Tobacco use, cessation and prevention for indigenous populations: Review of current evidence and future perspectives

Health Disparities: Epidemiology, Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Risk Factors and Strategies for Elimination

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-37

  Carson, Kristin V ^a,b,c   Robertson, Thomas A ^a,d   Brinn, Malcolm P ^a,c   Clifton, Vicki L ^e   Esterman, Adrian J ^d   Peters, Matthew ^f   Smith, Brian J ^a,c  

^a Digestive Disease Research Centre   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^f ANZAC Research Institute   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895256583     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (160)

1. Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. 2006. Alaska tobacco facts June 2006. http://www.hss.state.ak.us/dph/chronic/tobacco/alaska_tobacco_facts.pdf [Online].
2. Alderete, E., Erickson, P. I., P., K. C. and Perez-Stable, E. J. 2010. Ceremonial Tobacco Use in the Andes: Implications for Smoking Prevention among Indigenous Youth. Anthropology and Medicine, 17, 27-39.
3. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011. 4704. 0 The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4707.0Chapter650Oct+2010 [accessed 12/07/2011].
4. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing 2010. Product Information: QuitX patches. Commonwealth of Australia.
5. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2002. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first results; Drug Statistics Series No. 9. Drug Statistics Series [Online], Cat no. PHE35.
6. Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Beebe, L. A. and Perez-Stable, E. J. 2007. Building capacity to address tobacco-related disparities among American Indian and Hispanic/Latino communities: conceptual and systemic considerations. Addiction, 102 Suppl 2, 112-122.
7. Baker, A., Ivers, R., Bowman, J., Butler, T., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Wye, P., Walsh, R. A., Pulver, L. J., Richmond, R., Belcher, J., Wilhem, K. and Wodak, A. 2006. Where there's smoke, there's fire: high prevalence of smoking among some sub-populations and recommendations for interventions. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25, 85-96.
8. Balaji, S. M. 2008. Tobacco smoking and surgical healing of oral tissues: A review. Indian Journal of Dental Research 19, 344-8.
9. Barnes, J., Dong, C. Y., Mcrobbie, H., Walker, N., Mehta, M. and Stead, L. F. 2010. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, 1-41.
10. Benowitz, N. L., Hukkanen, J. and Jacob III, P. 2009. Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 192, 29-60.
11. Bergstrom, J., Eliasson, S. and Dock, J. 2000. A 10-year prospective study of tobacco smoking and peridontal health. Journal of Periodontology, 71, 1338-47.
12. Bond, C., Brough, M., Spurling, G. and Hayman, N. 2012. 'It had to be my choice' Indigenous smoking cessation and negotiations of risk, resistance and resilience. Health, Risk and Society, 14, 565-81.
13. Borland, R., Li, L., Cummings, K. M., O'connor, R., Mortimer, K., Wikmans, T., Ramstrom, L., King, B. and Mcneill, A. 2012. Effects of a Fact Sheet on beliefs about the harmfulness of alternative nicotine delivery systems compared with cigarettes. Harm reduction journal, 9, 1-7.
14. Boyle, T., Shepherd, C. C., Pearson, G., Monteiro, H., Mcaullay, D., Economo, K. and Stewart, S. 2010. Awareness and impact of the 'Bubblewrap' advertising campaign among Aboriginal smokers in Western Australia. Tobacco Control, 19, 83-6.
15. Briggs, V. 1996. Smoking and health in the Koorie community. Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal, 20, 17-8.
16. Briggs V, L. K., Ivers R 2003. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and Tobacco. Tobacco Control, 12, 5-8.
17. Brinn, M. P., Carson, K. V., A. J., E., Chang, A. B. and Smith, B. J. 2010. Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1-56.
18. Bulterys, M. 1990. High incidence of sudden infant death syndrome amongst northern Indian and Alaskan Natives compared with southwestern Indians: Possible role of smoking. Journal of Community Health, 15, 185-94.
