Aviation and the European Union's emission trading scheme

The European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: Climate and Aviation Considerations

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 29-81

  Leggett, Jane A ^a   Elias, Bart ^a   Shedd, Daniel T ^a  

^a CRS ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895222686     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (65)

1. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention," Decision 1/CP.16. 2010.
2. See, for example, America's Climate Choices: Panel on Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change; National Research Council. Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2010.
3. For background on the international negotiations to address climate change, see CRS Report R40001, A US-Centric Chronology of the International Climate Change Negotiations, by Jane A. Leggett.
4. Emissions from international maritime transport pose a similar challenge.
5. Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol.
6. 2) emissions are covered by the EU ETS. For some sectors, the EU ETS limits other GHG as well.
7. Airlines for America (A4A) was called the Air Transport Association (ATA) until mid-2011. Both names are used throughout this report, depending on the context and timing of events in the discussion.
8. 2 Highlights 1971-2009." Paris, France, 2011.
9. 2 emissions from fossil fuels using IEA data, 1971-2009.
10. ICAO statistics.
11. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. "National Transportation Statistics." US Department of Transportation, Table 4-20. Data extracted January 23, 2012.
12. Federal Aviation Administration, FAA's NextGen Implementation Plan, March 2011.
13. SESAR Joint Undertaking, European Air Traffic Management Master Plan, Edition 1, Brussels, Belgium, March 30, 2009.
14. Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Backgrounder: Boeing 787 Dreamliner Being Designed for Environmental Performance, Seattle, W.A.
15. Airbus, A350 XWB, available at http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a350xwbfamily/.
16. See, e.g., Max Kinsley-Jones, "No A320 Replacement 'Until 2024': Airbus," Flightglobal, available at http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/no-a320-replacement-until-2024-airbus-332442/.
17. Geiver, Luke. "'If you build it, we will buy it' says airline CEO on biojet fuel," Biorefining Magazine. November 10, 2011. http://www.biorefiningmagazine.com/articles/5938/if-you-build-it-we-will-buy-it-says-airline-ceo-on-biojet-fuel.
18. Airlines International. "Environment-The Growth of Biofuels." International Air Transport Association (IATA), January 2010. http://www.iata.org/pressroom/airlines-international/december-2010/pages/environment.aspx.
19. Hileman, James I., David S. Ortiz, James T. Bartis, Hsin Min Wong, Pearl E. Donohoo, Malcolm A. Weiss, and Ian A. Waitz. Near-Term Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels. Santa Monica CA: RAND Corporation, sponsored by the FAA, 2009. http://web.mit. edu/aeroastro/partner/reports/proj17/altfuelfeasrpt.pdf.
20. ICAO. ICAO Environment Report 2010: Aviation and Climate Change. Quebec, Canada: published under the authority of the Secretary General, 2010. p. 31.
21. Runge-Metzger, Artur. "Aviation and Emissions Trading: ICAO Council Briefing" presented at the ICAO Council, September 29, 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation/docs/presentation_icao_en.pdf.
22. For more information on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and on the Kyoto Protocol, see CRS Report R40001, A US-Centric Chronology of the International Climate Change Negotiations, by Jane A. Leggett.
23. For a simple explanation of how an emissions cap-and-trade system works, see the Policy Tools section of CRS Report R41973, Climate Change: Conceptual Approaches and Policy Tools, by Jane A. Leggett.
24. 2 alone.
25. http://www.sesarju.eu/about/background.http://www.sesarju.eu/about/background.
26. EU. "Argumentaire: Inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS." Provided by the European Union Delegation to the United States of America, 2011.
27. Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community.
28. For a simple explanation of how an emissions cap-and-trade system works, see the Policy Tools section of CRS Report R41973, Climate Change: Conceptual Approaches and Policy Tools, by Jane A. Leggett.
29. 2 alone.
30. http://www.sesarju.eu/about/background.http://www.sesarju.eu/about/background.
31. EU. "Argumentaire: Inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS." Provided by the European Union Delegation to the United States of America, 2011.
32. Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community.
