Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-97

  Manning, Jennifer E ^a   Shogan, Colleen J ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84895395223     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (17)

1. For additional information on the women who have served in Congress, please refer to U.S. Congress, House, Office of History and Preservation, Women in Congress, 1917-2006 (Washington: GPO, 2006), http://womenincongress.house.gov
2. Reps. Rankin (R-MT), Patsy Mink (D-HI), Jane Harman (D-CA), and Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) are the only women to serve non-consecutive terms in the same house of Congress. Rep. Rankin served from 1917-1919 and from 1941-1943. Rep. Rankin was also the only Member of Congress to vote against America's entry into both World Wars. Rep. Mink served from 1965-1977 and from September 1990, when she was seated following a special election, until her death in September 2002. Rep. Harman served from 1993-1999, and from 2001 to the present. Rep. McKinney served from 1993-2003 and from 2005-2007
3. The total number of female representatives (260) includes one Delegate to the House of Representatives from Hawaii, one from the District of Columbia, one from Guam, and one from the U.S. Virgin Islands The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities, ed. Elizabeth Adell Cook, Sue Thomas, and Clyde Wilcox (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994)
4. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments, May 2009, http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
5. For more information on the female majority in Rwanda's legislature, see Josh Ruxin, "When It Comes to Women Lawmakers, Rwanda Leads the World," New York Times, October 7, 2008
6. For additional information, refer to CRS Report RL30567, Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 1789-2009, by Valerie Heitshusen, Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 1789-2009, by Valerie Heitshusen
7. th Congresses, by Mildred Amer
8. th Congresses, by Mildred Amer. Limited information on the leadership positions held by women in Congress can also be found in the individual entries contained in this chapter
9. Office of History and Preservation, Women in Congress, 1917-2006, pp. 992-993
10. Rep. Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA, 1996-2007) died on April 22, 2007, and was replaced by Rep. Laura Richardson (D-CA, 2007-present)
11. Rep. Julia Carson (D-IN, 1997-2007) died on Dec. 15, 2007, and was replaced by her grandson, Rep. André Carson (D-IN, 2008-present) on Mar. 13, 2008
12. Rep. Albert Wynn (D-MD, 1993-2008) resigned on May 31, 2008, and was replaced by Rep. Donna Edwards (D-MD, 2008-present)
13. Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH, 1999-2008) died on Aug. 20, 2008, and was replaced by Rep. Marcia L. Fudge (D-OH, 2008-present) on Nov. 19, 2008
14. For additional information on African American women who have served in Congress, please refer to the "Women of Color in Congress" section of the Office of History and Preservation's Women in Congress website, http://womenincongress.house.gov/data/women-of-color.html
15. Rep. Matsui was first elected to the 109th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Rep. Robert Matsui (D-CA, 1979-2005) Linda Sánchez uses an accent in her last name; Loretta Sanchez does not
16. Prior to the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, effective October 15, 1933, the terms of Representatives and Senators began on March 4, in conformance with a resolution of the Continental Congress implementing the Constitution (adopted September 13, 1788). The Twentieth Amendment provides inter alia that the terms of Representatives and Senators shall commence at noon on January 3, in the year following their election. The first Congress affected by the Twentieth Amendment was the 74th (1935-1937). However, Congress sometimes sets a date other than January 3 for commencement of a new Congress; thus, in this chapter, dates sworn in are sometimes later than January 3 for Members elected in the general election. In addition, Members elected to fill a vacancy are sworn in and commence their terms as soon as possible, as do Senators appointed to fill a vacancy
17. Rep. Hansen served on the Veteran's Affairs Committee from Feb. 6, 1961 to March 6, 1961