Vitamin D deficiency in India: Prevalence, causalities and interventions

Nutrients

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 729-775

  Ritu, G ^a   Gupta, Ajay ^a,b  

^a Charak Foundation   (United States)

^b Rockwell Medical   (United States)

Author keywords

25 hydroxyvitamin D; Fortification strategies; Fractures; Healthy individuals; India; Indian subcontinent; Osteoporosis; Sun exposure; Supplementation; Vitamin D; Vitamin D deficiency

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; COLECALCIFEROL; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; BONE DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; EPIGENETICS; EXERCISE; GENE EXPRESSION; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MALNUTRITION; NEOPLASM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SUN EXPOSURE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

BONE AND BONES; CANADA; CAUSALITY; DAIRY PRODUCTS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; FOOD, FORTIFIED; HUMANS; INDIA; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY AS TOPIC; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RICKETS; RURAL POPULATION; SUNLIGHT; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84895078482     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu6020729     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Van Schoor, N.M.; Lips, P. Worldwide Vitamin D Status. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 671-680.
2. Mithal, A.; Wahl, D.A.; Bonjour, J.P.; Burckhardt, P.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Eisman, J.A.; El-Hajj Fuleihan, G.; Josse, R.G.; Lips, P.; Morales-Torres, J.; et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. 2009, 20, 1807-1820.
3. Van der Meer, I.M.; Middelkoop, B.J.; Boeke, A.J.; Lips, P. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Turkish, Moroccan, Indian and sub-Sahara African populations in Europe and their countries of origin: An overview. Osteoporos. Int. 2011, 22, 1009-1021.
4. Hazell, T.J.; DeGuire, J.R.; Weiler, H.A. Vitamin D: An overview of its role in skeletal muscle physiology in children and adolescents. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70, 520-533.
5. Holick, M.F. The role of vitamin D for bone health and fracture prevention. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 2006, 4, 96-102.
6. Lips, P.; van Schoor, N.M. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 585-591.
7. Janssen, H.C.; Samson, M.M.; Verhaar, H.J. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 611-615.
8. Bischoff, H.A.; Stahelin, H.B.; Urscheler, N.; Ehrsam, R.; Vonthein, R.; Perrig-Chiello, P.; Tyndall, A.; Theiler, R. Muscle strength in the elderly: Its relation to vitamin D metabolites. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1999, 80, 54-58.
9. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Willett, W.C.; Staehelin, H.B.; Bazemore, M.G.; Zee, R.Y.; Wong, J.B. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2004, 291, 1999-2006.
10. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Dietrich, T.; Orav, E.J.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: A population-based study of younger and older adults. Am. J. Med. 2004, 116, 634-639.
11. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Zhang, Y.; Kiel, D.P.; Felson, D.T. Positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and bone density in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 53, 821-826.
12. Thacher, T.D.; Clarke, B.L. Vitamin D insufficiency. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2011, 86, 50-60.
13. Murad, M.H.; Elamin, K.B.; Abu Elnour, N.O.; Elamin, M.B.; Alkatib, A.A.; Fatourechi, M.M.; Almandoz, J.P.; Mullan, R.J.; Lane, M.A.; Liu, H.; et al. Clinical review: The effect of vitamin D on falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 2997-3006.
14. Lips, P. Worldwide status of vitamin D nutrition. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2010, 121, 297-300.
15. Pilz, S.; Tomaschitz, A.; Marz, W.; Drechsler, C.; Ritz, E.; Zittermann, A.; Cavalier, E.; Pieber, T.R.; Lappe, J.M.; Grant, W.B.; et al. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Clin. Endocrinol. 2011, 75, 575-584.
16. Haines, S.T.; Park, S.K. Vitamin D supplementation: What's known, what to do, and what's needed. Pharmacotherapy 2012, 32, 354-382.
17. Sisodia, R.S.; Jain, D.K.; Agarwal, S.S.; Gupta, A. TB control in India-Efforts, challenges and priorities. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 2011, 109, 921-924, 928.
18. Nnoaham, K.E.; Clarke, A. Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 37, 113-119.
19. Martineau, A.R. Old wine in new bottles: Vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2012, 71, 84-89.
20. Linday, L.A.; Shindledecker, R.D.; Dolitsky, J.N.; Chen, T.C.; Holick, M.F. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in young children undergoing placement of tympanostomy tubes. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2008, 117, 740-744.
