The Iowa precinct caucuses: The making of a media event, third edition

The Iowa Precinct Caucuses: The Making of a Media Event, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-363

  Winebrenner, Hugh ^a   Goldford, Dennis J ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84895149383     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (570)

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55. -. 1983. Telephone interview with author, March 27.
56. Republican Party of Iowa. 1980. Suggested Procedure for Precinct Caucuses, January 21, 1980. Mimeographed.
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59. Schier, Steven E. 1980. The Rules of the Game: Democratic National Convention Delegate Selection in Iowa and Wisconsin. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America.
60. Apple, R. W., Jr. 1972. "Muskie Is Victor in Iowa Caucuses." New York Times, January 26, p. 16.
61. Bender, Richard. 1983. Telephone interview with author, March 23. Bender was the director of operations of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1970 to 1975.
62. Brown, Ralph. 1983. Telephone interview with author, March 16. Brown was the executive director of the Iowa Republican party from 1975 to 1977.
63. Chapman, William. 1972. "Iowa Caucuses Back Muskie, 33% Undecided." Washington Post, January 26, p. A4.
64. Clifton, C. C. 1952. "Huge Turnout by Republican Voters in D. M." Des Moines Register, March 8, p. 1.
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67. Flansburg, James. 1972a. "Iowa Swing by McGovern in Demo Bid." Des Moines Register, January 13, pp. 1, 3.
68. -. 1972b. "Democrats Hold County Parleys." Des Moines Register, February 28, pp. 1, 8.
69. -. 1972c. "State Democratic Leader Sees Muskie Out of Race." Des Moines Register, April 28, pp. 1, 6.
70. -. 1972d. "McGovern and Muskie Split." Des Moines Register, May 21, p. 1B.
71. Flansburg, James, and James O'Shea. 1972. "McGovern Gains Strength in 20-Hour State Parley." Des Moines Register, May 22, pp. 1, 10.
72. Gallup, George. 1972. "Muskie Leads Kennedy in Survey of Democrats." Des Moines Register, January 23, p. 4B.
73. Hart, Gary. 1973. Right from the Start: A Chronicle of the McGovern Campaign. New York: Quadrangle Books.
74. Iowa Democratic Party. 1980. Precinct Caucus Kit, 1980. Mimeographed.
75. -. 1996. Constitution. Amended 1996.
76. Johnson, Stephen M. 1972. "See Caucus 'Packed' in Precinct 70." Des Moines Register, January 27, pp. 1, 7.
77. Johnson, Stephen M., and Christine Hansen. 1972. "Report Little Controversy at Republican Caucuses." Des Moines Register, April 5, pp. 1, 7.
78. Larson, Clifton. 1981. Telephone interview with author, February 23. Larson was the chair of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1970 to 1973.
79. Miller, Norman. 1972. "As Iowa Goes⋯?" Wall Street Journal, January 19, pp. 1, 25.
80. Mills, George. 1968a. "Iowa G. O. P. in Caucuses." Des Moines Register, March 4, p. 9.
81. -. 1968b. "Add Fire to Already Hot Party Battle." Des Moines Register, March 17, pp. 1, 3.
82. -. 1968c. "Foes Capture Large Share of Delegates." Des Moines Register, March 27, pp. 1, 3.
83. -. 1968d. "Rasmussen Tells of 'Irregularities.'" Des Moines Register, April 4, pp. 1, 3.
84. Newsweek. 1972.
85. O'Shea, James. 1972. "McCarthy Fans' Fervor Missing." Des Moines Register, January 23, p. 4B.
86. Patterson, Thomas E. 1980. The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their President. New York: Praeger.
87. Republican Party of Iowa. 1980. Suggested Procedure for Precinct Caucuses, January 21, 1980. Mimeographed.
88. -. 1996. Constitution. Amended 1996.
89. Risser, James. 1972. "Muskie Wins Support of Senator Hughes." Des Moines Register, January 18, pp. 1, 4.
90. Robinson, Michael J., and Margaret A. Sheehan. 1983. Over the Wire and on TV: CBS and UPI in Campaign '80. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
91. Schier, Steven E. 1980. The Rules of the Game: Democratic National Convention Delegate Selection in Iowa and Wisconsin. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America.
92. Seplow, Stephen. 1968. "Hughes Says Johnson 'No' Shocks Him." Des Moines Register, April 1, pp. 1, 10.
93. Weaver, Warren. 1968. "McCarthy Gets About 40%, Johnson and Nixon on Top in New Hampshire Voting." New York Times, March 13, pp. 1, 33.
94. Apple, R. W. 1975. "Carter Appears to Hold a Solid Lead in Iowa As the Campaign's First Test Approaches." New York Times, October 27, p. 17L.
95. -. 1976a. "Democratic Chiefs Beginning to Rate Presidential Rivals." New York Times, January 12, pp. 1, 19.
96. -. 1976b. "Carter Defeats Bayh by 2-1 in Iowa Vote; Many Uncommitted." New York Times, January 20, pp. 1, 20.
97. -. 1976c. "Carter Is Regarded as Getting Big Gain from Iowa Results." New York Times, January 21, pp. 1, 28.
98. Arterton, F. Christopher. 1978a. "Campaign Organizations Confront the Media-Political Environment." In Race for the Presidency: The Media and the Nominating Process, edited by James D. Bárber, 3-25. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
99. -. 1978b. "The Media Politics of Presidential Campaigns: A Study of the Carter Nomination Drive." In Race for the Presidency: The Media and the Nominating Process, edited by James D. Barber, 26-54. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
100. Brown, Ralph. 1986. Telephone interview with author, April 23. Brown was the executive director of the Iowa Republican party from 1975 to 1977.
101. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. 1983.
102. Democratic National Committee. 1978. Delegate Selection Rules for the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Mimeographed.
103. Des Moines Register. 1975 and 1976.
104. Flansburg, James. 1975a. "Carter Urges Withdrawal of Troops in Far East." Des Moines Register, February 27, p. 34.
105. -. 1975b. "Jimmy Carter: Iowans Find He's No Maddox." Des Moines Register, March 2, pp. 1, 6.
106. -. 1975c. "Democrats to Be Polled on Nominees." Des Moines Register, September 22, p. 1A.
107. -. 1975d. "8 Bring Presidential Campaigns to Iowa." Des Moines Register, October 25, p. 1A.
108. -. 1975e. "McGovern Challenges '76 Hopefuls." Des Moines Register, October 26, pp. 1A, 14A.
109. -. 1975f. "Carter Tops Democratic Straw Poll." Des Moines Register, October 27, p. 1A.
