp. 50-78.
170. Kant, Anthropology, p. 150.
171. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyclopädie für die gebildeten Stände [Brockhaus], 6th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1824-1829), vol. 4 (1824), pp. 180-82.
172. Kant, Anthropology, pp. 131-32.
173. Darnton, Robert, The Great Cat Massacre and other episodes in French cultural history (New York: Random House, 1985), pp. 215-56.
174. Krünitz, ed., Encyklopädie, vol. 75 (1798), pp. 367-80.
175. Kant, Anthropology, p. 209;
176. Herlosssohn, Carl, ed. Damen Conversations Lexikon (Leipzig: Volckmar, 1834-1838), vol. 3 (1835), p. 400; vol. 4 (1835), pp. 342-43.
177. Real-Encyklopädie [Brockhaus], 10th ed., vol. 6 (1852), pp. 322, 681.
178. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th ed. (Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1902-1905), vol. 7 (1904), p. 685.
179. Brockhaus' Conversations-Lexikon. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie, 13th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1882-1887), vol. 7 (1884), p. 649.
180. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 5th ed. (Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1893-1898), vol. 7 (1894), p. 292.
181. Schlegel, Theorie der Weiblichkeit, p. 61.
182. Trepp, Anne-Charlott, Sanfte Männlichkeit und selbständige Weiblichkeit: Frauen und Männer im Hamburger Bürgertum zwischen 1770 und 1840 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996), pp. 125-60;
183. Habermas, Rebekka, Frauen und Männer des Bürgertums: Eine Familiengeschichte (1750-1850) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000), pp. 315-94.
184. Staël, Anne Germaine de, Über Deutschland, ed. Monika Bosse (Frankfurt: Insel, 1985), pp. 39, 46. Banned by Napoleon in 1810, the book was published in German in 1814.
185. Welcker, Carl, "Bürgertugend und Bürgersinn," in Rotteck and Welcker, eds. Staats-Lexikon, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (1846), pp. 763-70.
186. Scheidler, Karl Hermann, "Gemüth," in Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, eds. Ersch, Johann Samuel and Johann Gottfried Gruber (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1818-1889), sect. 1, part 57, 1853, pp. 317-18.
187. Arndt, Ernst Moritz, Kurzer Katechismus für teutsche Soldaten (s.l., 1812), pp. 9, 30;
188. Was bedeutet Landsturm und Landwehr? (s.l., 1813), p.10.
189. See Frevert, Ute, A Nation in Barracks: Modern Germany, Military Conscription and Civil Society (Oxford: Berg, 2004), pp. 22-30;
190. Hagemann, Karen, "Of 'Manly Valor' and 'German Honor': Nation, War, and Masculinity in the Age of the Prussian Uprising against Napoleon," Central European History 30, no. 2 (Jun. 1997): pp. 187-220.
191. As to British propaganda, see Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 7.
192. Welcker, "Geschlechtsverhältnisse," quotes pp. 641, 648-50, 657.
193. As to how those rules were voiced in popular encyclopaedias and advice manuals, see, e.g., Ersch and Gruber, eds. Encyclopädie, sect. 1, vol. 2 (1819), p. 136;
194. Real-Encyklopädie [Brockhaus], 10th ed., vol. 9 (1853), p. 489;
195. Meyer, ed., Conversations-Lexicon, vol. 19 (1851), p. 1457;
196. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 5th ed., vol. 11 (1896), p. 185.
197. Geitner, Ursula, "'Die eigentlichen Enragées ihres Geschlechts': Aufklärung, Französische Revolution und Weiblichkeit," in Grenzgängerinnen, eds. Helga Grubitzsch et al. (Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1985), pp. 181-220.
198. Welcker, "Geschlechtsverhältnisse," quotes pp. 649-50, 656.
199. Robert, ed., Volksthümliches Handbuch der Staatswissenschaften und Politik (Leipzig: Blum, 1848-1851), vol. 1 (1848), pp. 408-12;
200. Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, Die Familie (1855), 11th ed. (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1897), esp. pp. 10-11.
201. Hanslick, Eduard, Vom Musikalisch-Schönen. Ein Beitrag zur Revision der Ästhetik der Tonkunst (1854), 4th ed. (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1874), p. 74.
202. Kirchhoff, Arthur, ed., Die Akademische Frau (Berlin: Steinitz, 1897), quotes pp. 5, 29, 67, 148-49.
203. Venedey, Jacob, Die Deutschen und die Franzosen nach dem Geist ihrer Sprachen und Sprichwörter (Heidelberg: Winter, 1842), pp. 29, 99, 102.