19. Burgess, D., Fu, S. S., Joseph, A. M., Hatsukami, D. K., Solomon, J. and Van Ryn, M. 2007. Beliefs and Experiences Regarding Smoking Cessation Among American Indians. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 9, S19-28.
20. Cahill, K. and Perera, R. 2011. Quit and win contests for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, 1-32.
21. Cahill, K., Stead, L. F. and Lancaster, T. 2012. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, 1-116.
22. Carson, K. V., Brinn, M. P., Labiszewski, N. A., Esterman, A. J., Chang, A. B. and Smith, B. J. 2011. Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1-140.
23. Carson, K. V., Brinn, M. P., Peters, M., Veale, A., Esterman, A. J. and Smith, B. J. 2012a. Interventions for smoking cessation in Indigenous populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
24. Carson, K. V., Labiszewski, N. A., Brinn, M. P., Peters, M. J., Chang, A. B., Veale, A., Esterman, A. J. and Smith, B. J. 2012b. Interventions for tobacco use prevention in Indigenous youth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, 1-26.
25. Carson, K. V., Usmani, Z. A., Robertson, T. A., Mysore, S. and Brinn, M. P. 2013. Smoking cessation interventions for lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer Management, 2, 1-14.
26. Carson, K. V., Verbiest, M. E. A., Crone, M. R., Brinn, M. P., Esterman, A. J. and Assendelft Wjj Et, A. L. 2012c. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
27. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention 2007. Cigarette smoking among adults - United States 2006. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report, 56, 1157-61.
28. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. Lung Cancer. Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/risk_factors.htm#2 [date accessed 17/01/2013].
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Us Department of Health and Human Services 2012. 2012 Surgeon General's Report - Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youthtobacco-use/full-report.pdf [accessed 29/04/2012].
30. Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Tobacco Control. 2005. International Indigenous tobacco control [Online]. Available: http://www.ceitc.org.au/international_indigenous_tobacco_control [Accessed 06/07/2010 2010].
31. Civljak M, K. E., Marlais M, Car J 2009. Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
32. Clausius, R. L., Krebill, R., Mayo, M. S., Bronars, C., Martin, L., Ahluwalia, J. S. and Cox, L. S. 2012. Evaluation of the Brief Quesionnaire of Smoking Urges in Black Light Smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14, 1110-4.
33. Clayton, S. 1991. Gender Differences in Psychosocial Determinants of Adolescent Smoking. Journal of School Health, 61, 115-20.
34. Clough, A. R., Robertson, J. A. and Maclaren, D. J. 2009. The gap in tobacco use between remote Indigenous Australian communities and the Australian population can be closed. Tobacco Control, 18, 335-336.
35. Coag Reform Council. 2012. Indigenous reform 2010-11: Comparing performance across Australia.
36. Cosh, S., Maksimovic, L., Ettridge, K., Copley, D. and A., B. J. 2012. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander utilisation of the Quitline service for smoking cessation in South Australia. Australian Journal of Primary Health, Online first 4 June 2012, 1-6.
37. Cotter, P. R., Condon, J. R., Barnes, T., Anderson, I., Smith, L. R. and Cunningham, T. 2012. Do Indigenous Australians age prematurely? The implications of life expectancy and health conditions of older Indigenous people for health and aged care policy. Australian Health Review, 36, 68-74.
38. Council of Australian Governments 2009. National Partnership Agreement on closing the gap in Indigenous Heatlh Outcomes. http://www.coag.gov.au/intergov_ agreements/federal_financial_relations/docs/national_partnership/NP_closing_the_Gap_indigenous_health_outcomes.pdf [accessed 30/05/2011].
39. Cunningham, C. and Stanley, F. 2003. Indigenous by definition, experience, or world view. BMJ, 327, 403-404.
40. D'addario, G., Fruh, M., Reck, M., Bauman, P., Klepetko, W., Felip, E. and Esmo Guideline Working Group 2010. Clinical practice guidelines: metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer:ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 21, v116-9.
41. Davis, T., Hunt, K., Mcaullay, D., Chubb, S. A. P., Sillars, B. A., Bruce, D. G. and Davis, W. A. 2012. Continuing Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Complications Between Aboriginal and Anglo-Celt Australians With Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 35, 1-8.