110. -. 1976a. "Campaign 76: Issues Bow to Organization. " Des Moines Register, January 4, pp. 1A, 16A.
111. -. 1976b. "Reagan in D. M. to Rally Supporters." Des Moines Register, January 18, p. 5A.
112. -. 1976c. "Parties Set for Caucuses in Iowa Tonight." Des Moines Register, January 19, pp. 1A, 7A.
113. -. 1976d. "Demo Caucus Projections Misleading." Des Moines Register, January 25, pp. 1A, 5A.
114. Hollobaugh, Dix. 1976. "Rubbing Shoulders with the Media at $10 a Head." Des Moines Register, January 20, p. 7A.
115. Hunt, Albert R. 1976. "The Campaigning in Iowa Adds Up to Just About Zero." Wall Street Journal, January 15, pp. 1, 20.
116. Iowa Democratic Party. 1980. Precinct Caucus Kit, 1980. Mimeographed.
117. Iowa General Assembly. 1975 and 1978. Acts and Resolutions. Des Moines: State of Iowa.
118. Matthews, Donald R. 1978. "Winnowing." In Race for the Presidency: The Media and the Nominating Process, edited by James D. Barber, 55-78. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
119. Newsweek. 1976.
120. Paletz, David L., and Robert M. Entman. 1981. Media, Power, Politics. New York: Free Press.
121. Robinson, Michael J. 1981. "The Media in 1980: Was the Message the Message?" In The American Elections of 1980, edited by Austin Ranney, 177-211. Washington, D. C.: American Enterprise Institute.
122. Roth, Luke. 1984. Telephone interview with author, December 7. Roth was the executive director of the Iowa Republican party from 1983 to 1985.
123. Schier, Steven E. 1980. The Rules of the Game: Democratic National Convention Delegate Selection in Iowa and Wisconsin. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America.
124. Schram, Martin. 1977. Running for President 1976: The Carter Campaign. New York: Stein and Day.
125. Steffen, J. P. 1984. Interview with author, December 4. Steffen was the caucus chair from 1983 to 1991 and the executive director of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1991 to 1993.
126. Time. 1976.
127. U. S. News and World Report. 1976.
128. Wall Street Journal. 1976.
129. Whitney, Tom. 1986. Written comments to author, June 5. Whitney was the chair of the Iowa Democratic party from 1973 to 1977.
130. Witcover, Jules. 1976. "Iowa Victory Gives Carter Momentum." Washington Post, January 21, pp. Al, A4.
131. -. 1977. Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1971-1976. New York: Viking Press.
132. Bittick, Scott. 1980. Interview with author, January 23. Bittick was a caucus member.
133. Bonsignoir, Lou. 1986. Telephone interview with author, July 16. Bonsignoir was the organization director of the Iowa Republican party from 1979 to 1980.
134. Broder, David. 1980. "Kennedy's Challenge Suffers Big Setback." Washington Post, January 22, pp. Al, A4.
135. Bullard, Charles, and Debra Kneeland. 1980. "Ruan, Candidate Fall Short in 'Mighty 74.'" Des Moines Register, January 22, p. IB.
136. Campbell, Edward, et al. v. Iowa State Democratic Central Committee and David Nagel. 1984. No. 83-115-W, 6 (Southern District of Iowa, January 17).
137. Clymer, Adam. 1980a. "Candidates and Issues: Caucus Day in Iowa." Des Moines Register, January 20, p. 4C.
138. -. 1980b. "Carter Wins Strong Victory in Iowa As Bush Takes Lead over Reagan. " New York Times, January 22, pp. Al, A16.
139. -. 1980c. "Candidates Shifting Tactics." New York Times, January 23, pp. Al, A16.
140. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. 1980 and 1983.
141. Democratic National Committee. 1978. Delegate Selection Rules for the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Mimeographed.
142. Des Moines Register. 1979 and 1980.
143. Federal Election Commission. 1981. FEC Reports on Financial Activity, 1979-80: Final Report, Presidential Pre-Nomination Campaigns. Washington, D. C.: Federal Election Commission.
144. Flansburg, James. 1979a. "Ames Dinner Attracts Eight GOP Candidates." Des Moines Register, October 13, p. 4A.
145. -. 1979b. "Reagan: Debate Decision Based on Unity Wish." Des Moines Register, December 15, p. 16A.
146. -. 1979c. "Iowa Forum Is Virtually Ruled Out: President Cites Iran and Afghan Crises." Des Moines Register, December 29, pp. 1A, 5A.
147. -. 1979d. "Carter Is Busy in Iran, but There's a Credibility Gap. " Des Moines Register, December 30, p. 2C.
148. -. 1980a. "Decisive Week for Kennedy Campaign. " Des Moines Register, January 6, pp. IB, 3B.
149. -. 1980b. "Brown Drops from Caucus Race." Des Moines Register, January 17, pp. 1A, 9A.
150. Flansburg, James, and Daniel Pedersen. 1979. "President's Slick Machine." Des Moines Register, October 21, pp. 1A, 5A, 6A.
151. Flansburg, James, Daniel Pedersen, and David Yepsen. 1979. "Dole, Crane Candidacies Seem Doomed: Speculation Arises at Dinner in Ames." Des Moines Register, October 15, pp. 1A, 4A.
152. Flansburg, James, James Risser, and Diane Graham. 1980. "Forum Backs Hostage Policy: but Blames Carter for Crisis." Des Moines Register, January 6, pp. 1A, 4A.
153. Flansburg, James, and David Yepsen. 1979. "Reagan's Iowa Drive Loses Steam." Des Moines Register, October 28, pp. 1A, 13A.
154. -. 1980a. "Reagan: Loss in Iowa Aided My Campaign. " Des Moines Register, June 8, pp. 1A, 4A.
155. -. 1980b. "Culver Raps Effort to Bar Anderson. " Des Moines Register, June 15, pp. 1A, 10A.
156. Flansburg, James, David Yepsen, and Daniel Pedersen. 1979. "GOP Hopefuls in Iowa." Des Moines Register, October 14, pp. 1 A, 8A.
157. Germond, Jack, and Jules Witcover. 1979a. "Stacking Deck for Bush?" Des Moines Register, October 1, p. 10A.
158. -. 1979b. "Reagan Slipping in Iowa, or Just Waiting for the Kill?" Des Moines Register, November 12, p. 10A.
159. Graham, Diane. 1979. "ABC to Cover Both Debates Live from Des Moines." Des Moines Register, December 19, p. 4A.
160. Hainey, Mark. 1980. "In Media Event, Media Are Part of the Event." Des Moines Register, January 22, p. 5A.
161. Hyde, Tim. 1986. Telephone interviews with author, July 3 and 17. Hyde was the executive director of the Iowa Republican party from 1980 to 1983.
