Religion and the politics of ethnic identity in Bahia, Brazil

Religion and the Politics of Ethnic Identity in Bahia, Brazil

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-175

  Selka, Stephen ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895025179     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (230)

1. Abercrombie, Nicholas, and Stephen Hill. 1976. "Paternalism and Patronage." British Journal of Sociology 27 (4): 413-29.
2. Adriance, Madeleine. 1986. Opting for the Poor: Brazilian Catholicism in Transition. Kansas City, Mo.: Sheed and Ward.
3. Agier, Michel. 1998. "Between Affliction and Politics: A Case Study of Bahian Candomblé." In Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790s to 1990s, ed. Hendrik Kraay. 134-57. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
4. Agier, Michel. 2000. Anthropologie du Carnaval: La Ville, la Fête et l'Afrique Bahia. Marseille: Parenthèses.
5. Alvarez, Sonia, Ernesto Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, eds. 1998. Culture of Politics, Politics of Culture: Revisioning Latin American Social Movements. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
6. Alves Velho, Yvonne Maggie. 1977. Guerra de Orixá. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores.
7. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.
8. Andrews, George Reid. 1991. Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil 1888-1988. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
9. Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
10. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 1994. "Identity, Authenticity, Survival: Multicultural Societies and Social Reproduction." In Multiculturalism, ed. Amy Gutmann. 149-64. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
11. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 1995. "African Identities." In Social Postmodernism: Beyond Identity Politics, ed. Linda Nicholson and Steven Seidman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 103-15.
12. Apter, Andrew. 2005. "Herskovit's Heritage: Rethinking Syncretism in the African Diaspora." In Syncretism in Religion: A Reader, ed. Anita Maria Leopold and Jeppe Sinding Jensen. New York: Routledge, 160-84.
13. Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
14. Azevedo, Marcello de Carvalho. 1987. Basic Ecclesial Communities in Brazil: The Challenge of a New Way of Being Church. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
15. Bacelar, Jeferson. 2001. A Hierarquia das Raças: Negros e Brancos Em Salvador. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.
16. Barcelos, Luiz Claudio. 1999. "Struggling in Paradise: Racial Mobilization and the Contemporary Black Movement in Brazil." In From Indifference to Inequality: Race in Contemporary Brazil, ed. Rebecca Reichmann. 155-66. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
17. Bastide, Roger. 1958. O Candomblé da Bahia. São Paulo: Editora Schwarcz Ltda.
18. Bastide, Roger. 1978. The African Religions of Brazil: Toward a Sociology of the Interpenetration of Civilizations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
19. Bauman, Zigmunt. 1996. "From Pilgrim to Tourist-or a Short History of Identity." In Questions and Cultural Identity, edited by Stuart Hall and Paul du Guy. 18-36. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Productions.
20. Bell, Catherine M. 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Bell, Catherine M. 1997. Ritual Perspectives and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Berbardino, Joaze, and Daniela Galdino. 2004. Levando a Raça a Sério: Ação Afirmativa e a Universidade. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas.
23. Berryman, Phillip. 1995. Religion in the Megacity: Catholic and Protestant Portraits from Latin America. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books.
24. Birman, Patrícia. 1995. Fazer Estilo Criando Gêneros: Possessão e Diferenças de Gênero Em Terreiros de Umbanda e Candomblé No Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Dumará Distribuidora de Publicações Ltda.
25. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
26. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. "Genesis and Structure of the Religious Field." In Religious Institutions, ed. Craig Calhoun. 1-44. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
27. Bourdieu, Pierre, and L.J.D. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
28. Bourdieu, Pierre, and L.J.D. Wacquant. 1999. "On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason." Theory, Culture and Society 16 (1): 41-58.
29. Bowser, Benjamin, ed. 1995. Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective. Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
30. Braga, Júlio. 1995. Na Gamela do Feitiço: Repressão e Resistência nos Candomblés da Bahia. Salvador: Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia.
31. Brown, Diana DeGroat. 1986. Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press.
32. Brown, Diana DeGroat. 1999. "Power, Invention, and the Politics of Race: Umbanda Past and Future." In Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization, ed. Larry Crook and Randal Johnson. 213-36. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Studies Center Publications.
