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1
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84895010356
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February 3
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Blacks born in the U. S. gained citizenship through the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution July 28, 1868; and the right to vote with the Fifteenth Amendment February 3, 1870. www.nps.gov/archive/malu/documents/ amend14.htm
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(1870)
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2
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84894930759
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The judge in the case noted
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The judge in the case noted: "For if they were so received, and entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens, it would exempt them from the operation of the special laws and from the police regulations which they considered to be necessary for their own safety. It would give to persons of the negro race, who were recognized as citizens in any one State of the Union, the right to enter every other State whenever they pleased, singly or in companies, without pass or passport, and without obstruction, to sojourn there as long as they pleased, to go where they pleased at every hour of the day or night without molestation, unless they committed some violation of law for which a White man would be punished; and it would give them the full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its own citizens might speak; to hold public meetings upon political affairs, and to keep and carry arms wherever they went. And all of this would be done in the face of the subject race of the same color, both free and slaves, and inevitably producing discontent and insubordination among them, and endangering the peace and safety of the State." Extract from the Dred Scott Case: The Supreme court decision (http://www.pus.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2933t.html).
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4
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84894922334
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Professionals are generally students who remained in the U. S. or educated, new immigrants from Africa. A 1972 study found that one-third of African immigrants were professionals, a higher percentage than those from Asia, Europe and South America (Fortney 1972). In spite of this, Shobo (2005) reports that Asians and Europeans have higher socioeconomic outcomes. Refugees may not be skilled for the American environment. For example, Rural Somali Bantu are unskilled, but many Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees fleeing war are highly educated. The 1980 Refugee Act allowed eligible refugees to attain permanent residency after one year in the United States. Subsequent legislation allowed larger numbers of refugees to settle in the United States. The largest number of refugees has been from the Horn of Africa from the countries of Somalia, Sudan and Ethiopia. Following conflict in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo, significant numbers were granted asylum from those countries. The proposed ceiling for African refugees for 2007 is 22, 000. This is a higher number of refugees than allowed from other regions - Europe, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean (www.state. gov/documents/organization/74762.pdf).
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