204. Flaubert, Gustave, Correspondance (1862-1868) (Paris: Conard, 1929), p. 158 (letter from October 6, 1864);
205. Koppenfels, Martin von, Immune Erzähler: Flaubert und die Affektpolitik des modernen Romans (Munich: Fink, 2007).
206. Cavallo, Guglielmo and Roger Chartier, eds., A History of Reading in the West (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), ch. 12;
207. Langewiesche, Dieter and Klaus Schönhoven, "Arbeiterbibliotheken und Arbeiterlektüre im Wilhelminischen Deutschland," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 16 (1976): pp. 135-204, esp. p. 172;
208. Schön, Erich, "Weibliches Lesen: Romanleserinnen im späten 18. Jahrhundert," in Untersuchungen zum Roman von Frauen um 1800, eds. Helga Gallas and Magdalene Heuser (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1990), pp. 20-40.
209. Cavallo and Chartier, eds., History of Reading, ch. 13;
210. Schittenhelm, Rosemarie, ed., Von Tag zu Tag: Das Große Mädchenbuch, 23rd ed. (Stuttgart: Frankch'sche Verlagshandlung, 1961), pp. 13-14, 58, 287, 266-67, 273-74.
211. Wobeser, Wilhelmine Karoline von, Elisa oder das Weib wie es sein sollte (1795) (reprint Hildesheim: Olms, 1990);
212. Christ, Sophie, Taschenbüchlein des guten Tones für die weibliche Jugend (Mainz: Kirchheim, 1888);
213. Peters, F., Das junge Mädchen im Verkehre mit der Welt (Mainz: Kirchheim & Co., 1889);
214. Anstandsbüchlein für junge Mädchen (Regensburg: Habbel, 1908);
215. Reznicek, Paula von, Auferstehung der Dame (Stuttgart: Dieck, 1928);
216. Beck, Fritz, Der Gute Ton für meine Tochter: Ein Anstandsbrevier für die junge Dame (Vienna: Pechan, 1960). My thanks go to Rhea Peters who helped to analyse the relevant literature.
217. Frevert, Nation in Barracks, pp. 157-99.
218. Reulecke, Jürgen, "Ich möchte einer werden so wie die..." Männerbünde im 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt: Campus, 2001).
219. Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf (Munich: Eher, 1933), p. 392.
220. http://www.nationalsozialismus.de/dokumente/texte/heinrich-himmler-posener-rede-vom-04-10-1943-volltext.html (last access: Dec. 20, 2010).
221. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émeute (last access: Dec. 20, 2010). In 1835, Pierer's Universal-Lexikon likewise defined Emotion as "revolt" (vol. 7, p. 21).
222. Quote from Times, November 13, 1922, in Cowles, Virginia, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (London: Hamilton, 1953), p. 242
223. Britain, O'Gorman, Frank, "Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies. The Social Meaning of Elections in England 1780-1860," Past & Present 135 (May 1992): pp. 79-115;
224. US, Bensel, Richard Franklin, The American Ballot Box in the mid-Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004), pp. 287, 295.
225. Przyrembel, Alexandra, "Rassenschande": Reinheitsmythos und Vernichtungslegitimation im Nationalsozialismus (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003), pp. 65-84.
226. Frevert, Ute, Women in German History (Oxford: Berg, 1989), pp. 207-11, 240-47.
227. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th rev. ed. (Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1905-1909), vol. 5 (1908), p. 760;
228. Der Große Herder: Nachschlagewerk für Wissen und Leben, 4th ed. (Freiburg: Herder,1931-1935), vol. 4 (1932), col. 1327-1328.
229. Zweig, Stefan, The World of Yesterday. An autobiography (New York: Viking Press, 1945), pp. 73, 78.
230. Der Große Brockhaus, 16th ed. (Wiesbaden: Brockhaus, 1952-1963), vol. 4 (1954), p. 436.
231. Meyers Lexikon, 8th ed. (Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1936-1942) vol. 3 (1937), col. 1290.
232. Allsop, Kenneth, The Angry Decade: A Survey of the Cultural Revolt of the Nineteen-fifties (London: Peter Owen, 1958), p. 9; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25251/Angry-Young-Men;
233. Francis, Martin, "Tears, Tantrums, and Bared Teeth: The Emotional Economy of Three Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951-1963," Journal of British Studies 41, no. 3 (Jul. 2002): pp. 354-87.