42. De Bruin-Visser, J. C., Ackerstaff, A. H., Rehorst, H., Retel, V. P. and Hilgers, F. J. 2012. Integration of a smoking cessation program in the treatment protocol for patients with head and neck and lung cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 269, 659-65.
43. De Vries, H., Mudde, A., Leijs, I., Charlton, A., Vartiainen, E. and Buijs G Et, A. L. 2003. The European Smoking prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): an example of integral prevention. Health Education Research, 18, 611-626.
44. Digiacomo, M., Davidson, P. M., Abbott, P. A., Davison, J., Moore, L. and Thompson, S. C. 2011. Smoking Cessation in Indigenous Populations of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States: Elements of Effective Interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Electronic Resource], 8, 388-410.
45. Eades, S. and Read, A. 1999. Infant care practices in a metropolitan aboriginal population Bibbulung Gnarneep Team. Journal of Paediatric Child Health, 35, 541-544.
46. Eades, S., Sanson-Fisher, R., Wenltong, M., Panaretto, K. S., D'este, C., Gilligan, C. and Stewart, J. 2012. An intensive smoking intervention for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia, 197, 42-6.
47. Edwards, R., Peace, J., Stanley, J., Atkinson, J., Wilson, N. and Thomson, G. 2012. Setting a Good Example? Changes in Smoking Prevalence Among Key Occupational Groups in New Zealand: Evidence From the 1981 and 2006 Censuses Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14, 329-37.
48. Eichner, J. E., Cravatt, K., Beebe, L. A., Blevins, K. S., Stoddart, M. L., Bursac, Z., Yeh, F., Lee, E. T. and Moore, W. E. 2005. Tobacco use among American Indians in Oklahoma:an epidemiologic view. Public Health Reports, 120, 192-199.
49. Eichner, J. E., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Lee, E. T. and Welty, T. K. 2010. Tobacco use and cardiovascular disease among American Indians: the strong heart study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Electronic Resource], 7, 3816-3830.
50. Elton-Marshall, T., Leatherdale, S. T. and Burkhalter, R. 2011. Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use among Aboriginal youth living off-reserve: results from the Youth Smoking Survey. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183, E480-E486.
51. European Commission. 2004. Tobacco or Health in the European Union: Past, present and future. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph.determinants/life.style/Tobacco/Documents/tobacco.fr.en.pdf [date accessed 17/01/2013].
52. Fiore, M. C., Croyle, R. T., Curry, S. J., Cutler, C. M., Davis, R. M. and Gordon C Et, A. L. 2004. Preventing 3 million premature deaths and helping 5 Million smokers quit: A national action plan for tobacco cessation. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 205-210.
53. Fiore, M. C., Jaen, C. and Baker, T. B. 2008. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63952/ [accessed 24/10/2012].
54. First Nations Center 2005. First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey (RHS) 2002/2003. Results for adults, youth and children living in first nations communities. First Nations Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
55. Fleming, C. B., Catalano, R. F., Mazza, J. J., Brown, E. C., Haggerty, K. P. and Harachi, T. W. 2008. After-school activities, misbehaviour in school, and delinquency from the end of elementary school through the beginning of high school: a test of social development model hypotheses. Journal of Early Adolescence, 28, 277-303.
56. Fowles, J. and Bates, M. 2000. The Chemical Constituents in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke: Priorities for Harm Reduction: A Report to the New Zealand Ministry of Health. Available: http://www.ndp.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagescm/1003/$File/chemicalconstituentscigarettespriorities.pdf [date accessed 17/01/2013].
57. Gordon, J. S., Albert, D. A., Crews, K. and Fried, J. 2009. Tobacco education in dentistry and dental hygiene. Drug and Alcohol Review, 28, 517-32.
58. Gould, G. S., Munn, J., Watters, T., Mcewen, A. and Clough, A. R. 2012. Knowledge and Views about Maternal Tobacco Smoking and Barriers for Cessation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: A Systematic Review and Meta-ethnography. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, Online first 4/10/12, 1-13.