21. Ginde, A.A.; Mansbach, J.M.; Camargo, C.A., Jr. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169, 384-390.
22. Cannell, J.J.; Vieth, R.; Umhau, J.C.; Holick, M.F.; Grant, W.B.; Madronich, S.; Garland, C.F.; Giovannucci, E. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol. Infect. 2006, 134, 1129-1140.
23. Wang, T.J.; Pencina, M.J.; Booth, S.L.; Jacques, P.F.; Ingelsson, E.; Lanier, K.; Benjamin, E.J.; D'Agostino, R.B.; Wolf, M.; Vasan, R.S. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008, 117, 503-511.
24. Ginde, A.A.; Scragg, R.; Schwartz, R.S.; Camargo, C.A., Jr. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older U.S. adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2009, 57, 1595-1603.
25. Rostand, S.G. Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension 1997, 30, 150-156.
26. Martins, D.; Wolf, M.; Pan, D.; Zadshir, A.; Tareen, N.; Thadhani, R.; Felsenfeld, A.; Levine, B.; Mehrotra, R.; Norris, K. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 2007, 167, 1159-1165.
27. Brewer, L.C.; Michos, E.D.; Reis, J.P. Vitamin D in atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and endothelial function. Curr. Drug Targets 2011, 12, 54-60.
28. Karvonen, M.; Viik-Kajander, M.; Moltchanova, E.; Libman, I.; LaPorte, R.; Tuomilehto, J. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care 2000, 23, 1516-1526.
29. Mohr, S.B.; Garland, C.F.; Gorham, E.D.; Garland, F.C. The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide. Diabetologia 2008, 51, 1391-1398.
30. Hypponen, E.; Laara, E.; Reunanen, A.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Virtanen, S.M. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study. Lancet 2001, 358, 1500-1503.
31. Zipitis, C.S.; Akobeng, A.K. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Dis. Child. 2008, 93, 512-517.
32. Modan, M.; Halkin, H.; Almog, S.; Lusky, A.; Eshkol, A.; Shefi, M.; Shitrit, A.; Fuchs, Z. Hyperinsulinemia. A link between hypertension obesity and glucose intolerance. J. Clin. Investig. 1985, 75, 809-817.
33. Dankner, R.; Chetrit, A.; Shanik, M.H.; Raz, I.; Roth, J. Basal-state hyperinsulinemia in healthy normoglycemic adults is predictive of type 2 diabetes over a 24-year follow-up: A preliminary report. Diabetes Care 2009, 32, 1464-1466.
34. Pittas, A.G.; Lau, J.; Hu, F.B.; Dawson-Hughes, B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92, 2017-2029.
35. Garland, C.F.; Garland, F.C.; Gorham, E.D. Can colon cancer incidence and death rates be reduced with calcium and vitamin D? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 54, 193S-201S.
36. Gorham, E.D.; Garland, C.F.; Garland, F.C.; Grant, W.B.; Mohr, S.B.; Lipkin, M.; Newmark, H.L.; Giovannucci, E.; Wei, M.; Holick, M.F. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: A quantitative meta analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 32, 210-216.
37. Hanchette, C.L.; Schwartz, G.G. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. Cancer 1992, 70, 2861-2869.
38. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Giovannucci, E.; Willett, W.C.; Dietrich, T.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 18-28.
39. Bertone-Johnson, E.R.; Chen, W.Y.; Holick, M.F.; Hollis, B.W.; Colditz, G.A.; Willett, W.C.; Hankinson, S.E. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2005, 14, 1991-1997.
40. Moan, J.; Porojnicu, A.C.; Dahlback, A.; Setlow, R.B. Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 668-673.
41. Grant, W.B. Lower vitamin-D production from solar ultraviolet-B irradiance may explain some differences in cancer survival rates. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 2006, 98, 357-364.
42. Garland, C.F.; Gorham, E.D.; Mohr, S.B.; Grant, W.B.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Lipkin, M.; Newmark, H.; Holick, M.F.; Garland, F.C. Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: Pooled analysis. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 103, 708-711.
43. Ahonen, M.H.; Tenkanen, L.; Teppo, L.; Hakama, M.; Tuohimaa, P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2000, 11, 847-852.
44. Giovannucci, E.; Liu, Y.; Rimm, E.B.; Hollis, B.W.; Fuchs, C.S.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006, 98, 451-459.
