Dilong: Food for thought and medicine

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 242-248

  Cooper, Edwin ^a,b,c   Hirabayashi, Kyle ^a   Balamurugan, Mariappan ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b TAIPEI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science   (Taiwan)

^d ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Earthworms (Dilong); Food; Natural Products

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894561860     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22254110     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30110-9     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Angyal, A., 1941. Disgust and related aversions. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 36, 393-412.
2. Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Cooper E.L., Ranganathan, L.S., 2009. Anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of earthworm extract-Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121, 330-332.
3. Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Cooper, E.L., Ranganathan, L.S., 2007. Earthworm paste (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) alters inflammatory, oxidative, hematological and serum biochemical indices of inflamed rat. European Review of Medical Pharmacology Sci 11, 77-90.
4. Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Ranganathan, L., Cooper, E.L., 2008. Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. Journal of Zhejiang University Science Biology 9, 141-147.
5. Benham, W., 1904. On some Edible and other New Species of Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 74, 220-263.
6. Best, E., 1902. The Food products of the Tuhoe-Land. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 25, 41-111.
7. Bilej, M., Procházková, P., Silerová, M., Josková, R., 2010. Earthworm immunity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 708, 66-79.
8. Boros, A., Somogyi, I., Engelmann, P., Lubics, A., Reglodi, D., Pollák, E., Molnár, L., 2010. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 (PAC1) receptor is expressed during embryonic development of the earthworm. Cell and Tissue Research 339, 649-653.
9. Bristowe, W.S., 1932. Insects and other invertebrates for human consumption in Siam. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 80, 387-404.
10. Carr, L.G.K., 1951. Interesting animal foods, medicines and omens of the eastern Indians, with comparisons to ancient European practices. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41, 229-235.
11. Chang, Y., Chi, W., Lai, T.Y., Chen, Y.S., Tsai, F.J., Tsai, C.H., Kuo, W.W., Cheng, Y.C., Lin, C.C., Huang, C.Y., 2011. Dilong: role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 2011.
12. Chang, Y., Kuo, W., Lai, T.Y., Shih, Y.T., Tsai, F.J., Tsai, C.H., Shu, W.T., Chen, Y.Y., Chen, Y.S., Kuo, W.W., Huang, C.Y.. 2009. RSC96 Schwann Cell Proliferation and Survival Induced by Dilong through PI3K/Akt Signaling Mediated by IGF-I. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 1-9.
13. Chang, Y., Shih, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Y.S., Liu, C.L., Fang, W.K., Tsai, C.H., Tsai, F.J., Kuo, W.W., Lai, T.Y., Huang, C.Y., 2011. Schwann Cell Migration Induced by Earthworm Extract via Activation of PAs and MMP2/9 Mediated through ERK1/2 and p38. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 1-11.
14. Chen, C., Lin, J., Lu, T.W., Tsai, F.J., Huang, C.Y., Yao, C.H., Chen, Y.S., 2010. Earthworm extracts facilitate PC12 cell differentiation and promote axonal sprouting in peripheral nerve injury. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38, 547-560.
15. Cooper, E.L., Balamurugan, M., 2010. Unearthing a source of medicinal molecules. Drug Discovery Today 15, 966-972. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.09.004
16. Cooper, E.L., Balamurugan, M., Huang, C.Y., Tsao, C.R., Heredia, J., Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M., Paoletti, M.G., 2012. Earthworms Dilong: Ancient, Inexpensive, Noncontroversial Models May Help Clarify Approaches to Integrated Medicine Emphasizing Neuroimmune Systems. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2012/164152
17. Cooper, E.L., 2008. Boyhood Memories Imprinted Comparative Immunology. The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Newsletter, Spring.
18. Cooper, E.L., 2004. Complementary and Alternative Medicine, When Rigorous, can be Science. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1, 1-4. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh002
19. Cooper, E.L., 1969a. Specific Tissue Graft Rejection in Earthworms. Science 166, 1414-1415. doi:10.1126/science.166.3911.1414
20. Cooper, E.L., 1969b. Neoplasia and transplantation immunity in annelids. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 31, 655-669.
21. Cooper, E.L., 2009. New enzyme complex isolated from earthworms is potent fibrinolytic. Focus (Allergy Research Group) 2009, 1-5.
22. Cooper, E.L., Roch, P., 2002. Earthworm immunity: a model of immune competence: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology Cardiff Wales Pedobiologia 47, 676-688. doi: 10.1078/0031-4056-00245. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0031405604702541)