234. Brody, Leslie R. and Judith A. Hall, "Gender and emotion," in Handbook of Emotions, eds. Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland (New York: Guilford Press, 1993), pp. 447-61;
235. Timmers, Monique et al., "Ability versus vulnerability: Beliefs about men's and women's emotional behaviour," Cognition and Emotion 17, no. 1 (Jan. 2003): pp. 41-63.
236. Hochschild, Arlie R., "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules and Social Structure," American Journal of Sociology 85, no. 3 (Nov. 1979): pp. 551-75;
237. Grandey, Alicia A., "Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor," Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5, no. 1 (Jan. 2000): pp. 95-110.
238. Schlegel, Theorie der Weiblichkeit, p. 99;
239. Reddy, William M., The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 199-232;
240. Dohm, Hedwig, Die wissenschaftliche Emancipation der Frau (Berlin: Wedekind & Schwieger, 1874);
241. Frevert, Women, pp. 71-82, 113-30.
242. Mergel, Thomas, Propaganda nach Hitler: Eine Kulturgeschichte des Wahlkampfs in der Bundesrepublik 1949-1990 (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2010);
243. Connelly, Matthew, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
244. Meyer, ed., Conversations-Lexicon, vol. 12 (1848), p. 748;
245. Rein, Wilhelm, ed., Enzyklopädisches Handbuch der Pädagogik, 2nd ed. (Langensalza: Beyer 1903-1911), vol. 5 (1906), p. 43.
246. Decety, Jean and William Ickes, eds., The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2009).
247. Trivers, Robert L., "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism," Quarterly Review of Biology 46, no. 1 (Mar. 1971): pp. 35-57.
248. Ockenfels, Axel et al., "Altruismus, Egoismus, Reziprozität," in Soziologische Theorie kontrovers, eds. Gert Albert and Steffen Sigmund (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2011), pp. 119-53;
249. Harbaugh, William T. et al., "Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations," Science 316, no. 5831 (Jun. 2007): pp. 1622-25.
250. Calhoun, Craig, "A World of Emergencies: Fear, Intervention, and the Limits of Cosmopolitan Order," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 41, no. 4 (Nov. 2004): pp. 373-95s;
251. Barnett, Michael, "Humanitarianism Transformed," Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 4 (Dec. 2005): pp. 723-40.
252. Goldie, Peter, "Compassion: A Natural, Moral Emotion," in Die Moralität der Gefühle, eds. Sabine A. Döring and Verena Mayer (Berlin: Akademie, 2002), pp. 199-211.
253. See the White House fact sheet on Compassionate Conservatism: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020430.html (last access: Dec. 20, 2010);
254. Berlant, Lauren, ed. Compassion: The Culture and Politics of an Emotion (New York: Routledge, 2004), esp. pp. 1-4.
255. Documents of German History, ed. Louis L. Snyder (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1958), pp. 246-47. (Bismarck's speech of 1881).
256. Ritter, Joachim and Karlfried Gründer, eds., Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie (Basel: Schwabe, 1971-2004), vol. 5 (1980), col. 1410-1416;
257. Müller, Gottfried, "Die Barmherzigkeit Gottes: Zur Entstehungsgeschichte eines koranischen Symbols," Die Welt des Islams 28, no. 1/4 (1988): pp. 334-62;
258. Küng, Hans and Josef van Ess, Christentum und Weltreligionen: Islam, 7th ed. (Munich: Piper, 2006). My thanks go to Angelika Neuwirth to whom I owe these references.
259. Emotional Awareness. Overcoming the Obstacles to Psychological Balance and Compassion: A Conversation between The Dalai Lama and Paul Ekman (New York: Henry Holt, 2008), ch. 5.
260. Ritter and Gründer, eds., Wörterbuch, vol. 5 (1980), quote col. 1412;
261. Hutcheson, Essay, p. 56;
262. Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Ernest C. Mossner (London: Penguin, 1985), pp. 417-18;
263. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Discours sur l'Origine et les Fondements de l'Inégalité parmi les Hommes, ed. Angèle Kremer-Marietti (Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1963), p. 84.
264. Hume, Treatise, pp. 367-70;
265. Frazer, Michael K., The Enlightenment of Sympathy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), ch. 2.
266. Smith, Adam, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Amherst: Prometheus, 2000), pp. 3-30.
267. The Wealth of Nations, ed. Andrew Skinner (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p. 119.
268. Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 13.
269. Hirschman, Albert O., The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), pp. 109-13;
270. Dwyer, John, "Ethics and Economics: Bridging Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments and Wealth of Nations," Journal of British Studies 44, no. 4 (Oct. 2005): pp. 662-87.