45. Lee, J.E.; Li, H.; Chan, A.T.; Hollis, B.W.; Lee, I.M.; Stampfer, M.J.; Wu, K.; Giovannucci, E.; Ma, J. Circulating levels of vitamin D and colon and rectal cancer: The Physicians' Health Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Prev. Res. 2011, 4, 735-743.
46. Holick, M.F.; Biancuzzo, R.M.; Chen, T.C.; Klein, E.K.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Ameri, A.; Tannenbaum, A.D. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93, 677-681.
47. Biancuzzo, R.M.; Clarke, N.; Reitz, R.E.; Travison, T.G.; Holick, M.F. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, 973-979.
48. Thacher, T.D.; Obadofin, M.O.; O'Brien, K.O.; Abrams, S.A. The effect of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 on intestinal calcium absorption in Nigerian children with rickets. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 94, 3314-3321.
49. Thacher, T.D.; Fischer, P.R.; Obadofin, M.O.; Levine, M.A.; Singh, R.J.; Pettifor, J.M. Comparison of metabolism of vitamins D2 and D3 in children with nutritional rickets. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010, 25, 1988-1995.
50. Armas, L.A.; Hollis, B.W.; Heaney, R.P. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89, 5387-5391.
51. Trang, H.M.; Cole, D.E.; Rubin, L.A.; Pierratos, A.; Siu, S.; Vieth, R. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 68, 854-858.
52. Heaney, R.P.; Recker, R.R.; Grote, J.; Horst, R.L.; Armas, L.A. Vitamin D(3) is more potent than vitamin D(2) in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, E447-E452.
53. Houghton, L.A.; Vieth, R. The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 694-697.
54. Baidya, A.; Chowdhury, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Ghosh, S. Profile of vitamin D in a cohort of physicians and diabetologists in Kolkata. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 16, S416-S417.
55. Goswami, R.; Gupta, N.; Goswami, D.; Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Kochupillai, N. Prevalence and significance of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy subjects in Delhi. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72, 472-475.
56. Tandon, N.; Marwaha, R.K.; Kalra, S.; Gupta, N.; Dudha, A.; Kochupillai, N. Bone mineral parameters in healthy young Indian adults with optimal vitamin D availability. Natl. Med. J. India 2003, 16, 298-302.
57. Marwaha, R.K.; Puri, S.; Tandon, N.; Dhir, S.; Agarwal, N.; Bhadra, K.; Saini, N. Effects of sports training & nutrition on bone mineral density in young Indian healthy females. Indian J. Med. Res. 2011, 134, 307-313.
58. Multani, S.K.; Sarathi, V.; Shivane, V.; Bandgar, T.R.; Menon, P.S.; Shah, N.S. Study of bone mineral density in resident doctors working at a teaching hospital. J. Postgrad. Med. 2010, 56, 65-70.
59. Beloyartseva, M.; Mithal, A.; Kaur, P.; Kalra, S.; Baruah, M.P.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Bantwal, G.; Bandgar, T.R. Widespread vitamin D deficiency among Indian health care professionals. Arch. Osteoporos. 2012, 7, 187-192.
60. Lo, C.W.; Paris, P.W.; Holick, M.F. Indian and Pakistani immigrants have the same capacity as Caucasians to produce vitamin D in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1986, 44, 683-685.
61. Clemens, T.L.; Adams, J.S.; Henderson, S.L.; Holick, M.F. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet 1982, 1, 74-76.
62. Matsuoka, L.Y.; Wortsman, J.; Haddad, J.G.; Kolm, P.; Hollis, B.W. Racial pigmentation and the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. Arch. Dermatol. 1991, 127, 536-538.
63. Agarwal, K.S.; Mughal, M.Z.; Upadhyay, P.; Berry, J.L.; Mawer, E.B.; Puliyel, J.M. The impact of atmospheric pollution on vitamin D status of infants and toddlers in Delhi, India. Arch. Dis. Child. 2002, 87, 111-113.
64. Jones, G.; Prosser, D.E.; Kaufmann, M.; Jones, G.; Prosser, D.E.; Kaufmann, M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): Its important role in the degradation of vitamin D. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2012, 523, 9-18.
65. Liao, E. FGF23 associated bone diseases. Front. Med. 2013, 7, 65-80.
66. Weaver, C.M.; Proulx, W.R.; Heaney, R. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 543S-548S.
67. Gupta, A. Osteoporosis in India-The nutritional hypothesis. Natl. Med. J. India 1996, 9, 268-274.
68. Caudarella, R.; Vescini, F.; Rizzoli, E.; Francucci, C.M. Salt intake, hypertension, and osteoporosis. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2009, 32, 15-20.