59. Gryczynski, J., Feldman, R., Carter-Pokras, O., Kanamori, M., Chen, L. and Roth, S. 2010. Contexts of Tobacco Use and Perspectives on Smoking Cessation Among a Sample of Urban American Indians. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 21, 544-58.
60. Guindon, G. E. and World Health Organization. 2008. The cost attributable to tobacco use:a critical review of the literature. Population and Development Review [Online], 34. Available: http://www.jstor.org/pss/25434675 [accessed 23/12/2012].
61. Hartmann-Boyce, J., Cahill, K., Hatsukami, D. and Cornuz, J. 2012. Nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, 1-31.
62. Harvey, D., Tsey, K., Cadet-James, Y., Minniecon, D., Ivers, R., Mccalman, J., Lloyd, J. and Young, D. 2002. An evaluation of tobacco brief intervention training in three Indigenous health care settings in north Queensland. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 26, 426-431.
63. Health Canada. 2003. Smoking in Canada: an overview, Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey Fact-sheets [Online]. Available: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobactabac/research-recher-che/stat/_ctums-esutc_fs-if/2003-smok-fum_e.html.
64. Henningfield, J. E., Fant, R. V., Buchhalter, A. R. and Stitzer, M. L. 2005. Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence. CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 55, 281-99.
65. Holt, S., Timu-Parata, C., Ryder-Lewis, S., Weatherall, M. and Beasley, R. 2005. Efficacy of bupropion in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand. Thorax, 60, 120-3.
66. Horta, B., Kramer, M. S. and Platt, R. W. 2001. Maternal smoking and the risk of early warning: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 304-7.
67. Horta, B., Victoria, C., Menezes, A. and Barros, F. 1997. Environmental tobacco smoke and breast feedingduration. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 128-33.
68. Hughes, J. 2003. Learning to Smoke: Tobacco Use in the West, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2003.
69. Hughes, J. R., Stead, L. F. and Lancaster, T. 2011. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, 1-125.
70. Ivers, R. 2001. Indigenous Australians and Tobacco: a literature review. Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health, Darwin.
71. Ivers, R. and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2011. Anti-tobacco programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. IHW 37. Available: http://www.aihw.gov.au/closingthegap/documents/resource_sheets/ctgc-rs04.pdf [date accessed 17/01/2012].
72. Ivers, R., Farrington, M., Burns, C. B., Bailie, R., D'abbs, P. H., Richmond, R. L. and Tipiloura, E. 2007. A study of the use of free nicotine patches by Indigenous people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 486-90.
73. Ivers, R. G. 2003. A review of tobacco interventions for indigenous Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 294-299.
74. Ivers, R. G. 2004. An evidence-based approach to planning tobacco interventions for Aboriginal people. Drug Alcohol Rev, 23, 5-9.
75. Ivers, R. G., Farrington, M., Burns, C. B., Bailie, R. S., D'abbs, P. H. and Richmond Rl Et, A. L. 2003. A study of the use of free nicotine patches by Indigenous people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 486-490.
76. Jernigan, V. B. B., Duran, B., Ahn, D. and Winkleby, M. 2010. Changing Patterns in Health Behaviors and Risk Factors Related to Cardiovascular Disease Among American Indians and Alaska Natives. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 677-83.
77. Johnston, F., Beecham, R., Dalgleish, P., Malpraburr, T. and Gamarania, G. 1997. The Maningrida 'Be Smoke Free' Project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 8, 12-17.
78. Johnston, V., Thomas, D., Mcdonnell, J. and Andrews, R. M. 2011. Maternal smoking and smoking in the household during pregnancy and postpartum: findings from an Indigenous cohort in the Northern Territory. Medical Journal of Australia, 194, 556-9.
79. Johnston, V. and Thomas, D. P. 2008. Smoking behaviours in a remote Australian Indigenous community: The influence of family and other factors. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 1708-1716.