33. De minimis criteria exclude from the ETS directive the following types of flights: 50 Maher, Sid. "Europe's $287bn carbon 'waste': UBS report." The Australian, November 23, 2011. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/europes-287bn-carbon-waste-ubs-report/story-fn59niix1226203068972.
34. Maher, Sid. "Europe's $287bn carbon 'waste': UBS report." The Australian, November 23, 2011. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/europes-287bn-carbon-waste-ubs-report/story-fn59niix1226203068972.
35. IATA, IATA Economics, Jet Fuel Price Monitor, price extracted 5 March 2012. http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/economics/fuel_monitor/Pages/index.aspx.
36. Ernst & Young and York Aviation. Inclusion of Aviation in the EU ETS: Cases for Carbon Leakage, October 31, 2008.
37. This section was prepared by Daniel T. Shedd, CRS Legislative Attorney, 7-8441.
38. Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change, 2011 available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text =&docid= 117193&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst& dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=381567.
39. The ATA has since changed its name to Airlines for America, A4A.
40. The US-EU Air Transport Agreement, signed April 30, 2007. http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ata/e/eu/114768.htm.
41. Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change, 2011 available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=110742& pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=381567.
42. Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change, ¶ 71, 2011; Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change, ¶ 74, 2011.
43. Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change, 90 Madhu Unnikrishnan, "US Threatens Action Against EU ETS," Aviation Daily, December 20, 2011.
44. "US Demands Data From European and US Airlines As It Fires Off First Retaliatory Salvo In Growing Dispute With EU Over ETS," GreenAir Online.com, available at http://www. greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1412.
45. Airlines for America, A4A Comment on DOT Request for Airline Emissions Data, Washington, DC, December 16, 2011, available at http://www.airlines.org/Pages/news_12-16-2011.aspx.
46. "Aviation and Emissions Trading," July 10, 2008, EurActive.com at http://www. euractiv. com/en/climate-change/aviation-emissions-trading/article-139728.
47. Mukherjee, Krittivas. "India, EU try to break logjam over airline carbon tax." Reuters Online, February 3, 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/03/uk-india-eu-airlines-idUSLNE 81202520120203.
48. The Hindu Business Line. "Retaliatory Action Likely Against EU for Carbon Tax on Airlines from India." Jan. 30, 2012. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2845392.ece.
49. "Joint declaration of the Moscow meeting on inclusion of international civil aviation in the EU-ETS." As reported by Russian Aviation. Moscow, 22 February. http://www. ruaviation. com/docs/1/2012/2/22/50/print/.
50. 2 rules agree on tactics." Reuters.com, February 22, 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/22/eu-airlines-idUSL5E8DM3YD20120222.
51. EU Ambassador to New Delhi Joao Cravinho, as quoted in Euroactiv.com, "EU envoy pushes airline carbon law waivers," 24 January 2012. http://www.euractiv.com/climate-environment/eu-envoy-pushes-airline-carbon-lawwaivers-news-510351.
52. Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol.
53. ICAO, "Statement from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to the thirty-fifth Session of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA 35)" (Durban, South Africa; November 28 to December 3, 2011).
54. The first allocation of emission allowances to aircraft operators is February 28, 2012.
55. http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
56. Chicago Convention Article 37.
57. Chicago Convention Articles 11 and 15.
58. The United States is a member of CAE.P.
59. The United States is on the ICAO Council.
60. ICAO. Report of the Executive Committee on Agenda Item 15. ICAO, December 4, 2004. ICA.O.
61. ICAO. 2004. op. cit., Appendix I.
62. ICAO. "A37-19: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection-Climate Change." October 2011. http://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/A37-Env-Resos-9958.pdf. Clauses 4 and 5.
63. For more information on assistance to low income countries to address climate change, see CRS Report R41808, International Climate Change Financing: Needs, Sources, and Delivery Methods, by Richard K. Lattanzio and Jane A. Leggett.
64. ICAO Assembly Resolution A33-7 Appendix I, adopted by the 33rd Session of the ICAO Assembly in September/October 2001.
65. The "technology following" approach is in contrast to a "technology forcing" approach, which sets standards based on technologies that are demonstrated and commercially available, but in use only by the leading edge (a minority) of manufacturers and operators.