69. Beaudoin, M.S.; Graham, T.E. Methylxanthines and human health: Epidemiological and experimental evidence. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2011, 200, 509-548.
70. Tandon, R.K.; Joshi, Y.K.; Singh, D.S.; Narendranathan, M.; Balakrishnan, V.; Lal, K. Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34, 943-946.
71. Babu, J.; Kumar, S.; Babu, P.; Prasad, J.H.; Ghoshal, U.C. Frequency of lactose malabsorption among healthy southern and northern Indian populations by genetic analysis and lactose hydrogen breath and tolerance tests. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 140-146.
72. Gallego Romero, I.; Basu Mallick, C.; Liebert, A.; Crivellaro, F.; Chaubey, G.; Itan, Y.; Metspalu, M.; Eaaswarkhanth, M.; Pitchappan, R.; Villems, R.; et al. Herders of Indian and European cattle share their predominant allele for lactase persistence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2012, 29, 249-260.
73. Hollox, E.J.; Poulter, M.; Zvarik, M.; Ferak, V.; Krause, A.; Jenkins, T.; Saha, N.; Kozlov, A.I.; Swallow, D.M. Lactase haplotype diversity in the Old World. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001, 68, 160-172.
74. Harinarayan, C.V.; Ramalakshmi, T.; Venkataprasad, U. High prevalence of low dietary calcium and low vitamin D status in healthy south Indians. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 13, 359-364.
75. Harinarayan, C.V.; Kochupillai, N.; Madhu, S.V.; Gupta, N.; Meunier, P.J. Fluorotoxic metabolic bone disease: An osteo-renal syndrome caused by excess fluoride ingestion in the tropics. Bone 2006, 39, 907-914.
76. Khandare, A.L.; Harikumar, R.; Sivakumar, B. Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2005, 76, 412-418.
77. Natri, A.M.; Salo, P.; Vikstedt, T.; Palssa, A.; Huttunen, M.; Karkkainen, M.U.; Salovaara, H.; Piironen, V.; Jakobsen, J.; Lamberg-Allardt, C.J. Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 123-127.
78. Lu, Z.; Chen, T.C.; Zhang, A.; Persons, K.S.; Kohn, N.; Berkowitz, R.; Martinello, S.; Holick, M.F. An evaluation of the vitamin D3 content in fish: Is the vitamin D content adequate to satisfy the dietary requirement for vitamin D? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 103, 642-644.
79. Zargar, A.H.; Ahmad, S.; Masoodi, S.R.; Wani, A.I.; Bashir, M.I.; Laway, B.A.; Shah, Z.A. Vitamin D status in apparently healthy adults in Kashmir Valley of Indian subcontinent. Postgrad. Med. J. 2007, 83, 713-716.
80. Ramakrishnan, S.; Bhansali, A.; Bhadada, S.K.; Sharma, R.; Walia, R.; Ravikiran, M.; Shanmugasundar, G.; Ravikumar, P. Vitamin D status and its seasonal variability in healthy young adults in an Asian Indian urban population. Endocr. Pract. 2011, 17, 185-191.
81. Goswami, R.; Kochupillai, N.; Gupta, N.; Goswami, D.; Singh, N.; Dudha, A. Presence of 25(OH) D deficiency in a rural North Indian village despite abundant sunshine. J. Assoc. Physicians India 2008, 56, 755-757.
82. Goswami, R.; Marwaha, R.K.; Gupta, N.; Tandon, N.; Sreenivas, V.; Tomar, N.; Ray, D.; Kanwar, R.; Agarwal, R. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: A community-based survey. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102, 382-386.
83. Vupputuri, M.R.; Goswami, R.; Gupta, N.; Ray, D.; Tandon, N.; Kumar, N. Prevalence and functional significance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Asian Indians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 1411-1419.
84. Puri, S.; Marwaha, R.K.; Agarwal, N.; Tandon, N.; Agarwal, R.; Grewal, K.; Reddy, D.H.; Singh, S. Vitamin D status of apparently healthy schoolgirls from two different socioeconomic strata in Delhi: Relation to nutrition and lifestyle. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 876-882.
85. Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Reddy, D.R.; Aggarwal, R.; Singh, R.; Sawhney, R.C.; Saluja, B.; Ganie, M.A.; Singh, S. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82, 477-482.
86. Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Reddy, D.H.; Mani, K.; Puri, S.; Aggarwal, N.; Grewal, K.; Singh, S. Peripheral bone mineral density and its predictors in healthy school girls from two different socioeconomic groups in Delhi. Osteoporos. Int 2007, 18, 375-383.
87. Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Garg, M.K.; Kanwar, R.; Narang, A.; Sastry, A.; Saberwal, A.; Bandra, K. Vitamin D status in healthy Indians aged 50 years and above. J. Assoc. Physicians India 2011, 59, 706-709.
88. Garg, M.K.; Tandon, N.; Marwaha, R.K.; Menon, A.S.; Mahalle, N. The relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, parathormone and bone mineral density in Indian population. Clin. Endocrinol. 2013, 80, 41-46.
89. Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Chopra, S.; Agarwal, N.; Garg, M.K.; Sharma, B.; Kanwar, R.S.; Bhadra, K.; Singh, S.; Mani, K.; et al. Vitamin D status in pregnant Indian women across trimesters and different seasons and its correlation with neonatal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 1383-1389.
90. Seth, A.; Marwaha, R.K.; Singla, B.; Aneja, S.; Mehrotra, P.; Sastry, A.; Khurana, M.L.; Mani, K.; Sharma, B.; Tandon, N. Vitamin D nutritional status of exclusively breast fed infants and their mothers. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 22, 241-246.
91. Tiwari, L.; Puliyel, J.M. Vitamin D level in slum children of Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2004, 41, 1076-1077.
92. Mehrotra, P.; Marwaha, R.K.; Aneja, S.; Seth, A.; Singla, B.M.; Ashraf, G.; Sharma, B.; Sastry, A.; Tandon, N. Hypovitaminosis d and hypocalcemic seizures in infancy. Indian Pediatr. 2010, 47, 581-586.
93. Jain, V.; Gupta, N.; Kalaivani, M.; Jain, A.; Sinha, A.; Agarwal, R. Vitamin D deficiency in healthy breastfed term infants at 3 months & their mothers in India: Seasonal variation & determinants. Indian J. Med. Res. 2011, 133, 267-273.
94. Agarwal, R.; Virmani, D.; Jaipal, M.L.; Gupta, S.; Gupta, N.; Sankar, M.J.; Bhatia, S.; Agarwal, A.; Devgan, V.; Deorari, A.; et al. Vitamin D status of low birth weight infants in Delhi: A comparative study. J. Trop. Pediatr. 2012, 58, 446-450.
95. Agarwal, N.; Faridi, M.M.; Aggarwal, A.; Singh, O. Vitamin D Status of term exclusively breastfed infants and their mothers from India. Acta Paediatr. 2010, 99, 1671-1674.
96. Arya, V.; Bhambri, R.; Godbole, M.M.; Mithal, A. Vitamin D status and its relationship with bone mineral density in healthy Asian Indians. Osteoporos. Int. 2004, 15, 56-61.
97. Sachan, A.; Gupta, R.; Das, V.; Agarwal, A.; Awasthi, P.K.; Bhatia, V. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 1060-1064.
98. Sahu, M.; Bhatia, V.; Aggarwal, A.; Rawat, V.; Saxena, P.; Pandey, A.; Das, V. Vitamin D deficiency in rural girls and pregnant women despite abundant sunshine in northern India. Clin. Endocrinol. 2009, 70, 680-684.
99. Agrawal, N.K.; Sharma, B. Prevalence of osteoporosis in otherwise healthy Indian males aged 50 years and above. Arch. Osteoporos. 2013, 8, 116.
100. Harinarayan, C.V.; Ramalakshmi, T.; Prasad, U.V.; Sudhakar, D. Vitamin D status in Andhra Pradesh: A population based study. Indian J. Med. Res. 2008, 127, 211-218.
101. Harinarayan, C.V. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal south Indian women. Osteoporos. Int. 2005, 16, 397-402.
102. Paul, T.V.; Thomas, N.; Seshadri, M.S.; Oommen, R.; Jose, A.; Mahendri, N.V. Prevalence of osteoporosis in ambulatory postmenopausal women from a semiurban region in Southern India: Relationship to calcium nutrition and vitamin D status. Endocr. Pract. 2008, 14, 665-671.