33. Bruneau, Thomas C. 1982. The Church in Brazil: The Politics of Religion. Austin: University of Texas Press.
34. Burdick, John. 1992. "Brazil's Black Consciousness Movement." NACLA Report on the Americas 25 (4) (February): 23-27.
35. Burdick, John. 1993. Looking for God in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Burdick, John. 1998a. Blessed Anastacia: Women, Race, and Popular Christianity in Brazil. New York: Routledge.
37. Burdick, John. 1998b. "The Lost Constituency of Brazil's Black Consciousness Movements." Latin American Perspectives 25 (1) (January): 136-55.
38. Burdick, John. 1999. "What is the Color of the Holy Spirit? Pentecostalism and Black Identity in Brazil." Latin American Research Review 34 (2): 109-33.
39. Burdick, John. 2002. "Negra and Mestiça: Emergent Racial Meanings in Brazil's Black Pastoral." Luso-Brazilian Review 39 (1): 95-101.
40. Burdick, John. 2003. "The Afro-Catholic Liturgy and the Dance of Eurocentrism in Brazil." In Race, Nation, and Religion in the Americas, ed. Henry Goldschmidt and Elizabeth McAlister. 111-32. New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Burdick, John. 2004. Legacies of Liberation: The Progressive Catholic Church in Brazil at the Start of a New Millenium. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate.
42. Burdick, John. 2005. "Why Is the Evangelical Black Movement Growing in Brazil?" Journal of Latin American Studies 37 (2): 311-32.
43. Burns, E. Bradford. 1980. A History of Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.
44. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
45. Butler, Judith. 1994. "Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of 'Postmodernism.'" In The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives in Social Theory, ed. Steven Seidman. 153-70. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
46. Butler, Kim D. 1998a. Freedoms Given, Freedoms Won: Afro-Brazilians in Post-Abolition São Paulo and Salvador. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
47. Butler, Kim D. 1998b. "Afterword: Ginga Baiana-The Politics of Race, Class, Culture and Power in Salvador, Bahia." In Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790s to 1990s, ed. Hendrik Kraay. 158-75. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharp.
48. CAAPA. 2001. A Pastoral Aro e Os Afrodescendentes. Salvador: CAAPA (Centro Arquidiocesano de Articulação da Pastoral Afro Mons. Saduc).
49. Campos, Leonildo Silveira. 1996. "Why Historical Churches Are Declining and Pentecostal Churches Are Growing in Brazil: A Sociological Perspective." In In the Power of the Spirit, ed. Benjamin Gutierrez and Dennis A. Smith. 65-94. Drexel Hill, Pa.: Skipjack Press.
50. Campos Machado, Maria das Dores. 1996. Carimáticos e Pentecostais: Asesão Religiosa Na Esfera Familar. São Paulo: ANPOCS.
51. Canclini, Néstor García. 1989. Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
52. Carneiro, Edison. 1991. Candomblés Da Bahia. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
53. Carrette, Jeremy. 1999a. Foucault and Religion: Spiritual Corporality and Political Spirituality. New York: Routledge.
54. Carrette, Jeremy. 1999b. Religion and Culture: Michel Foucault. New York: Routledge.
55. Carvalho, José Jorge de. 1993. Black Music of All Colors: The Construction of Black Ethnicity in Ritual and Popular Genres of Afro-Brazilian Music. Brasília, D.F.: Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Antropologia.
56. Castells, Manuel. 1997. The Power of Identity. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
57. CENPAH. 2001. "Auto-Estima e Identidade Negra: Miscigenação e Ideologia do Branqueamento. Cadernos de Educação Afro-Brasileira." Sussuarana, Bahia: CENPAH (Centro de Pastoral Afro Pe. Heitor).
58. Chesnut, R. Andrew. 1997. Born Again in Brazil: The Pentecostal Boom and the Pathogens of Poverty. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
59. Chesters, Graeme, and Ian Welsh. 2005. "Complexity and Social Movement(s): Process and Emergence in Planetary Action Systems." Theory, Culture and Society 22 (5): 187-211.
60. Churchill, Ward. 1996. From a Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985-1995. Boston: South End Press.
61. Clawson, David L. 1984. "Religious Allegiance and Development in Latin America." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 26: 499-524.