80. Johnston, V. and Thomas, D. P. 2010. What works in Indigenous tobacco control? The perceptions of remote Indigenous community members and health staff. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 21, 45-50.
81. Johnston, V., Walker, N., Thomas, D., Glover, M., Chang, A. B., Bullen, C., Morris, P., Brown, M., Hoorn, S. V., Borland, R., Segan, C., Trenholm, R., Mason, T., Fenton, D. and Ellis, K. 2010. The study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a familycentred tobacco control program about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to reduce respiratory illness in Indigenous infants. BMC Public Health, 10, 1-10.
82. Kamataki, T., Fujieda, M., Kiyotani, K., Iwano, S. and Kunitoh, H. 2005. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 as one of the potential determinants of tobacco-related cancer risk. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338, 206-10.
83. Kandel, D. B., Hu, M. C., Schaffran, C., Udry, J. R. and Benowitz, N. L. 2007. Urine nicotine metabolites and smoking behavior in a multiracial/multiethnic national sample of young adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 901-10.
84. King, T. K., Borrelli, B., Black, C., Pinto, B. M. and Marcus, B. H. 1997. Minority women and tobacco: Implications for smoking cessation interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 301-13.
85. Lai, D. C., Cahill, K., Qin, Y. and Tang, J. L. 2011. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, 1-40.
86. Lancaster T, S. L. 2005. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
87. Lancaster, T. and Stead, L. F. 2008. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, 1-52.
88. Laws, P., Grayson, L. and Sullivan, E. 2006. Smoking and pregnancy. National Perinatal Statistics Unit [Online].
89. Laws, P. and Hilder, L. 2008. Australia's Mothers and Babies 2006. National Perinatal Statistics Unit [Online].
90. Leavy, J., Wood, L., Phillips, F. and Rosenberg, M. 2010. Try and try again: Qualitative insights into adolescent smoking experimentation and notions of addiction. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 21, 208-214.
91. Lerman, C., Tyndale, R. F., Patterson, F., Wileyto, E. P., Shields, P. G., Pinto, A. and Benowitz, N. L. 2006. Nicotine metabolite ratio predicts efficacy of transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 79, 600-8.
92. Li, J., Zhao, M., He, P., Hidalgo, M. and Baker, S. D. 2007. Differential Metabolism of Gefitinib and Erlotinib by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Clinical Cancer Research, 13, 3731-7.
93. Lindorff, K. and Organisation., C. N. A. C. C. H. 2002. Tobacco - time for action. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Tobacco Control Project. Final Report. http://www.weftweb.net/naccho/Files/NACCHO_Tobacco_report.pdf [accessed 17/07/2011].
94. Lowe, J. B., Saeck, L., Brough, M., Carmont, S. A., Clavarino, A., Stanton, W., Balanda, K. and Shannon, C. 2004. Smoking behaviour among Indigenous secondary school students in North Queensland. Drug Alcohol Rev, 23, 101-7.
95. Mackay, J., Eriksen, M. and Shafey, O. 2006. The Tobacco Atlas, Georgia, USA, American Cancer Society.
96. Madden, R., Tickle, L., Pulver, L. J. and Ring, I. 2012. Estimating Indigenous life expectancy : pitfalls with consequences. Journal of population research, 29, 269-81.
97. Mathers, C. D. and Loncar, D. 2006. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med, 3, e442.
98. Mcdonald, J. T. and Trenholm, R. 2010. Cancer-related health behaviours and health service use among Inuit and other residents of Canada's north. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 1396-1403.
99. Mcrobbie, H., Bullen, C., Glover, M., Whittaker, R., Wallace-Bell, M., Fraser, T. and New Zealand Guidelines, G. 2008. New Zealand smoking cessation guidelines. [see comment]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121, 57-70.
100. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 2010. Nicorette Quickmist 1MG/Spray Mouthspray. Available: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con194682.pdf [date accessed 17/01/2013].
101. Ministry of Health 2004. Clearing the Smoke: A five-year plan for tobacco control in New Zealand (2004-2009). http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/AAFC588B348744B9CC256F39006EB29E/$File/clearingthesmoke.pdf [accessed 30/05/2011].