103. Harinarayan, C.V.; Sachan, A.; Reddy, P.A.; Satish, K.M.; Prasad, U.V.; Srivani, P. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density in women of reproductive and postmenopausal age groups: A cross-sectional study from south India. J. Assoc. Physicians India 2011, 59, 698-704.
104. Farrant, H.J.; Krishnaveni, G.V.; Hill, J.C.; Boucher, B.J.; Fisher, D.J.; Noonan, K.; Osmond, C.; Veena, S.R.; Fall, C.H. Vitamin D insufficiency is common in Indian mothers but is not associated with gestational diabetes or variation in newborn size. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 63, 646-652.
105. Bhalala, U.; Desai, M.; Parekh, P.; Mokal, R.; Chheda, B. Subclinical hypovitaminosis D among exclusively breastfed young infants. Indian Pediatr. 2007, 44, 897-901.
106. Shivane, V.K.; Sarathi, V.; Bandgar, T.; Menon, P.; Shah, N.S. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in young healthy adults from the western part of India. Postgrad. Med. J. 2011, 87, 514-518.
107. Ekbote, V.H.; Khadilkar, A.V.; Mughal, M.Z.; Hanumante, N.; Sanwalka, N.; Khadilkar, V.V.; Chiplonkar, S.A.; Kant, S.; Ganacharya, R. Sunlight exposure and development of rickets in Indian toddlers. Indian J. Pediatr. 2010, 77, 61-65.
108. Ekbote, V.H.; Khadilkar, A.V.; Chiplonkar, S.A.; Khadilkar, V.V. Determinants of bone mineral content and bone area in Indian preschool children. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2011, 29, 334-341.
109. Khadilkar, A.; Crabtree, N.J.; Ward, K.A.; Khadilkar, V.; Shaw, N.J.; Mughal, M.Z. Bone status of adolescent girls in Pune (India) compared to age-matched South Asian and white Caucasian girls in the UK. Osteoporos. Int. 2010, 21, 1155-1160.
110. Kadam, N.; Chiplonkar, S.; Khadilkar, A.; Divate, U.; Khadilkar, V. Low bone mass in urban Indian women above 40 years of age: Prevalence and risk factors. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2010, 26, 909-917.
111. Kadam, N.S.; Chiplonkar, S.A.; Khadilkar, A.V.; Fischer, P.R.; Hanumante, N.M.; Khadilkar, V.V. Modifiable factors associated with low bone mineral content in underprivileged premenarchal Indian girls. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 24, 975-981.
112. Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Garg, M.K.; Kanwar, R.; Narang, A.; Sastry, A.; Saberwal, A.; Bhadra, K.; Mithal, A. Bone health in healthy Indian population aged 50 years and above. Osteoporos. Int. 2011, 22, 2829-2836.
113. Wang, T.J.; Zhang, F.; Richards, J.B.; Kestenbaum, B.; van Meurs, J.B.; Berry, D.; Kiel, D.P.; Streeten, E.A.; Ohlsson, C.; Koller, D.L.; et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: A genome-wide association study. Lancet 2010, 376, 180-188.
114. McCullough, M.L.; Bostick, R.M.; Mayo, T.L. Vitamin D gene pathway polymorphisms and risk of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2009, 29, 111-132.
115. McGrath, J.J.; Saha, S.; Burne, T.H.; Eyles, D.W. A systematic review of the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2010, 121, 471-477.
116. Hossein-nezhad, A.; Holick, M.F. Optimize dietary intake of vitamin D: An epigenetic perspective. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2012, 15, 567-579.
117. Goswami, R.; Gupta, N.; Ray, D.; Singh, N.; Tomar, N. Pattern of 25-hydroxy vitamin D response at short (2 month) and long (1 year) interval after 8 weeks of oral supplementation with cholecalciferol in Asian Indians with chronic hypovitaminosis D. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 100, 526-529.
118. Vieth, R. Why the minimum desirable serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level should be 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL). Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 681-691.
119. Fulgoni, V.L., III; Keast, D.R.; Bailey, R.L.; Dwyer, J. Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients? J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 1847-1854.
120. Langlois, K.; Greene-Finestone, L.; Little, J.; Hidiroglou, N.; Whiting, S. Vitamin D status of Canadians as measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 2010, 21, 47-55.
121. Calvo, M.S.; Whiting, S.J. Survey of current vitamin D food fortification practices in the United States and Canada. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2013, 136, 211-213.