162. Iowa General Assembly. 1983. Acts and Resolutions. Des Moines: State of Iowa.
163. Jones, Charles O. 1981. "Nominating Carter's Favorite Opponent: The Republicans in 1980." In The American Elections of 1980, edited by Austin Ranney, 61-98. Washington, D. C.: American Enterprise Institute.
164. Leavitt, Paul. 1979. "Gov. Brown Accepts Bid to D. M. Debate." Des Moines Register, December 4, pp. 1A, 7A.
165. Mitofsky, Warren. 1986. Telephone interview with author, July 9. Mitofsky was the director of the elections and survey unit of CBS News.
166. Newsweek. 1979 and 1980.
167. New York Times. 1980.
168. Pedersen, Daniel. 1980. "Forum Backs Hostage Policy: They Came to Hear, Question, Decide." Des Moines Register, January 6, pp. 1A, 5A.
169. Pedersen, Daniel, James Flansburg, and David Yepsen. 1979. "Mondale Dismayed at White House Anger on Clark Defection. " Des Moines Register, November 4, pp. 1A, 12A.
170. Pedersen, Daniel, and David Yepsen. 1980. "Bush Assails Reagan Plan on Welfare." Des Moines Register, January 21, pp. 1A, 3A.
171. Perry, James, and Albert Hunt. 1980. "Carter and Bush Win 1st Round but Have No Knockdowns Yet." Wall Street Journal, January 23, pp. 1, 37.
172. Peterson, Bill. 1980. "Baker Distant Third in the Iowa Caucuses." Washington Post, January 22, pp. Al, A5.
173. Plissner, Martin. 1986. Telephone interviews with author, June 18 and July 7. Plissner is the executive political director of CBS Television.
174. Roberts, Trish. 1984. Interview with author, February 11. Roberts was a reporter for National Public Television.
175. Robinson, Michael J. 1981. "The Media in 1980: Was the Message the Message?" In The American Elections of 1980, edited by Austin Ranney, 177-211. Washington, D. C.: American Enterprise Institute.
176. Robinson, Michael J., and Margaret A. Sheehan. 1983. Over the Wire and on TV: CBS and UPI in Campaign '80. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
177. Smith, Hedrick. 1980. "Reagan Defeated by Bush in Iowa; Carter Deals Kennedy Big Setback: Senator Assesses Campaign. " New York Times, January 23, pp. Al, A17.
178. Sperling, Godfrey, Jr. 1980. "Carter, Bush: What Iowa Victories Mean. " Christian Science Monitor, January 23, pp. 1, 10.
179. Television News Index and Abstracts. 1975-76 and 1979-80. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University.
180. Time. 1980.
181. Washington Post 1980.
182. Yepsen, David. 1979a. "2nd District Tally Favors Bush, Connally." Des Moines Register, October 12, p. 6A.
183. -. 1979b. "Inconclusive Results Seen in Straw Poll." Des Moines Register, November 6, p. 3A.
184. -. 1986. Telephone interview with author, July 7. Yepsen is the chief political reporter for the Des Moines Register.
185. Baker, Russell. 1983. "Handicappers." New York Times Magazine, February 6, p. 12.
186. Broder, David, and Dan Balz. 1984. "Hart Declares Contest Will Narrow to Two." Washington Post, February 22, pp. Al, A12.
187. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. 1983 and 1984.
188. Congressional Record. 1985.
189. Des Moines Register. 1983 and 1984.
190. Dillin, John. 1984. "Iowa Caucuses Reshuffle Field of Democrats." Christian Science Monitor, February 22, pp. 1, 28.
191. Elbert, David. 1984. "Poll Finds McGovern 'Won' Debate." Des Moines Register, February 17, pp. 1A, 13A.
192. Federal Election Commission. 1986. FEC Reports on Financial Activity, 1983-84: Final Report, Presidential Pre-Nomination Campaigns. Washington, D. C.: Federal Election Commission.
193. Fuson, Ken, and James Healey. 1984. "Glenn Replaces National Campaign Director." Des Moines Register, January 27, p. 1M.
194. Gailey, Phil. 1983. "Arms Curb Debate Sets Glenn Apart from Rivals." New York Times, August 16, p. A17.
195. Germond, Jack, and Jules Witcover. 1983. "Peace Forum a Campaign High Spot." Des Moines Register, August 17, p. 8A.
196. -. 1984. "Iowa Caucuses Change the Candidates' Political- Expectations Game⋯." Des Moines Register, February 22, p. 8A.
197. -. 1985. Wake Us When It's Over. New York: Macmillan.
198. -. 1986. "Michigan: Early with Sound and Fury." Des Moines Register, June 18, p. 4X.
199. Hyde, John. 1984. "Bill Would Abolish Early Iowa Caucuses." Des Moines Register, September 20, p. 5A.
200. Iowa Democratic Party Data Book: 1983-84. 1984. Des Moines: Iowa Democratic Party.
201. Leavitt, Paul. 1983. "His Business Is Selling a Political Candidate." Des Moines Register, December 4, pp. 1B, 6B.
202. Newsweek. 1982-84.
203. Paulin, Tamara. 1984. Telephone interview with author, May 7. Paulin was the organizational director of the Iowa Republican party from 1983 to 1985.
204. Peterson, Bill. 1983. "Iowa Polls Indicate That Mondale Is Still the Democrat to Beat." Washington Post, October 9, p. A3.
205. Peterson, Bill, and Kathy Sawyer. 1984. "Winner in Iowa Ran Far Ahead of Field." Washington Post, February 22, pp. Al, A8.
206. Piatt, Barry. 1984. Telephone interview with author, March 19. Piatt was the press secretary of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1983 to 1985.
207. Plissner, Martin. 1986. Telephone interviews with author, June 18 and July 7. Plissner is the executive political director of CBS Television.
208. Pomper, Gerald. 1985. "The Nominations." In The Election of 1984: Reports and Interpretations, edited by Gerald Pomper, 1-34. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House.
209. Raines, Howell. 1983. "7 Democrats Visit a Dinner in Iowa." New York Times, October 9, p. 33.
210. -. 1984. "Mondale Wins Handily in Iowa; Tight Race for 2nd As Glenn Trails." New York Times, February 21, pp. Al, A20.
211. Roth, Luke. 1984. Telephone interview with author, December 7. Roth was the executive director of the Iowa Republican party from 1983 to 1985.
212. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1984.