271. Rousseau, Discours, pp. 84-87.
272. Quotes in Schieder, Wolfgang, "Brüderlichkeit," in Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, eds. Otto Brunner et al., vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1972), pp. 552-81.
273. Schiller, Friedrich, "Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man Universalgeschichte?," (1789) in Schillers Werke, ed. Joachim Müller, vol. 3 (Berlin: Aufbau, 1967), pp. 273-95, quotes pp. 283-84.
274. Hunt, Lynn, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ch. 3.
275. Schieder, "Brüderlichkeit," pp. 565-67.
276. Hunt, Lynn, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007).
277. Brown, Christopher L., Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006);
278. Carey, Brycchan, British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility: Writing, Sentiment, and Slavery, 1760-1807 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005);
279. Drescher, Seymour, The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor versus Slavery in British Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002);
280. Davis, David B., Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
281. Vila, Anne, Enlightenment and Pathology: Sensibility in the Literature and Medicine in 18th century France (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998);
282. Barker-Benfield, Culture of Sensibility, ch. 1.
283. Koschorke, Albrecht, Körperströme und Schriftverkehr: Mediologie des 18. Jahrhunderts (Munich: Fink, 1999), pp. 64-82.
284. Kant, Anthropology, p. 132.
285. Mackenzie, Henry, The Man of Feeling (1771), ed. Brian Vickers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
286. Ellis, Markman, The Politics of Sensibility: Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
287. Howard, Derek Lionel, John Howard: Prison Reformer (New York: Archer House, 1963);
288. see Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), for a critical view.
289. Prochaska, Frank K., Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), ch. 5;
290. Summers, Anne, Angels and Citizens: British Women as Military Nurses, 1854-1914 (London: Routledge, 1988), ch. 1;
291. Himmelfarb, Gertrude, Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (New York: Knopf, 1991).
292. Zedler, ed., Universal Lexicon, vol. 41 (1744), col. 744.
293. Diderot, Denis and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, eds., Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts, et des metiers (Paris: Briasson, 1751-1765), vol. 15 (1765), p. 736.
294. Larousse, Pierre, ed., Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (Paris: Administration du Grand Dictionnaire Universel, 1866-1876), vol. 14 (1875), p. 1316.
295. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände [Brockhaus], 9th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1843-1848), vol. 14 (1847), p. 48.
296. Zedler, ed., Universal Lexicon, vol. 21 (1739), col. 552.
297. Der große Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens, 15th ed. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1928-1935), vol. 12 (1932), p. 618;
298. Brockhaus, 21st ed., vol. 18 (2006), p. 560.
299. Chismar, Douglas, "Empathy and sympathy: The important difference," Journal of Value Inquiry 22, no. 4 (1988): pp. 257-66;
300. Olinick, Stanley L., "A Critique of Empathy and Sympathy," in Empathy, eds. Joseph Lichtenberg et al., vol. 1 (Hillsdale, NY: Analytic Press, 1984), pp. 137-66.
301. Lipps, Theodor, Leitfaden der Psychologie (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1903);
302. "Das Wissen von fremden Ichen," Psychologische Untersuchungen 1 (1907): pp. 694-722;
303. Ritter and Gründer, eds., Wörterbuch, vol. 2 (1972), col. 396-99;
304. Chismar, "Empathy," pp. 257-59;
305. Curtis, Robin and Gertrud Koch, eds., Einfühlung: Zu Geschichte und Gegenwart eines ästhetischen Konzepts (Munich: Fink, 2009).
306. Vignemont, Frederique de and Tania Singer, "The Empathic Brain: how, when and why," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10, no. 10 (Oct. 2006): pp. 435-41.
307. Schopenhauer, Arthur, "Preisschrift über die Grundlage der Moral," in idem, Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik (Zürich: Diogenes, 1977), pp. 248-49, 269, 283.
308. Schopenhauer, "Preisschrift," p. 274.
309. Nietzsche, Friedrich, "Jenseits von Gut und Böse," § 202, 222, 293 in idem, Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe, eds. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Munich: dtv/de Gruyter, 1988), vol. 5, pp. 124-26, 156, 236);
310. Nietzsche, Friedrich, "Menschliches, Allzumenschliches," § vol. 2, pp. 70-71;
311. Mendelssohn, Moses, "Sendschreiben an den Herrn Magister Lessing in Leipzig," (1756), in Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Abhandlung von dem Ursprung der Ungleichheit unter den Menschen, ed. Ursula Goldenbaum (Weimar: Böhlaus Nachfolger, 2000), pp. 235-50, quote p. 239;
312. Meyer-Kalkus, Reinhart, "Apotheose und Kritik des Mitleids: Lessing und Mendelssohn," Berliner Debatte Initial 17, no. 1-2 (2006): pp. 36-49.