122. Ekbote, V.H.; Khadilkar, A.V.; Chiplonkar, S.A.; Hanumante, N.M.; Khadilkar, V.V.; Mughal, M.Z. A pilot randomized controlled trial of oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation using fortified laddoos in underprivileged Indian toddlers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 65, 440-446.
123. Khadgawat, R.; Marwaha, R.K.; Garg, M.K.; Ramot, R.; Oberoi, A.K.; Sreenivas, V.; Gahlot, M.; Mehan, N.; Mathur, P.; Gupta, N. Impact of vitamin D fortified milk supplementation on vitamin D status of healthy school children aged 10-14 years. Osteoporos. Int. 2013, 24, 2335-2343.
124. Sahu, M.; Das, V.; Aggarwal, A.; Rawat, V.; Saxena, P.; Bhatia, V. Vitamin D replacement in pregnant women in rural north India: A pilot study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 63, 1157-1159.
125. Kalra, P.; Das, V.; Agarwal, A.; Kumar, M.; Ramesh, V.; Bhatia, E.; Gupta, S.; Singh, S.; Saxena, P.; Bhatia, V. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on neonatal mineral homeostasis and anthropometry of the newborn and infant. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 108, 1052-1058.
126. Kumar, G.T.; Sachdev, H.S.; Chellani, H.; Rehman, A.M.; Singh, V.; Arora, H.; Filteau, S. Effect of weekly vitamin D supplements on mortality, morbidity, and growth of low birthweight term infants in India up to age 6 months: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011, 342, d2975.
127. Trilok-Kumar, G.; Arora, H.; Rajput, M.; Chellani, H.; Singh, V.; Raynes, J.; Arya, S.; Aggarwal, S.; Srivastava, N.; Sachdev, H.P.; et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation of low birth weight term Indian infants from birth on cytokine production at 6 months. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66, 746-750.
128. Marwaha, R.K.; Tandon, N.; Agarwal, N.; Puri, S.; Agarwal, R.; Singh, S.; Mani, K. Impact of two regimens of vitamin D supplementation on calcium-vitamin D-PTH axis of schoolgirls of Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2010, 47, 761-769.
129. Garg, M.K.; Marwaha, R.K.; Khadgawat, R.; Ramot, R.; Obroi, A.K.; Mehan, N.; Gupta, N.; Madan, R. Efficacy of vitamin D loading doses on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in school going adolescents: An open label non-randomized prospective trial. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 26, 515-523.
130. Goswami, R.; Vatsa, M.; Sreenivas, V.; Singh, U.; Gupta, N.; Lakshmy, R.; Aggarwal, S.; Ganapathy, A.; Joshi, P.; Bhatia, H. Skeletal muscle strength in young Asian Indian females after vitamin D and calcium supplementation: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 97, 4709-4716.
131. Gupta, R.; Sharma, U.; Gupta, N.; Kalaivani, M.; Singh, U.; Guleria, R.; Jagannathan, N.R.; Goswami, R. Effect of cholecalciferol and calcium supplementation on muscle strength and energy metabolism in vitamin D-deficient Asian Indians: A randomized, controlled trial. Clin. Endocrinol. 2010, 73, 445-451.
132. Agarwal, N.; Mithal, A.; Dhingra, V.; Kaur, P.; Godbole, M.M.; Shukla, M. Effect of two different doses of oral cholecalciferol supplementation on serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in healthy Indian postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 17, 883-889.
133. Khadilkar, A.V.; Sayyad, M.G.; Sanwalka, N.J.; Bhandari, D.R.; Naik, S.; Khadilkar, V.V.; Mughal, M.Z. Vitamin D supplementation and bone mass accrual in underprivileged adolescent Indian girls. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 19, 465-472.
134. Khadilkar, A.; Kadam, N.; Chiplonkar, S.; Fischer, P.R.; Khadilkar, V. School-based calcium-vitamin D with micronutrient supplementation enhances bone mass in underprivileged Indian premenarchal girls. Bone 2012, 51, 1-7.
135. Nordin, B.E. International patterns of osteoporosis. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1966, 45, 17-30.