213. Steffen, J. P. 1984. Interview with author, December 4. Steffen was the caucus chair from 1983 to 1991 and the executive director of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1991 to 1993.
214. Swift, Al, and William M. Thomas. 1984. Letter to ABC, CBS, and NBC, December 6. Washington, D. C.: U. S. House of Representatives.
215. -. 1985. Press Conference, Rayburn Office Building, Washington, D. C., January 17.
216. Television News Index and Abstracts. 1979-80 and 1983-84. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University.
217. Time. 1983 and 1984.
218. U. S. Congress. House. 1984. Early Election Projection: The Iowa Experience. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, February 27. 98th Cong., 2d sess.
219. U. S. News and World Report. 1984.
220. Wall Street Journal. 1984.
221. Whitney, Tom. 1986. Letter to author, June 5. Whitney was the chair of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1973 to 1977.
222. Yepsen, David. 1983a. "Off to the Races." Des Moines Register, May 30, p. 11A.
223. -. 1983b. "Glenn's New Iowa Director Paints Rosy Picture." Des Moines Register, December 4, pp. 4B, 5B.
224. -. 1984a. "Hart, McGovern Receive Top Marks at Farm Forum." Des Moines Register, January 23, p. 3A.
225. -. 1984b. "Hart Turns On the Heat, Revives His Campaign in Iowa." Des Moines Register, January 26, p. 1M.
226. -. 1984c. "Slipping Past Campaign Spending Limits in Iowa with a Little Help from Outside." Des Moines Register, February 6, p. 15A.
227. -. 1984d. "Caucus Story May Not Be Finished until Fall." Des Moines Register, February 19, p. 5A.
228. Yepsen, David, Ken Fuson, and James R. Healey. 1984. "Four Democrats Flail Reagan over His Rights Record." Des Moines Register, January 11, pp. 1M, 6M.
229. Yepsen, David, and James R. Healey. 1984. "Democratic Rivals to Debate Today at D. M. Civic Center." Des Moines Register, February 11, pp. 1 A, 11 A.
230. Yepsen, David, James R. Healey, and Ken Fuson. 1984. "Leaders: Glenn May Be Red-Faced Caucus Night." Des Moines Register, February 5, pp. 1 A, 5A.
231. Apple, R. W., Jr. 1988. "Stunning Result Carries a Grim Message for Bush." New York Times, Feb. 9, p. B7.
232. Balzar, John. 1987a. Interview with author, September 8. Balzar is a reporter for the Los Angeles Times.
233. -. 1987b. "Strong Straw Poll Victory in Iowa Gives Robertson Wild-Card Status in Caucuses." Los Angeles Times, September 14, p. 4.
234. Barnes, James A. 1988. "Campaign Game Plans." In National Journal Election '88: A Guide to the Candidates, Issues and Voters, 2842-50. Washington, D. C.: Times Mirror Magazines.
235. Benedetto, Richard. 1987. "Who's Coming Up As Hart Fades?" USA Today, May 8, 6A.
236. Burnham, Walter Dean. 1988. "The Reagan Heritage." In The Election of 1988: Reports and Interpretations, edited by Gerald M. Pomper, 1-32. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House.
237. Carlson, John, and Jane Norman. 1988. "Campaign Aide Loses Job over Finance Fuss." Des Moines Register, January 15, p. 12A.
238. Congressional Quarterly. 1991. Special Report: "Iowa." September 7, pp. 2417-19.
239. Cook, Rhodes. 1988a. "Bush-Dole Nomination Contest Is No Watershed Event for GOP." Congressional Quarterly, January 23, pp. 155-57.
240. -. 1988b. "Iowa's Stars Take a Back Seat in New Hampshire." Congressional Quarterly, February 13, pp. 287-90.
241. -. 1988c. "One Side Is Clearer, the Other Still Murky." Congressional Quarterly, March 12, pp. 636-46.
242. Des Moines Register. 1986-88.
243. Dillin, John. 1987. "Democratic Hopefuls Grope for Economic Issues in Iowa Debate." Christian Science Monitor, August 25, p. 6.
244. Dionne, E. J., Jr. 1987a. "Underdogs Clash on Issues for '88." New York Times, May 30, p. 10.
245. -. 1987b. "Robertson's Victory in Ballot Shakes Rivals in GOP Race." New York Times, September 14, p. 1.
246. -. 1988. "Hart Joins Debate among Democrats." New York Times, January 17, p. 20.
247. Elbert, David. 1988. "Utilities Ready to Keep Networks Beaming on Caucus Night in D. M." Des Moines Register, February 8, p. 5B.
248. Fineman, Howard. 1987. "The Pat Robertson Effect." Newsweek, September 28, p. 29.
249. Fogarty, Thomas A., and Jack Hovelson. 1987. "Dole, Kemp, duPont in GOP Debate Share New Rhetoric Marks." Des Moines Register, November 8, p. 4A.
250. Germond, Jack W., and Jules Witcover. 1988a. "Still Miles to Go." In National Journal Election '88: A Guide to the Candidates, Issues and Voters, 2882-83. Washington, D. C.: Times Mirror Magazines.
251. -. 1988b. "'Sudden Death' in New Hampshire." Des Moines Register, February 17, p. 10A.
252. -. 1989. Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?: The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. New York: Warner Books.
253. Greenberg, Madeline. 1987. Telephone interview with author, December 17. Greenberg was a CNN reporter.
254. Hagstrom, Jerry, and Robert Guskind. 1988. "Friendly Advice." In National Journal Election '88: A Guide to the Candidates, Issues and Voters, 2877-79. Washington, D. C.: Times Mirror Magazines.
255. Iowa General Assembly. 1988. Acts and Resolutions. Des Moines: State of Iowa.
256. Kamin, Blair. 1986. "Christian TV Founder Backs Helms' CBS Bid." Des Moines Register, April 18, p. 3M.
257. Klaus, Mickey, and Eleanor Clift. 1987. "Fresh Baked Political Wisdom." Newsweek, November 2, p. 83.
258. Langley, Monica. 1988. "In Pre-New Hampshire Flurry, Images Prevail, and TV Coverage May Be Pivotal to Candidates." Wall Street Journal, February 16, p. 62.
259. McLeod, Don. 1987. "Candidates Play the Issues in Iowa Stumping Grounds." Insight, July 27, pp. 11-12.
260. Menke, Ronda. 1987. Telephone interviews with author, September 21 and October 9. Menke was the executive director of the Republican Party of Iowa from 1987 to 1989.
261. National Journal 1988. National Journal Election '88: A Guide to the Candidates, Issues and Voters. Washington, D. C.: Times Mirror Magazines.