102. Ministry of Health Tobacco Control Team, Roberts, F., Devlin, M. And Bhattacharya, A. 2009. Tobacco Trends 2008: A brief update of tobacco use in New Zealand. http://www.moh.govt.nz [accessed 17/07/2011]. Wellington: Ministry of Health; Manatu Hauora.
103. Mohammad, A., Crews, K., Taybos, G. and Vancevitch, P. 2006. Academy of oral medicine clinician's guide to tobacco cessation: Integrating medicine and dentistry.
104. Mohsin, M. and Bauman, A. E. 2005. Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 5, 138.
105. Mwenifumbo, J. C., Sellers, E. M. and Tyndale, R. F. 2007. Nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 activity in a population of black African descent: impact of gender and light smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89, 24-33.
106. Nettelton, C., Napolitano, D. and Stephens, C. 2007. Overview of Current Knowledge of the Social Determinants of Indigenous Health. A working paper commissioned by the Commision on Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organisation.
107. Oster, R. T., Johnson, J. A., Balko, S. U., Svenson, L. W. and Toth, E. L. 2012. Increasing rates of diabetes amongst status Aboriginal youth in Alberta, Canada. International Journal of Cicumpolar Health, 71, 1-7.
108. Panaretto, K. S., Mitchell, M. R., Anderson, L., Gilligan, C., Buettner, P., Larkins, S. L. and Eades, S. 2009. Tobacco use and measuring nicotine dependence among urban Indigenous pregnant women. Medical Journal of Australia, 191, 554-7.
109. Paradies, Y. 2006. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 888-901.
110. Passey, M. E., D'este, C., Stirling, J. M. and Sanson-Fisher, R. 2012. Factors associated with antenatal smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in two jurisdictions. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31, 608-16.
111. Patterson, F., Schnoll, R., Wileyto, E., Pinto, A., Epstein, L., Shields, P., Hawk, L., Tyndale, R., Benowitz, N. L. and Lerman, C. 2008. Toward Personalized Therapy for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Bupropion. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 84, 320-5.
112. Penman, R. and Australian Government Department of Families Community Services and Indigenous Affairs 2006. The 'growing up' of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: A literature review. http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/about/publicationsarticles/research/occasional/Documents/op15/op15.pdf [accessed 17/07/2011].
113. Petersen, P. E. 2009. Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century - implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 37, 1-8.
114. Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., Diclemente, C. C. and Fava, J. 1988. Measuring processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520-8.
115. Pullon, S., Mcleod, D., Benn, C., Viccars, A., White, S., Cookson, T., Dowell, A. and Green, R. 2003. Smoking cessation in New Zealand: education and resources for use by midwives for women who smoke during pregnancy. Health Promotion International, 18, 315-325.
116. Quaak, M., Van Schayck, C. P., Knaapen, A. M. and Van Schooten, F. J. 2009. Genetic variation as a predictor of smoking cessation success. A promising preventive and intervention tool for chronic respiratory diseases? European Respiratory Journal, 33, 468-80.
117. Reading, C. L. and Wien, F. 2009. Health Inequalities and Social Determinantsof Aboriginal Peoples' Health. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health; http://epub.sub.uni-hamburg.de/epub/volltexte/2009/3060/pdf/NCCAH_Loppie_Wien_Report.pdf [accessed 17/07/2011].
118. Reading, J. 2010. Peoples: A Challenge for Public Health, Population Health and Social Policy. http://www.cahr.uvic.ca/docs/ChronicDisease%20Final.pdf [accessed 27/04/2012].
119. Reading, J. and Allard, Y. 1999."The Tobacco Report." In First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey National Report. Ottawa: First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey National Steering Committee.
120. Rice Vh, S. L. 2008. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1.
121. Richmond, R., G-Novak, K., Koehoe, L., Calfas, G., Mendelsohn, C. P. and Wodak, A. 1998. Effect of training on general practitioners' use of a brief intervention for excessive drinkers. Aust N. Z. J Public Health, 22, 206-9.