62. Cleary, David. 1999. Race, Nationalism and Social Theory in Brazil: Rethinking Gilberto Freyre. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63. Cleary, Edward L., and Hannah Stewart-Gambino. 1997. Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
64. Clifford, James, and George E. Marcus. 1986. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. A School of American Research Advanced Seminar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
65. Cohen, Jean. 1985. "Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements." Social Research 52 (4): 663-716.
66. Comaroff, Jean. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and Power of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Comaroff, John L. 1996. "Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Politics of Difference in an Age of Revolution." In The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premises in a World of Power, ed. Edwin N. Wilmsen and Patrick McAllister. 162-84. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Conrad, Robert. 1983. Children of God's Fire: A Documentary History of Black Slavery in Brazil. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
69. Consorte, Josildeth Gomes. 1999. "Em Torno de Um Manifesto de Ialorixás Contra o Sincretismo." In Faces Da Tradição Afro-Brasileira: Religiosidade, Sincretismo, Anti-Syncretismo, Reafricanizaçã, Práticas Terapêuticas, Etnobotânica e Comida, ed. Carlos Caroso and Jeferson Bacelar. 71-92. Salvador: Pallas.
70. Contins, Maria. 1992. Narrativas Pentecostais: Estudos Antropológicos de Grupos de Pentecostais Negros Nos Estados Unidos. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudos Culturais.
71. Costa, Esdras Borges. 1979. "Protestantism, Modernization and Cultural Change in Brazil." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
72. Covin, David. 1996. "The Role of Culture in Brazil's Unified Black Movement, Bahia in 1992." Journal of Black Studies 27 (1) (September): 39-55.
73. Crook, Larry, and Randal Johnson. 1999. Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization. Los Angeles: Latin American Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles.
74. Csordas, Thomas J. 1994. The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Berkeley: University of California Press.
75. Curry, Donald Edward. 1969. "Lusiada: An Anthropological Study of the Growth of Protestantism in Brazil." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.
76. D'Adesky, Jacques. 2001. Racismos e Anti-Racismos No Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.
77. Da Silva, Elizete. 1997. Religião, Identidade Brasileira e Globalização. IV Conferência da BRASA. Washington, D.C., November.
78. Da Silva, Elizete. 1998. "Cidadãos de Outra Pátria: Anglicanos e Batistas na Bahia." Ph.D. dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de História.
79. de Certeau, Michel. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
80. Degler, Carl. 1971. Neither Black Nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. New York: Macmillan.
81. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1977. Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. New York: Viking Press.
82. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
83. Droogers, Andre. 1989. "Syncretism: The Problem of Definition, the Definition of the Problem." In Dialogue and Syncretism: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. J. Gort et al. 7-28. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdsmans.
84. Droogers, Andre. 2005. "Syncretism, Power, Play." In Syncretism in Religion: A Reader, ed. Anita Maria Leopold and Jeppe Sinding Jensen. 217-36. New York: Routledge.
85. Durkheim, Emile. 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
86. Edelman, Marc. 2001. "Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics." Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 285-317.
87. Escobar, Arturo, and Sonia E. Alvarez. 1992. The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
88. Fanon, Frantz. 2002. The Wretched of the Earth. London: Penguin.
89. Farra, Robert Martin. 1960. "Protestantism in Brazil: A Study of the Activities and Results of the Protestant Foreign Missionary Movement in the United States of Brazil." Thesis, University of Nebraska.
90. Fernandes, Florestan. 1969. The Negro in Brazilian Society. New York: Columbia University Press.
91. Filhos de Gandhy. 2003. "Como Naceu." Cri'Artes Brasil Ltda. (accessed August 8, 2003).
92. Fontaine, Pierre-Michel. 1985. Race, Class, and Power in Brazil. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
93. Forman, Shepard. 1975. The Brazilian Peasantry. New York: Columbia University Press.
94. Fotopoulos, Takis. 2002. "Transitional Strategies and the Inclusive Democracy Project." Alternatives: The Turkish Journal of International Relations 1 (1) (Spring): 72-119.
95. Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
96. Foucault, Michel. 1999. "Pastoral Power and Political Reason." In Religion and Culture: Michel Foucault, ed. Jeremy R. Carrette. 135-53. New York: Routledge.
97. Frase, Ronald Glen. 1975. "A Sociological Analysis of the Development of Brazilian Protestantism: A Study in Culture Change." Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton Theological Seminary.
98. Fredrickson, George M. 2001. "Race and Racism in Historical Perspective: Comparing the United States, South Africa, and Brazil." In Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States, ed. Charles Hamilton and Lynn Huntley. 1-28. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
99. French, John D. 2000. "The Missteps of Anti-Imperialist Reason." Theory, Culture and Society 17 (1): 107-28.
100. Freston, Paul. 1994. Evangélicos Na Política Brasileira: História Ambígua e Desafio Ético. Curitiba: Encontrão Editora.