262. Newsweek. 1987 and 1988.
263. Norman, Jane. 1988a. "Campaigns Channel Cash into TV Finale." Des Moines Register, January 3, p. IB.
264. -. 1988b. "Jackson Finds Solace in 4th-place Finish: An Expanded Base of Voters." Des Moines Register, February 10, p. 6A.
265. Norman, Jane, and Thomas A. Fogarty. 1988. "'Devastating Loss' Seen for the Vice President." Des Moines Register, February 9, p. 1A.
266. Oreskes, Michael. 1988. "Official Says Incomplete Vote in Iowa May Be Misleading." New York Times, February 7, p. 14.
267. Peterson, Bill. 1987. "Robertson's Iowa Victory Shocks Rivals." Washington Post, September 14, p. Al.
268. Pins, Kenneth. 1988. "Gephardt and Dole Lead Caucus Races in Final Poll." Des Moines Register, February 7, p. 1.
269. Pomper, Gerald M. 1989. "The Presidential Nominations." In The Election of 1988: Reports and Interpretations, edited by Gerald M. Pomper, 33-71. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House.
270. Rhein, Dave. 1988a. "Get Set for Peter, Dan, Tom, Bernie." Des Moines Register, January 17, p. 3TV.
271. -. 1988b. "TV Networks Declare Winners Soon After Caucuses Start." Des Moines Register, February 9, p. 7A.
272. Rogers, David, and James M. Perry. 1988. "Dole Wins Big in Iowa's GOP Caucuses: Tight Democratic Race Led by Gephardt." Wall Street Journal, February 9, p. 66.
273. Runkle, David R., ed. 1989. Campaign for President: The Managers Look at '88. Dover, Mass.: Auburn House Publishing Co.
274. Scheffler, Steve. 1997. Telephone interview with author, February 19. Scheffler is the field director of the Iowa Christian Coalition.
275. Schneider, William. 1988. "Limiting the Risks." In National Journal Election '88: A Guide to the Candidates, Issues and Voters, 2860-62. Washington, D. C.: Times Mirror Magazines.
276. Schwieder, Dorothy. 1996. Iowa: The Middle Land. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
277. Shogan, Robert. 1988. "Iowa Leaves GOP Race in Turmoil." Los Angeles Times, February 10, p. 1.
278. Simon, Paul. 1989. Winners and Losers: The 1988 Race for the Presidency-One Candidate's Perspective. New York: Continuum Publishing Co.
279. Stengel, Richard. 1988. "Pilloried for Pandering." Time, February 22, p. 22.
280. Stirton, Ian. 1997. Telephone interview with author, January 24. Stirton is an employee of the Federal Election Commission.
281. Taylor, Paul. 1990. See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
282. Television News Index and Abstracts. 1975-76, 1979-80, 1983-84, 1987-88. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University.
283. Time. 1987 and 1988.
284. Wall Street Journal 1987.
285. Washington Post 1987.
286. Wills, Garry. 1988. "Robertson and the Reagan Gap. " Time, February 22, pp. 27-28.
287. Barilleaux, Ryan J., and Randall E. Adkins. 1993. "The Nominations: Process and Patterns." In The Elections of 1992, edited by Michael Nelson, 21-56. Washington, D. C.: CQ Press.
288. Bark, Ed. 1992. "Networks Promise to Improve Campaign Coverage." Des Moines Register, February 16, p. 4TV.
289. Berke, Richard L. 1992. "Harkin Dominates State's Caucuses." New York Times, February 11, p. A23.
290. Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1991. "For Paul Tsongas, a Miraculous Survival Means an Obligation, 'a Mission' to Seek the Presidency." Wall Street Journal, October 15, p. A24.
291. Brennan, Joe. 1992. "Iowans Feeling Loss of Election Spotlight." Omaha World Herald, February 2, p. 1A.
292. Ceaser, James, and Andrew Busch. 1993. Upside Down and Inside Out: The 1992 Elections and American Politics. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
293. Chase, Brett. 1992. "Caucuses Not Economic Boost They Once Were." Business Record, January 20-26, p. 6.
294. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. 1990. April 14, pp. 1148-49.
295. Cook, Rhodes. 1990. "Bid to Move Primary to March Draws Wary GOP Response." Congressional Quarterly, February 17, p. 542.
296. -. 1991a. "Late Start for '92 May Signal Trend to Shorter Campaigns." Congressional Quarterly, March 23, pp. 764-70.
297. -. 1991b. "Candidates' Fates Take Shape with Primary Calendar." Congressional Quarterly, September 28, pp. 2810-11.
298. -. 1991c. "Wilder Campaigns on Message of Fiscal Responsibility." Congressional Quarterly, November 16, pp. 3400-05.
299. -. 1991d. "'American Dream' Personified, Harkin Hits Populist Trail." Congressional Quarterly, December 7, pp. 3607-13.
300. -. 1991e. "Story of Heroism and Romance Fuels Great Expectations." Congressional Quarterly, December 14, pp. 3650-55.
301. -. 1991f. "Cuomo Says 'No' to Candidacy at Last Possible Moment." Congressional Quarterly, December 21, pp. 3734-36.
302. -. 1992a. "Arkansan Travels Well Nationally As Campaign Heads for Test." Congressional Quarterly, January 11, pp. 58-65.
303. -. 1992b. "Iowa Caucuses Lose Limelight As Nominating Season
304. -. 1992c. "Tsongas Passes Clinton in N. H.; Harkin Wins in Iowa Caucuses." Congressional Quarterly, February 15, pp. 371-72.
305. Des Moines Register. 1991 and 1992.
306. Elving, Ronald D. 1992. "Brown Is Unlikely Carrier of a Timely Message." Congressional Quarterly, January 18, pp. 126-32.
307. Enright, Randy. 1992. Telephone interview with author, February 25. Enright was the executive director of the Republican Party of Iowa from 1989 to 1992.
308. Fogarty, Thomas A. 1991a. "Poll: War Earns Bush Backing of 82% in Iowa." Des Moines Register, February 17, p. 1A.
309. -. 1991b. "Iowans: Bush Ended Iraq War at Right Time." Des Moines Register, June 24, p. 1A.
310. -. 1992. "Bush's Popularity Hits Low in Iowa Poll." Des Moines Register, March 3, p. 1A.
311. Germond, Jack W., and Jules Witcover. 1993. Mad As Hell. New York: Warner Books.
312. Hansen, Marc. 1992. "Caucus or Basketball Game? Survey Shows No Contest." Des Moines Register, February 12, p. 3T.
313. Iowa Campaign Finance Disclosure Committee. 1995 and 1996. Precinct Caucus Candidate Reports, 1995 and 1996.
314. Newsweek. 1992.
315. Rhein, David. 1991. "Networks Give Iowa Caucuses Cold Shoulder." Des Moines Register, January 19, p. 3TV.
316. Roehrick, John. 1997. Interview with author, March 19. Roehrick was the state chair of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1989 to 1993.