122. Rigotti N, M. M., Stead LF 2007. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalized patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
123. Ring, I. And Brown, N. 2003. The health status of indigenous peoples and others. British Medical Journal, 327, 404-5.
124. SA Department of Health 2010. Aboriginal Health Care Plan 2010-2016/South Australia. http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/829485804451c671811f8d23cd3dffcb/Aboriginal+HC+Plan+1010.pdf?MOD= AJPERESandCACHEID=829485804451c671811f8d23cd3dffcb.
125. Schane, R. E., Ling, P. M. and Glantz, S. A. 2010. Health Effects of Light and Intermittent Smoking : A Review. Circulation, 121, 1518-22.
126. Schinke, S. P., Moncher, M. S. and Singer, B. R. 1994. Native American youths and cancer risk reduction. Effects of software intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 105-110.
127. Scollo, M. M. And Winstanley, M. H. 2008. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues; Chapter 8: Tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. http://www. tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-8-aptsi [accessed 17/07/2011].
128. Scragg, R. and Laugesen, M. 2007. Influence of smoking by family and best friend on adolescent tobacco smoking: results from the 2002 New Zealand national survey of Year 10 students. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31, 217-223.
129. Sibthorpe, B. M., Bailie, R. S., Brady, M. A., Ball, S. A., Sumner-Dodd, P., Hall, W. D., Pettigrew, A. and Gavranic, T. 2002. The demise of a planned randomised controlled trial in an urban Aboriginal medical service. The Medical Journal of Australia, 176, 273-76.
130. Smith, B. J., Carson, K. V., Brinn, M. P., Labiszewski, N. A., Peters, M. J., Fitridge, R., Koblar, S. A., Jannes, J., Veale, A., Goldsworthy, S. J., Litt, J., Edwards, D. and Esterman, A. 2012. Smoking Termination Opportunity for inPatients (STOP): superiority of a course of varenicline tartrate plus counselling over counselling alone for smoking cessation: a 12-month randomised controlled trial for inpatients. Thorax, Online first 19 Sept 1-2.
131. Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D. and Lancaster, T. 2008. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, 1-165.
132. Taylor, L. K., Bentley, J., Hunt, J., Madden, R., Mckeown, S., Brandt, P. and Baker, D. 2012. Enhanced reporting of deaths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples using linked administrative health datasets. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12, 1-8.
133. Thomas, D. 2009. Smoking prevalence trends in Indigenous Australians 1994-2004: a typical rather than an exceptional epidemic. International Journal for Equity in Health, 8, 1-7.
134. Thomas, D. 2012. Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994-2008. Medical Journal of Australia, 197, 503-6.
135. Thompson-Evans, T. P., Glover, M. and Walker, M. 2011. Cytisine's Potential to Be Used as a Traditional Healing Method to Help Indigenous People Stop Smoking: A Qualitative Study With Maori Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 13, 353-60.
136. Thompson, M. and Robertson, J. 2010. A review of the barriers preventing Indigenous Health Workers delivering tobacco interventions to their communities. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 35, 47-53.
137. Thornley, S., Jackson, G., Mcrobbie, H., Sinclair, S. and Smith, J. 2010. Few smokers in South Auckland access subsidised nicotine replacement therapy. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 123, 16-27.
138. Tomar, S. L. and Asma, S. 2000. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States:findings from NHANES III: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Periodontology, 71, 743-51.
139. US Department of Health and Human Services 1998. Tobacco use among US Racial/Ethical minority groups - African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics: A Report of the Surgeon General. Trends in Tobacco Use.
140. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004. The Health Consequences of Smoking:A Report of the Surgeon General. Surgeon General's Reports [Online]. Available:http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/smokingconsequences/index.html [Accessed 14/10/2012].
141. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2010a. 2010 Surgeon General's Report - How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease. Surgeon General's Reports [Online]. Available: http://www. cdc. gov/tobacco/data_ statistics/sgr/2010/ [date accessed 17/01/2013].
142. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2010b. Ending the Tobacco Epidemic: A Tobacco Control Strategic Action Plan for the U. S. Department of Heatlh and Human Services. http://www. hhs. gov/ash/initiatives/tobacco/tobacco strategicplan 2010. pdf [accessed 30/05/2011].
143. Ussher, M. H., Taylor, A. and Faulkner, G. 2012. Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, 1-50.
144. Vetelino, M. G., Wirtz, M. C., Arnold, E. P., Huang, J., Sands, S. B., Davis, T. I., Lebel, L. A., Fox, C. B., Shrikhande, A., Heym, J. H., Schaeffer, E., Rollema, H., Lu, Y., Mansbach, R. S., Chambers, L. K., Rovetti, C. C., Schulz, D. W., Tingley, F. D. and O'neill, B. T. 2005. Varenicline: An α4β2 Nicotinic Receptor Partial Agonist for Smoking Cessation. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48, 3474-7.
145. Vinnikov, D., Brimkulov, N. and Burjubaeva, A. 2008. A doubleblind, randomised, placebocontrolled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation in medium-dependent workers. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 3, 57-62.
146. Wang, Z., Hoy, W. and Si, D. 2010. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in Aboriginal Australians:an 11-year prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 10, 1-5.
147. Wardman, A. E. D. and Khan, N. A. 2005. Registered Indians and tobacco taxation. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96, 451-3.
148. Warren, C., Lea, V., Lee, J., Jones, N., Asma, S. and Mckenna, M. 2009. Change in tobacco use among 13-15 year olds between 1999 and 2008: findings from the Global youth Tobacco Survey. Global Health Promotion, 16, 38-90.
149. West, R., Zatonski, W., Cedzynska, M., Lewandowska, D., Pazik, J., Aveyard, P. A. and Stapleton, J. 2011. Placebo-controlled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 1193-200.
150. White, A. R., Rampes, H., Liu, J. P., Stead, L. F. and Campbell, J. 2011. Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, 1-71.
151. White, V., Mason, T. and Briggs, V. 2009. How do trends in smoking prevalence among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian secondary students between 1996 and 2005 compare? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33, 147-153.
152. Wills, R. A. and Coory, M. D. 2008. Effect of smoking among Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers on preterm birth and fullterm low birthweight. Medical Journal of Australia, 189, 490-4.
153. Wood, L., France, K., Hunt, K., Eades, S. and Slack-Smith, L. 2008. Indigenous women and smoking during pregnancy: knowledge, cultural contexts and barriers to cessation. Soc Sci Med, 66, 2378-89.
154. World Health Organization 2005. The role of health professionals in tobacco control. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr22/en/index.html (accessed10/10/2011).
155. World Health Organization. 2008. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic: The MPOWER package. Available: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/ mpower_report_full_2008.pdf [accessed 22/01/13].
156. Zatonski, W., Cedzynska, M., Tutka, P. and West, R. 2006. An uncontrolled trial of cytisine (Tabex) for smoking cessation. Tobacco Control, 15, 481-4.
157. Zhou, X., Nonnemaker, J., Sherrill, B., W., G. A., Coste, F. and West, R. 2009. Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: Factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 365-73.
158. Zhu, A. Z. X., Binnington, M. J., Renner, C. C., Lanier, A., Hatsukami, D., Stepanov, I., Watson, C. H., Sosnoff, C. S., Benowitz, N. L. and Tyndale, R. 2013. Alaska Native smokers and smokeless tobacco users with slower CYP2A6 activity have lower tobacco consumption, lower tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposure and lower tobacco-specific nitrosamine bioactivation. Carcinogenesis, 34, 93-101.
159. Zwar, N. A., Richmond, R., Borland, R., Peters, M., Litt, J., Bell, J., Caldwell, B. and Ferretter, I. 2012. Supporting smoking cessation: a guide for health professionals: Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Updated June 2012.
160. Zwar, N. A., Richmond, R. L., Davidson, D. and Hasan, I. 2009. Postgraduate education for doctors in smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 28, 466-73.