101. Freyre, Gilberto. 1945. Brazil: An Interpretation. New York: Knopf.
102. Freyre, Gilberto. 1956. The Masters and the Slaves: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization. New York: Knopf.
103. Freyre, Gilberto. 1959. New World in the Tropics. New York: Knopf.
104. Garrard-Burnett, Virginia, and David Stoll. 1993. Rethinking Protestantism in Latin America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
105. Gebara, Ivone. 1999. "A Recusa Do Sincretismo Como Afirmação da Liberdade." In Faraimará-O Caçador Traz Alegria: Mãe Stella, 60 Anos de Iniciação, ed. Cléo e Martins and Raul Lody. 404-12. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.
106. Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
107. Gilroy, Paul. 2002. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
108. Gluckman, Max. 1959. Custom and Conflict in Africa. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
109. Guimarães, Antonio Sergio Alfredo. 1995. "Racism and Anti-Racism in Brazil: A Postmodern Perspective." In Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective, ed. Benjamin P. Bowser. 208-26. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
110. Guimarães, Antonio Sergio Alfredo. 1999. Racismo e Anti-Racismo no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora 34.
111. Guimarães, Antonio Sergio Alfredo. 2001. "The Misadventures of Nonracialism in Brazil." In Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States, ed. Charles V. Hamilton and Lynn Huntley. 157-86. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
112. Hanchard, Michael. 1994. Orpheus and Power: The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 1945-1988. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
113. Hanchard, Michael. 1999. Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
114. Hanchard, Michael. 2003. "Acts of Misrecognition: Transnational Black Politics, Anti-Imperialism and the Ethnocentrisms of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant." Theory, Culture and Society 20 (4): 5-29.
115. Harding, Rachel E. 2000. Candomblé and Alternative Spaces of Blackness. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
116. Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. 2000. Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
117. Harrell, S. P. 1997. "The Racism and Life Experience Scales." Unpublished instrument.
118. Hasenbalg, Carlos Alfredo. 1979. Discriminação e Desigualdades Raciais No Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
119. Hasenbalg, Carlos Alfredo. 1984. Race Relations in Modern Brazil. Albuquerque: The Latin American Institute, University of New Mexico.
120. Hasenbalg, Carlos Alfredo. 1986. Race and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Universitario de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro.
121. Hasenbalg, Carlos, and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1988. Estrutura Social, Mobilidade e Raça. São Paulo: Vertice.
122. Heidegger, Martin. 1962. Being and Time. New York: Harper.
123. Heringer, Rosana. 1999. A Cor da Desigualdade: Desigualdades Raciais no Mercado de Trabalho e Ação Afirmativa no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IERE.
124. Herskovits, Melville J. 1941. The Myth of the Negro Past. Boston: Beacon Press.
125. Hess, David J. 1985. "Hierarchy, Heterodoxy and the Construction of Brazilian Religious Therapies." In The Brazilian Puzzle: Culture on the Borderlands of the Western World, ed. David J. Hess and Roberto A. DaMatta. 180-208. New York: Columbia University Press.
126. Hoffnagel, Judith C. 1980. "Pentecostalism: A Revolutionary or Conservative Movement?" In Perspectives on Pentecostalism: Case Studies from the Caribbean and Latin America, ed. Stephen D. Glazier. 111-23. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
127. Htun, Mala. 2005. "From 'Racial Democracy' to Affirmative Action: Changing State Policy on Race in Brazil." Latin American Research Review 39 (1): 60-89.
128. Hutchinson, Harry W. 1952. "Race Relations in a Rural Community in the Bahian Recôncavo." In Race and Class in Rural Brazil, ed. Charles Wagley. 16-46. New York: Colombia University Press.
129. IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geographia e Estatística). 2005. Electronic database, (accessed July 29).
130. Ilê Aiyê. 2003. "História." (accessed October 31, 2003).
131. Ilé Axé Opô Afonjá. 2002. "Iansã Não É Santa Barbara." (accessed February 25, 2003).
132. Ireland, Rowan. 1991. Kingdoms Come: Religion and Politics in Brazil. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
133. James, Preston, and C. W. Minkel. 1986. Latin America. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
134. Jensen, Tina Gudrun. 1999. "Discourses on Afro-Brazilian Religion: From De-Africanization to Re-Africanization." In Latin American Religion in Motion, ed. Christian Smith and Joshua Prokopy. 275-94. New York: Routledge.