317. Roos, Jonathan, and Thomas A. Fogarty. 1991. "Kerrey Tells Rally: I Really Don't Expect to Win Iowa." Des Moines Register, October 2, p. 2M.
318. Roos, Jonathan, and Phoebe Wall Howard. 1992. "Caucuses Eyeing Comeback in '96." Des Moines Register, February 12, p. 1A.
319. Russett, Darlene. 1997. Telephone interview with author, March 20. Russett is the comptroller for the Iowa Democratic Party.
320. Scheffler, Steve. 1997. Telephone interview with author, February 19. Scheffler is the field director of the Iowa Christian Coalition.
321. Television News Index and Abstracts. 1991-92. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University.
322. Walsh, Edward. 1992. "Harkin Wins Overwhelmingly in Iowa's Precinct Caucuses." Washington Post, February 11, p. A8.
323. Alter, Jonathan. 1996. "Can You Really Buy a Caucus?" Newsweek, January 22, p. 38.
324. Apple, R. W., Jr. 1996. "Victory Laced with Caution. " New York Times, February 13, p. A1.
325. Balz, Dan, and Edward Walsh. 1996. "Dole Edges Buchanan in Iowa GOP Vote." Washington Post, February 13, p. A1.
326. Berke, Richard L. 1995. "Surprising Straw Poll Gives Dole a Glimpse of the Battles Ahead." New York Times, August 21, p. Al.
327. -. 1996. "Dole Tops Field in Iowa Caucuses." New York Times, February 13, p. A1.
328. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1996a. "The Invisible Primary." In In Pursuit of the White House: How We Choose Our Presidential Nominees, edited by William G. Mayer, 1-43. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House.
329. -. 1996b. "The 'Invisible Primary' Revisited." Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, November 9.
330. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Review. 1995 and 1996.
331. Cook, Rhodes. 1995. "Forbes Candidacy Producing Eye-opening Poll Showings." Congressional Quarterly, December 2, pp. 3674-76.
332. -. 1996a. "Dole Suffers Bit of a Chill in Alaska Straw Vote." Congressional Quarterly, February 3, pp. 313-14.
333. -. 1996b. "Gramm's Candidacy Teeters after Loss in Louisiana." Congressional Quarterly, February 10, pp. 363-65.
334. -. 1996c. "Dole's Shaky Lead Faces Test in Volatile New Hampshire." Congressional Quarterly, February 17, pp. 399-403.
335. Day, Mike. 1995. Interview with author, July 25. Day and jeanette Schmett were the managers of Lugar's Iowa campaign.
336. Des Moines Register. 1995 and 1996.
337. Elving, Ronald D. 1995. "Benefits from Powell Decision Spread among Candidates." Congressional Quarterly, November 11, pp. 3470-72.
338. Fineman, Howard. 1995. "Richie Rich on the Stump. " Newsweek, July 24, p. 47.
339. Fogarty, Thomas A. 1995a. "Poll Shows Dole Ahead but Slipping." Des Moines Register, September 17, p. 1A.
340. -. 1995b. "Forbes Ads Flood Airwaves in Iowa." Des Moines Register, December 11, p. 2A.
341. -. 1996. "Dole Still Strong in Iowa." Des Moines Register, February 10, p. 1A.
342. Fogarty, Thomas A., and Jonathan Roos. 1996. "Procrastination Factor Weighs in for Alexander." Des Moines Register, February 13, p. 8A.
343. Frum, David. 1995. "The Elite Primary." Atlantic Monthly, November, pp. 22-36.
344. Gibbs, Steve. 1995. Telephone interview with author, June 16;
345. interview with author, July 25. Gibbs was Dole's first campaign manager in Iowa.
346. Greenblatt, Alan. 1995. "Buchanan Hopes His Voice Will Give Him a Voice." Congressional Quarterly, May 20, pp. 1442-47.
347. -. 1996. "Buchanan's 'Long-Shot' Campaign. " Congressional Quarterly, February 17, p. 401.
348. Hadley, Arthur T. 1976. The Invisible Primary. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
349. Hardy, Tom. 1996. Interview with author, January 22. Hardy is a reporter for the Chicago Tribune.
350. Hartman, Holly. 1996. "Is Caucus Now Up for Grabs?" Des Moines Register, February 9, p. 2A.
351. Harwood, John. 1995. "GOP Race Loses Air of Predictability after Gramm Ties Dole in Iowa Poll." Wall Street Journal, August 21, p. A10.
352. -. 1996. "Rivals' Attacks in Lively Iowa Debate Underscore Forbes' Growing Strength." Wall Street Journal, January 15, p. B5.
353. Harwood, John, and Bob Davis. 1996. "Dole Fends Off Late Surge by Buchanan to Win Crucial First Test in Iowa Caucuses." Wall Street Journal, February 13, p. A16.
354. Haus, Bob. 1995. Telephone interview with author, July 17;
355. interview with author, July 25. Haus was Gramm's Iowa campaign manager.
356. Holmes, Steven A. 1995. "As Primary Season Approaches, States Vie for Position and Profit." New York Times, December 8, p. A1.
357. Humeston, John. 1995. Interview with author, June 19;
358. telephone interview with author, August 23. Humeston was operations manager of the Alexander campaign in Iowa.
359. Hurley, Chris. 1996. Telephone interview with author, February 21. Hurley was Keyes's Iowa campaign chair.
360. Jackson, Andy. 1995. Telephone interview with author, November 21. Jackson was an employee of the Keyes campaign.
361. Kearney, Darrell. 1995. Telephone interview with author, October 24. Kearney was Dole's second Iowa campaign manager.
362. -. 1996. Telephone interviews with author, March 8 and October 14.
363. Keen, Judy. 1996. "Dole Looking over His Shoulder." USA Today, February 13, p. 3A.
364. Kennedy, Brian. 1995. Telephone interview with author, August 24. Kennedy was chair of the Republican Party of Iowa from 1995 to 1997.
365. -. 1996. Telephone interview with author, October 14.
366. -. 1997. Telephone interview with author, March 19.
367. Klein, Joe. 1995. "A Plausible Hothead?" Newsweek, May 29, p. 45.
368. Kramer, Michael. 1995. "Why Dole Hasn't Lost It." Time, September 4, p. 34.
369. Lambrecht, Bill. 1996. Telephone interview with author, January 5. Lambrecht is a reporter for the St Louis Post-Dispatch.