136. Malhotra, N.; Mithal, A. Osteoporosis in Indians. Indian J. Med. Res. 2008, 127, 263-268.
137. SP, S.T.; Teotia, M. Nutritional bone disease in Indian population. Indian J. Med. Res. 2008, 127, 219-228.
138. Lowe, N.M.; Ellahi, B.; Bano, Q.; Bangash, S.A.; Mitra, S.R.; Zaman, M. Dietary calcium intake, vitamin D status, and bone health in postmenopausal women in rural Pakistan. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2011, 29, 465-470.
139. Rashid, A.; Mohammed, T.; Stephens, W.P.; Warrington, S.; Berry, J.L.; Mawer, E.B. Vitamin D state of Asians living in Pakistan. Br. Med. J. 1983, 286, 182-184.
140. Mansoor, S.; Habib, A.; Ghani, F.; Fatmi, Z.; Badruddin, S.; Mansoor, S.; Siddiqui, I.; Jabbar, A. Prevalence and significance of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among apparently healthy adults. Clin. Biochem. 2010, 43, 1431-1435.
141. Khan, A.H.; Iqbal, R.; Naureen, G.; Dar, F.J.; Ahmed, F.N. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its correlates: Results of a community-based study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Arch. Osteoporos. 2012, 7, 275-282.
142. Karim, S.A.; Nusrat, U.; Aziz, S. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their newborns as seen at a tertiary-care center in Karachi, Pakistan. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2011, 112, 59-62.
143. Hossain, N.; Khanani, R.; Hussain-Kanani, F.; Shah, T.; Arif, S.; Pal, L. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Pakistani mothers and their newborns. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2011, 112, 229-233.
144. Atiq, M.; Suria, A.; Nizami, S.Q.; Ahmed, I. Vitamin D status of breastfed Pakistani infants. Acta Paediatr. 1998, 87, 737-740.
145. Islam, M.Z.; Lamberg-Allardt, C.; Karkkainen, M.; Outila, T.; Salamatullah, Q.; Shamim, A.A. D deficiency: A concern in premenopausal Bangladeshi women of two socio-economic groups in rural and urban region. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56, 51-56.
146. Islam, M.Z.; Akhtaruzzaman, M.; Lamberg-Allardt, C. Hypovitaminosis D is common in both veiled and nonveiled Bangladeshi women. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 15, 81-87.
147. Islam, M.Z.; Shamim, A.A.; Kemi, V.; Nevanlinna, A.; Akhtaruzzaman, M.; Laaksonen, M.; Jehan, A.H.; Jahan, K.; Khan, H.U.; Lamberg-Allardt, C. Vitamin D deficiency and low bone status in adult female garment factory workers in Bangladesh. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 1322-1329.
148. Roth, D.E.; Shah, M.R.; Black, R.E.; Baqui, A.H. Vitamin D status of infants in northeastern rural Bangladesh: Preliminary observations and a review of potential determinants. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2010, 28, 458-469.
149. Doi, M.; Rekha, R.S.; Ahmed, S.; Okada, M.; Roy, A.K.; El Arifeen, S.; Ekstrom, E.C.; Raqib, R.; Wagatsuma, Y. Association between calcium in cord blood and newborn size in Bangladesh. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 1398-1407.
150. Ullah, M.I.; Koch, C.A.; Tamanna, S.; Rouf, S.; Shamsuddin, L. Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Bangladesh. Horm. Metab. Res. 2013, 45, 682-687.
151. Jiang, T.; Christian, P.; Khatry, S.K.; Wu, L.; West, K.P., Jr. Micronutrient deficiencies in early pregnancy are common, concurrent, and vary by season among rural Nepali pregnant women. J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 1106-1112.
152. Meyer, H.E.; Holvik, K.; Lofthus, C.M.; Tennakoon, S.U. Vitamin D status in Sri Lankans living in Sri Lanka and Norway. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 941-944.
153. Hettiarachchi, M.; Liyanage, C. Coexisting micronutrient deficiencies among Sri Lankan pre-school children: A community-based study. Matern. Child Nutr. 2012, 8, 259-266.
154. Roth, D.E.; Al Mahmud, A.; Raqib, R.; Akhtar, E.; Perumal, N.; Pezzack, B.; Baqui, A.H., Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose prenatal third-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation in Bangladesh: The AViDD trial. Nutr. J. 2013, 12, 47.
155. Ali, B.; Butt, A.; Fatima, A.; McDonnell, M.E.; Masud, F. Tibial tenderness identifies secondary hyperparathyroidism responding to high-dose vitamin d in pakistani women. Endocr. Pract. 2013, 19, 596-601.