135. Johnson, Paul C. 2002. Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
136. Jones, Kimberly Faith. 1995. "A Luta Continua. Afro-Brazilian Mobilization within the Context of Racial Democracy: O Movimento Negro, 1978-1994." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
137. Kiddy, Elizabeth W. 1998. "Brotherhoods of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks: Community and Devotion in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico.
138. Kiddy, Elizabeth W. 2005. Blacks of the Rosary: Memory and History in Minas Gerais, Brazil. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
139. Kokot, Waltraud, Khachig Tölölyan et al. 2004. Diaspora, Identity, and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research. New York: Routledge.
140. Kraay, Hendrick. 1998. Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790s to 1990s. Latin American Realities. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
141. Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
142. Langman, Lauren, and Valerie Scatamburlo. 1996. "The Self Strikes Back: Identity Politics in the Postmodern Age." In Alienation, Ethnicity, and Postmodernism, ed. Felix Geyer. 127-48. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
143. Laraña, Enrique, Hank Johnston, and Joseph Gusfield. 1994. New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
144. Leach, Edmund. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
145. Lovell, Peggy, and Charles H. Wood. 1998. "Skin Color, Racial Identity, and Life Chances in Brazil." Latin American Perspectives 25 (3) (May): 90-109.
146. Maggie, Yvonne. 1992. Medo Do Feitiço: Relações Entre Magia e Poder No Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Arquivo Nacional.
147. Manning, Frank E. 1980. "Pentecostalism: Christianity and Reputation." In Perspectives on Pentecostalism: Case Studies From the Caribbean and Latin America, ed. Stephen D. Glazier. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 177-187.
148. Marcus, George E., and Michael M. J. Fischer. 1986. Anthropology as Culture Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
149. Margolies, Luise. 1980. "The Paradoxical Growth of Pentecostalism." In Perspectives on Pentecostalism: Case Studies from the Caribbean and Latin America, ed. Stephen D. Glazier. 1-5. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
150. Martin, David. 1991. Tongues of Fire: The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell.
151. Marzal, Manuel M. 1993. "Transplanted Spanish Catholicism." In South and Meso-American Native Spirituality: From the Cult of the Feathered Serpent to the Theology of Liberation, ed. Gary H. Gossen, in collaboration with Miguel Leon-Portilla. 140-72. New York: Crossroad.
152. Matory, James Lorand. 2005. Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
153. Mayer, Margit, and Roland Roth. 1995. "New Social Movements and the Transformation to Post Fordist Society." In Cultural Politics and Social Movements, ed. Marcy Darnovsky and Barbara Epstein. 299-319. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
154. McCallum, Cecilia. 1996. "Resisting Brazil: Perspectives on Local Nationalisms in Salvador da Bahia." Ethnos 61:3-4.
155. McGregor, Pedro. 1966. The Moon and Two Mountains: The Myths, Ritual and Magic of Brazilian Spiritism. London: Souvenir Press.
156. Melucci, Alberto, John Keane et al. 1989. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
157. MEP 2001. MEP: Movimento Evangélico Progressista. Pamphlet. Salvador, Bahia: Cartilha.
158. Mintz, Sidney Wilfred, and Richard Price. 1992. The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. Boston: Beacon Press.
159. Moura, Clóvis. 1981. Os Quilombos e a Rebelião Negra. São Paulo: Brasiliense.
160. Moura, Clóvis. 1986. Quilombos, Resistência Ao Escravismo. São Paulo: Editora Atica. Movimento Brasil: Outros 500 Resistência Indigena, Negra e Popular. 2001. "Quem Diz Mestiço, Diz Negro!" Leaflet. Salvador, Bahia.
161. Movimento Negro Unificado. 1988. 1978-1988: 10 Anos de Luta Contra o Racismo. São Paulo: Confraria do Livro.
162. Mulvey, Patricia. 1980. "Black Brothers and Sisters: Membership in the Black Lay Brotherhoods of Colonial Brazil." Luso-Brazilian Review 17 (2) (Winter): 253-79.
163. Mulvey, Patricia. 1982. "Slave Confraternities in Brazil: Their Role in Colonial Society." The Americas 39 (1) (July): 39-68.