313. Hume, Treatise, p. 369;
314. Schings, Hans-Jürgen, Der mitleidigste Mensch ist der beste Mensch: Poetik des Mitleids von Lessing bis Büchner (Munich: Beck, 1988), ch. III;
315. Diderot and d'Alembert, eds., Encyclopédie, vol. 15 (1765), p. 52.
316. Stocking Jr., George W., Victorian Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1987);
317. Burke, John G., "The Wild Man's Pedigree: Scientific Method and Racial Anthropology," in The Wild Man Within, eds. Edward Dudley and Maximillian E. Novak (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973), pp. 259-80;
318. Zimmermann, Andrew, Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
319. As to the concomitant emergence of sympathy and racism informing the civilising mission of the British Empire, see Rai, Amit S., Rule of Sympathy: Sentiment, Race, and Power 1750-1850 (New York: Palgrave, 2002);
320. Pernau, Margrit, "An ihren Gefühlen sollt Ihr sie erkennen: Eine Verflechtungsgeschichte des britischen Zivilitätsdiskurses (ca. 1750-1860)," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 35, no. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 2009): pp. 249-81.
321. http://www.nationalsozialismus.de/dokumente/texte/heinrich-himmler-posener-rede-vom-04-10-1943-volltext.html (last access: Dec. 20, 2010).
322. Krausnick, Helmut, "Judenverfolgung," in Anatomie des SSStaates, eds. Hans Buchheim, Martin Broszat and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, vol. 2 (Munich: dtv, 1989), quotes pp. 333-34.
323. Krünitz, ed., Encyklopädie, vol. 75 (1798), pp. 348-50.
324. Whitman, James Q., "What is wrong with inflicting Shame sanctions?," Yale Law Journal 107, no. 4 (Jan. 1998): pp. 1055-92.
325. Kant, Anthropology, pp. 134-35;
326. Krünitz, ed. Encyklopädie, vol. 75 (1798), pp. 158-59;
327. Nietzsche, "Jenseits von Gut und Böse," § 225, 222, pp. 160-61, 156.
328. Sznaider, Natan, Über das Mitleid im Kapitalismus (Munich: Bibliothek der Provinz, 2000), pp. 30-33;
329. Orwin, Clifford, "Mitleid: Wie ein Gefühl zu einer Tugend wurde," Merkur 63, no. 716 (2009): pp. 1-9.
330. Koselleck, Reinhart, Preußen zwischen Reform und Revolution, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart: Klett, 1975), pp. 641-59.
331. Rousseau, Discours, pp. 90, 88 (love as a "fictitious"sentiment "born of social usage").
332. Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, pp. 27, 45.
333. Nietzsche, "Die fröhliche Wissenschaft," § 47, pp. 412-13.
334. Luhmann, Niklas, Liebe als Passion (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1982), p. 9s.
335. Meyers Lexikon, 8th ed., vol. 7 (1939), p. 1455.
336. Calhoun, Craig, "The Imperative to Reduce Suffering: Charity, Progress, and Emergencies in the Field of Humanitarian Action," in Humanitarianism in Question, eds. Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008), pp. 73-97;
337. see the special issue of Journal of Contemporary History: Relief in the Aftermath of War, ed. Jessica Reinisch, vol. 43, no. 3 (Jul. 2008), pp. 371-551.
338. Sen, Amartya, The Idea of Justice (London: Allen Lane, 2009), pp. 403-7.
339. Rifkin, Jeremy, The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis (New York: Tarcher, 2009).
340. As discussed in Boltanski, Luc, Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), part III.
341. Berlant, ed., Compassion, p. 10;
342. Dean, Carolyn J., The Fragility of Empathy After the Holocaust (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).
343. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo (last access: Jan. 30, 2011);
344. Stearns, Peter N., American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-Century Emotional Style (New York: New York University Press, 1994s);
345. Geiger, Annette et al., eds., Coolness: Zur Ästhetik einer kulturellen Strategie und Attitüde (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2010).
346. Boltanski, Distant Suffering, p. xivs.
347. New York Times, February 28, 2011 (Articles selected for Süddeutsche Zeitung), p. 3.