370. Lickteig, Mary Ann. 1996. "The Media Menagerie Provides a Sideshow to the Caucus Circus." Des Moines Register, February 13, p. 9A.
371. Masteller, Kathleen. 1995. Telephone interview with author, July 26. Masteller was a finance assistant for the Republican Party of Iowa during the 1996 caucuses.
372. Midday Record. 1995.
373. Minzesheimer, Bob. 1996. "Forbes: Attack Ads Backfire in Iowa." USA Today, February 15, p. 4A.
374. Newsweek. 1995.
375. New York Times. 1995 and 1996.
376. Norman, Jane. 1996. "Spread Out the Primary Season, Iowa and New Hampshire Say." Des Moines Register, May 31, p. 6A.
377. Oldfield, Duane M. 1996. "The Christian Right in the Presidential Nominating Process." In In Pursuit of the White House: How We Choose Our Presidential
378. Nominees, edited by William G. Mayer, 254-82. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House.
379. Pilmer, Sharon. 1996. Telephone interviews with author, February 12 and October 14. Pilmer was the director of the Iowa Poll from 1992 through 1996.
380. Powell, Stewart M. 1995. "Candidate Forbes Vows a Tax Overhaul." Des Moines Register, September 23, p. 5A.
381. Redman, Dick. 1996. Telephone interview with author, February 21. Redman was Alexander's Iowa campaign chair.
382. Riedel-King, Chris. 1996. Telephone interview with author, January 16. Riedel-King was the Register employee responsible for debate arrangements.
383. Robinson, Kayne. 1995. Conversation with author, February 12.
384. Roepke, Mark. 1995. Interview with author, July 25. Roepke was Buchanan's Iowa campaign manager.
385. -. 1996. Interview with author, October 18.
386. Scheffler, Steve. 1996. Telephone interview with author, December 2. Scheffler is the field director of the Iowa Christian Coalition and was an employee of the Dole campaign in Iowa.
387. Schwieder, Dorothy. 1996. Iowa: The Middle Land. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
388. Seib, Gerald. 1995a. "Quayle, in an Unexpected Move, Quits Presidential Race, Puts 'Family First.'" Wall Street Journal, February 10, p. A10.
389. -. 1995b. "Alexander Would Send Chunks of Government Back to the States." Wall Street Journal, February 24, A1.
390. -. 1995c. "Powell's Exit Sparks Debate over the Shape of Politics in America." Wall Street Journal, November 9, p. A1.
391. -. 1995d. "Forbes Boomlet: A Rogue Force Stalks the Field." Wall Street Journal, December 6, p. A20.
392. Seplow, Stephen. 1995. Telephone interview with author, November 9. Seplow is a reporter for the Philadelphia Inquirer.
393. Shillinger, Kurt. 1995. "Dole Takes Hit in 'Important' Early Iowa Poll." Christian Science Monitor, August 21, p. 1.
394. Stanhope, Phil. 1995. Telephone interviews with author, August 23 and December 12. Stanhope was Taylor's Iowa campaign manager.
395. Stout, David. 1996. "Calling Results of Caucuses Before They Even Begin. " New York Times, February 13, p. A19.
396. Taylor, Maurice. 1995 and 1996. Campaign press releases, December 22 and January 27.
397. Taylor, Paul. 1995. "Money Not All in Gramm Surge." Washington Post, August 21, p. A10.
398. Tegeler, Gretchen. 1997. Telephone interview with author, April 22. Tegeler is the director of the Iowa Department of Management.
399. Television News Index and Abstracts. 1975-76, 1979-80, 1983-84, 1987-88, 1991-92, 1995-96. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University.
400. Tollerson, Ernest. 1995. "In Iowa, Buchanan Tries to Convince Conservatives That He's Their Man. " New York Times, December 3, p. 34.
401. Tramontina, Mike. 1996. Telephone interview with author, November 26. Tramontina was Clinton's Iowa campaign manager.
402. Wall Howard, Phoebe. 1994. "Specter Pushes for GOP Reforms." Des Moines Register, June 14, p. 5M.
403. Wall Street Journal 1995.
404. Walsh, Edward. 1994. "In Iowa, GOP Debates a Fundamental Message." Washington Post, June 26, p. A 6.
405. Wilke, Curtis. 1995. "The Power of Deep Pockets." Reprinted from the Boston Globe in the Des Moines Register, December 6, p. 4A.
406. Berke, Richard L. 2000. "The 2000 Campaign: The Overview-Iowans Deliver Victory to Bush and Gore." New York Times, January 25, p. A1.
407. -, and Katharine Q. Seelye. 1999. "Gore Calls Bradley to More Debates." New York Times, October 10, p. 30.
408. Buttry, Stephen. 2000. "Evangelical Christians Retain Political Power." Des Moines Register, January 11, p. 1A.
409. Corrado, Anthony. 2001. "Financing the 2000 Elections." In The Election of 2000, edited by Gerald M. Pomper, 92-124. New York: Chatham House.
410. -, and Heitor Gouvea. 2004. "Financing Presidential Nominations under the BCRA." In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, edited by William G. Mayer, 45-82. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
411. Davis, Bob, and Jackie Calmes. 2000. "Gore, Bush Headed Toward Victories in Iowa." Wall Street Journal, January 25, p. A20.
412. Des Moines Register. 1998, 1999.
413. Dukes Lee, Jennifer. 1999. "Farm Family Gears Up for The Gores." Des Moines Register, April 7, p. 1A.
414. Erickson, Steve. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, June 7. Erickson was a Buchanan campaign aide.
415. Federal Election Commission. 1999. FEC Reports on Financial Activity: Receipts of Presidential Primary Campaigns 1999. Washington, D. C.: Federal Election Commission.
416. Fogarty, Thomas A. 1997. "Gephardt Seeks House Candidates." Des Moines Register, March 26, p. 5M.
417. Geipel, Gary. 1998. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, January 15. Geipel was Midwest Field Director for the Quayle campaign.
418. Granzow, Ron. 1999. Telephone interviews with Hugh Winebrenner, March 3 and July 16. Granzow was Iowa Chair of the Keyes campaign.
419. Hall Cerwinske, Andrea. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, June 14. Hall Cerwinske was Organization Director, Republican Party of Iowa.
420. Harwood, John. 1999. "Elizabeth Dole Resigns Red Cross Post, Shows Interest in 2000 Presidential Bid." Wall Street Journal, January 5, p. A8.
421. Haus, Bob. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, March 22. Haus was a consultant for the Forbes campaign.