164. Myatt, Alan Doyle. 1995. "Religion and Racial Identity in the Movimento Negro of the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil." Ph.D. dissertation, Iliff School and the University of Denver (Colorado Seminary).
165. Nascimento, Abias do, and Elisa Larkin Nascimento. 2001. "Dance of Deception: A Reading of Race Relations in Brazil." In Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States, ed. Charles V. Hamilton and Lynn Huntley. 105-56. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
166. Nason, James D. 1997. "Native American Intellectual Property Rights: Issues in the Control of Esoteric Knowledge." In Borrowed Power: Essays on Cultural Appropriation, ed. Bruce Ziff and Pratima V. Rao. 237-54. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
167. Nehamas, Alexander. 1985. Nietzsche, Life as Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
168. Nina Rodrigues, Raymundo. 1935. O Animismo Fetichista dos Negros Bahianos. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
169. Nishida, Mieko. 1991. "Gender, Ethnicity, and Kinship in the Urban African Diaspora: Salvador, Brazil, 1808-1888." Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.
170. Nishida, Mieko. 2003. Slavery and Identity: Ethnicity, Gender and Race in Salvador, Brazil, 1808-1888. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
171. Nobles, Melissa. 1995. "Responding with Good Sense": The Politics of Race and Censuses in Contemporary Brazil." Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.
172. Novaes, Regina, and Maria da Graca Floriano. 1985. O Negro Evangélico. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Estudos de Religião. Olodum. 2003. Grupo Cultural Olodum. (accessed July 13, 2003).
173. Phinney, J. 1992. "The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Adolescents and Youth Adults from Diverse Groups." Journal of Adolescent Research 7: 156-76.
174. Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 1996. "Varieties of Ethnic Politics and Ethnicity Discourse." In The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premises in a World of Power, ed. Edwin N. Wilmsen and Patrick McAllister. 25-44. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
175. Portelli, Hugues. 1974. Gramsci et la Question Religieuse. Paris: Anthropos.
176. Prandi, Reginaldo. 1995. "Raça e Religião." Novo Estudos 42: 113-29.
177. Prandi, Reginaldo. 1999. "Referências Socias das Religiões Afro-Brasileiras: Sincretismo, Branqueamento, Africanização." In Faces Da Tradição Afro-Brasileira: Religiosidade, Sincretismo, Anti-Sincretismo, Reafricanização, Práticas Terapêuticas, Ethnobotânica e Comida, ed. Carlos Caroso and Jeferson Bacelar. 93-112. Salvador: Pallas.
178. Ramos, Arthur. 1940. O Negro Brasileiro. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
179. Ramos, Arthur. 1942. A Aculturação Negra Do Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
180. Read, William. 1965. New Patterns of Church Growth in Brazil. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans.
181. Reichmann, Rebecca. 1997. Equality and Difference: Identity Politics in Brazil. Santa Cruz: University of California at Santa Cruz, Chicano/Latino Research Center.
182. Reichmann, Rebecca. 1999a. Brazil: Equality, Difference and Identity Politics. Oxford: Berg.
183. Reichmann, Rebecca. 1999b. Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
184. Reinarman, Craig. 1995. "The Twelve-Step Movement and Advanced Capitalist Culture: The Politics of Self-Control in Postmodernity." In Cultural Politics and Social Movements, ed. Marcy Darnovsky and Barbara Epstein. 90-109. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
185. Reis, Joao Jose. 1993. Slave Rebellion in Brazil. Trans. Arthur Brakel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
186. Rolim, Francisco Cartaxo. 1985. Pentecostais No Brasil: Uma Interpretação Sócio-Religiosa. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes Ltda.
187. Rorty, Richard. 1989. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
188. Safa, Helen. 1998. "Introduction." Latin American Perspectives 25(3) (May): 3-20.
189. Said, Edward W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
190. Sansone, Livio. 2003. Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
191. Santos, Thereza. 1999. "My Conscience, My Struggle." In Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil, ed. Michael Hanchard. 188-99. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
192. Schwartz, Stuart B. 1985. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835. New York: Cambridge University Press.
193. Schwartz, Stuart B. 1991. Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
194. Seidman, Steven, and Linda J. Nicholson. 1995. Social Postmodernism: Beyond Identity Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
195. Selka, Stephen L. 2003. "Religion and the Politics of Ethnic Identity in Bahia, Brazil." Ph.D. dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York.