422. Hildebrand, Steve. 1999. Interviews with Hugh Winebrenner, August 24 and December 14. Hildebrand was Iowa State Director for Gore.
423. Kochel, Dave. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, June 7. Kochel was Iowa Campaign Manager for Alexander.
424. Kramer, Mary. 2008. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, May 23. Kramer was President of the Iowa Senate.
425. Lucas, Dan. 1999. Interview with Hugh Winebrenner, December 16. Lucas was Iowa Campaign Director for Bradley.
426. Marks, Peter. 2000. "Iowa Teetering Under the Weight of Cameras and Ink." New York Times, January 24, p. A 20.
427. Mayer, William G. 2001. "The Presidential Nominations." In The Election of 2000, edited by Gerald M. Pomper, 12-45. New York: Chatham House.
428. -. 2004. "The Basic Dynamics of the Contemporary Nomination Process." In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, edited by William G. Mayer, 83-132. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
429. Mayes, Kris. 1997. "Quayle Visits Iowa with Eyes on 2000." Arizona Republic, July 14, p. A1.
430. McCormick, John. 1999a. "Bush Zooms to Big Lead in Iowa Race." Des Moines Register, June 27, p. 1A.
431. -. 1999b. "Bush Stays Far Ahead in Poll of Republicans." Des Moines Register, November 14, p. 1A.
432. -. 2000a. "Majority Feels Part of Strong Economy." Des Moines Register, January 8, p. 4A.
433. -. 2000b. "Caucusers Say Iowa Reflects U. S.-Poll." Des Moines Register, January 24, p. 4A.
434. -, and Jonathan Roos. 2000. "Poll: Endorsements Influence Few Voters." Des Moines Register, January 23, p. 5B.
435. Means, Marianne. 1997. "Bob Kerrey: Second Time Around?" Des Moines Register, July 29, p. 9A.
436. Miller, Andy. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, December 15. Miller was Iowa Campaign Director for Hatch.
437. Miller, Sarah. 1999. Telephone interviews with Hugh Winebrenner, August 31 and December 21. Miller was Finance Director, Republican Party of Iowa.
438. New York Times. 1999.
439. Norman, Jane. "Hatch Plans to Compete in Iowa GOP Straw Poll." Des Moines Register, June 24, p. 1A.
440. Popma, Marlys. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, April 22. Popma was Deputy National Political Director of the Bauer campaign.
441. Roos, Jonathan. 1999a. "Poll: Gore Leads Bradley." Des Moines Register, July 4, p. 1A.
442. -. 1999b. "Bradley Gains in Iowa Poll." Des Moines Register, November 14, p. 1A.
443. -. 2000. "Gore: 'We've Just Begun. ' " Des Moines Register, January 25, p. 1A.
444. Sawyer, Jon. 1998. "Ashcroft Runs Ads in Iowa, with Eye on Presidential Race He Touts Unfinished Tax-cut Plan. " St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 11, p. A5.
445. Shaw, Monty. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, August 24. Shaw was Iowa Campaign Manager for Dole.
446. Slifka, Karen. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, July 16. Slifka was Iowa Campaign Manager for Kasich.
447. Stineman, John. 1999. Telephone interview with Hugh Winebrenner, May 28. Stineman was Iowa Campaign Manager for the Forbes campaign.
448. Voter News Service. January 24, 2000.
449. Wall Street Journal. 1999.
450. Yepsen, David. 1997a. "Resist Party Pressure and Stick With Values, Conservative Urges." Des Moines Register, April 17, p. 5M.
451. -. 1997b. "On Iowa Visit, Budget Panel Chief Kasich Lauds New Pact." Des Moines Register, May 18, p. 8B.
452. -. 1997c. "Forbes: Leaders Need to Set an Agenda." Des Moines Register, June 18, p. 5M.
453. -. 1997d. "Gore Sows Seed for 2000." Des Moines Register, June 29, p. 1A.
454. -. 1998a. "McCain: Town Hall Meet a 'Disaster.'" Des Moines Register, February 19, p. 3A.
455. -. 1998b. "Buchanan Prescribes a Return to Tariffs." Des Moines Register, April 30, p. 2M.
456. -. 1999a. "Vilsack: Democrats' Caucuses Will Move." Des Moines Register, February 4, p. 1M.
457. -. 1999b. "Bradley Campaign Vows: No PAC Contributions." Des Moines Register, February 23, p. 8M.
458. -. 1999c. "Bradley Gets Kerrey's Backing." Des Moines Register, July 6, p. 6M.
459. -. 1999d. "Republican Committee Changes Caucuses to Jan. 31." Des Moines Register, August 7, p. 5M.
460. -. 1999e. "Iowa, N. H. Dance Caucus 2-Step Again. " Des Moines Register, September 29, p. 8M.
461. -. 1999f. "McCain Makes Decision to Skip Iowa Caucuses." Des Moines Register, November 17, p. 1M.
462. Zeleny, Jeff. 2000. "Keyes Third, Bauer Fourth." Des Moines Register, January 25, p. 1A.
463. Appleman, Eric. "Democracy in Action. " 2004. www.gwu.edu/~action/P2004.html.
464. "Back on, Then off the Campaign Trail." 2004. www.cnn.com/Election/2004/special/president/candidates/braun.html.
465. Beaumont, Thomas. 2003a. "Democrats Bask in Glow of Clinton. " Des Moines Register, September 14, p. 1A.
466. -. 2003b. "Clark Says He Wouldn't Have Voted for War." Des Moines Register, September 20, p. 1A.
467. -. 2003c. "Clinton, Democrats Fire Up Crowd." Des Moines Register, November 16, p. 1A.
468. -. 2004a. "Rivals Sling Darts at Dean. " Des Moines Register, January 5, p. A1.
469. -. 2004b. "Dean Defends His Record on Race." Des Moines Register, January 12, p. 1A.
470. Blumenthal, Mark. 2007. "How Accurate Were the Iowa Polls in 2004 and 2000?" December 29. www.pollster.com/blogs/how-accurate-were-the-iowa- pol.php.
471. Bolten, Kathy A. 2001. "Tax Increase Possible, Gephardt Says." Des Moines Register, July 22, p. 2B.
472. Brower, Brook. 2005. "Nominations and Conventions." In Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election, edited by Larry J. Sabato, 1-23. New York: Pearson-Longman.
473. Burden, Barry C. 2005. "The Nominations: Technology, Money, and Transferable Momentum." In The Elections of 2004, edited by Michael Nelson, 18-41. Washington, D. C.: CQ Press.
474. -. "Caucus Results." 2004. Des Moines Register, January 20, p. 12S.
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