196. Sell, Sandro Cesar. 2002. Ação Afirmativa e Democracia Racial: Uma Introdução ao Debate no Brasil. Florianópolis, Brasil: Fundação Boiteux.
197. Sewell, William, Jr. 1999. "The Concept(s) of Culture." In Beyond the Cultural Turn, ed. Victoria E. Bonnel and Lynn Hunt. 35-61. Berkeley: University of California Press.
198. Sheriff, Robin E. 2001. Dreaming Equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
199. Silva, Benedita da, Medea Benjamin et al. 1997. Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman's Story of Politics and Love. Oakland, Calif.: Institute for Food and Development Policy.
200. Silva, Nelson do Valle. 1985. "The High Cost of Not Being White in Brazil." In Race, Class, and Power in Brazil, ed. Pierre-Michel Fontaine. 42-55. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Afro-American Studies.
201. Simpson, George E. 1978. Black Religions in the New World. New York: Columbia University Press.
202. Siss, Ahyas. 2003. Afro-brasileiros, Cotas e Ação Afirmativa: Razões Históricas. Rio de Janeiro: Quartet; Niterói: PENESB-UFF.
203. Skidmore, Thomas. 1992. Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil. São Paulo: Instituto de Estudos Avancados.
204. Skidmore, Thomas. 1993. Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.
205. Skidmore, Thomas. 1999. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York: Oxford University Press.
206. Soong, Roland. 2004. "Evangelical Christians in Brazil: Demographics, Consumerism and Politics." (accessed July 7, 2004).
207. Souza, Laura de Mello e. 1986. O Diabo e a Terra de Santa Cruz: Feitiçaria e Religiosidade Popular no Brasil Colonial. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
208. Spivak, Gayatri. 1988. In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York: Routledge.
209. Stewart, Charles, and Rosalind Shaw. 1994. Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis. London: Routledge.
210. Stewart-Gambino, Hannah W., and Everett Wilson. 1997. "Latin American Pentecostals: Old Stereotypes and New Challenges." In Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America, ed. Edward L. Cleary and Hannah Stewart-Gambino. 123-38. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
211. Stoll, David. 1990. Is Latin America Turning Protestant? The Politics of Evangelical Growth. Berkeley: University of California Press.
212. Sturgeon, Noël. 1995. "Theorizing Movements: Direct Action and Direct Theory." In Cultural Politics and Social Movements, ed. Marcy Darnovsky and Barbara Epstein. 35-54. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
213. Swartz, David. 1997. Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
214. Tavares, Luís Henrique Dias. 2001. História Da Bahia. São Paulo: Editora UNESP.
215. Taylor, Charles, and Amy Gutmann. 1994. Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
216. Teles Dos Santos, Jocélio. 1998. "A Mixed-Race Nation: Afro-Brazilians and Cultural Policy in Bahia, 1970-1990." In Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790s to 1990s, ed. Hendrik Kraay. 117-33. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharp.
217. Telles, Edward. 2004. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
218. Theodoro, Helena. 1999. "Mulher Negra, Dignidade e Identidade." In Faraimará-O Caçador Traz Alegria: Mãe Stella, 60 Anos de Iniciação, ed. Cléo Martins and Raul Lody. 281-92. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.
219. Touraine, Alain. 1988. Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
220. Turner, Victor W. 1974. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Hammondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.
221. Urry, John. 2005. "The Complexity Turn." Theory, Culture and Society 22 (5): 1-14.
222. Vasquez, Manuel A. 1997. The Brazilian Popular Church and the Crisis of Modernity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
223. Verger, Pierre. 1992. Os Libertos: Sete Caminhos No Liberdade de Escracos Da Bahia no Século XIX. São Paulo: Corrupio.
224. Wagley, Charles. 1963. An Introduction to Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.
225. Weber, Max. 1968. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press.
226. Weber, Max. 1992. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Routledge.
227. West, Cornel. 1994. "The New Cultural Politics of Difference." In The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives on Social Theory, ed. Steven Seidman. 65-81. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
228. Wilmsen, Edwin N., and Patrick McAllister, eds. 1996. The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premises in a World of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
229. Winant, Howard. 1994. "Rethinking Race in Brazil." In Essays on Mexico, Central and South America, ed. Jorge Domínguez. 349-68. New York: Garland Publishing.
230. Yúdice, George. 2003. The Expediency of Culture: The Uses of Culture in the Global Era. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.