23. Cooper, E.L., Ru, B., Weng, N., 2004. Earthworms: sources of antimicrobial and anticancer molecules. In: Cooper E.L., Yamaguchi N, editors. Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Biomedicine. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 359-390.
24. Cooper, E.L., 2005. CAM, eCAM, bioprospecting: the 21st century pyramid. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2, 125-127.
25. Cooper, E.L., 1968a. Transplantation immunity in Annelids. I. Rejection of xenografts exchanged between Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia foetida. Transplantation 6, 322-337.
26. Cooper, E.L., 1968b. Multinucleate giant cells, granulomata and "myoblastomas" in annelid worms. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11, 123-131.
27. Cooper, E.L., Roch, P., 1986. 2nd-Set allograft responses in the earthworm Lu-bricus terrestris-kinetics and characteristics. Transplantation 41, 514-520.
28. Darwin, C., 1965. The expression of emotions in Man and Animals. University of Chicago Press, London: Reprinted Chicago.
29. Darwin, C., 1881. The Formation of Vegetable Mold Through the Action of Worms. Willam Clowes and Sons, London, pp. 313.
30. Darwin, C., 1859. On the Origin of Species. Harvard University Press. Facsimile of Original Edition (1964).
31. Engelmann, P., Cooper, E.L., Opper, B., Nemeth, P., 2011. Earthworm innate immune system in biology of earthworms. Soil Biology 24, 229-245.
32. Fuller-Espie, S.L., Bearoff, F.M., Minutillo, M.A., 2011. Exposure of coelomocytes from the earthworm Eisenia hortensis to Cu, Cd, and dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: An in vitro study examining reactive oxygen species production and immune response inhibition. Pedobiologia, 54, Supplement, S31-S36. doi:10.1016/ j.pedobi.2011.09.009
33. Gates, G.E., 1926. The Earthworms of Rangoon. Journal of the Burma Research Society 25, 196-221.
34. Gernet, J., 1959. La vie quotidienne en Chine à la vieille de l'invasion mongole: 1250-1276, Paris: Hachette, pp. 259.
35. Grottanelli, V., 1965. Ethnologica. L'Uomo e la Civiltà, Labor, Milano, vol. 3.
36. Herbert, Z., Pollák, E., Zougman, A., Boros, A., Kapan, N., Molnár, L., 2009. Identification of novel neuropeptides in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and their targets in an annelid worm, Eisenia fetida. Journal of Comparative Neurology 514, 415-432.
37. Joe s t , E. , 1897. Tr anspl ant a t ion Lumbr i c ida e . Ar ch. f . Entwicklgsmech. 5, 419.
38. . Korschelt, E., 1896-1898. Regeneration and Transplantation in Lumbricidae. Verh. d. deutsch. Zoolog. Gesellsc., 6-8, 79.
39. Leypoldt, H., 1911. Transplantation in Lumbricidae. Arch. f. Entwicklgsmech 31, 1.
40. Li, W., Wang, C., Sun, Z., 2011. Vermipharmaceuticals and active proteins isolated from earthworms. Pedobiologia 54, S49-S56. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2011. 09.014
41. Loeb, L., 1945, The Biological Basis of Individuality, Springfield: Thomas.
42. Louise, C., 2012. How to Use Earthworms as food. eHow.com. http://www.ehow.com/how-8093354-use-earthworms-food.html
43. Mazur, A.I., Klimek, M., Morgan, A.J., Plytycz, B., 2011. Riboflavin storage in earthworm chloragocytes and chloragocytederived eleocytes and its putative role as chemoattractant for immunocompetent cells. Pedobiologia, 54, S37-S42. doi:10.1016/ j.pedobi.2011.09.008
44. Paoletti, M.G., Buscardo, E., VanderJagt, D.J., Pastuszyn, A., Pizzoferrato, L., Huang, Y.S., Chuang, L.T., Millson, M., Cerda, H., Torres, F., Glew, R.H., 2003. Nutrient content of earthworms consumed by Ye'Kuana Amerindians of the Alto Orinoco of Venezuela. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 249-257.
45. Paoletti, M.G., 1999. The role of earthworms for assessment of sustainability and as bioindicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 74, 137-156.
46. Paoletti, M.G., Dufour, D., 2005. Edible nvertebrates among Amazonian Indians: a critical review of isappearing nowledge. ecological implications of mine livestock, NH: Science Publishers, Enfield, pp. 293-342.
47. Prakash, M., Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K. Gunasekaran, G., Cooper, E.L., Ranganathan, L.S., 2007. Anti-ulceral and antioxidative properties of earthworm paste' of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) on Rattus norvegicus. European Review Medical Pharmacology Science 11, 9-15.
48. Price, S.F., 1901. Kentucky Folklore. J Am Folklore 14, 30-38.
49. Prokop, P., Fancovicova, J., 2010. The association between disgust, danger and fear of macroparasites and human behavior. Acta Ethologica 13, 57-62.
50. Rabes, O., 1902. Transplantation in Lumbricidae. Arch. f. Entwicklgsmech. 13, 239.
51. Reynolds, J.W., Reynolds, W.M., 1972. Earthworms in Medicine. American Journal of Nursing 72, 1273-1274.
52. Rozin, P., Fallon, A., Mandell, R., 1984. Family resemblance in attitudes to food. Developmental Psychology 20, 309-314.
53. Salzet, M., Tasiemski, A., Cooper, E.L., 2006. Innate immunity in lophotrochozoans: the annelids. Current pharmaceutical design 12, 3043-3050.
54. Solavan, A., Paulmurugan, R., Wilsanand, V., Sing, A.J.ARanjith., 2004. Traditional therapeutic uses of animals among tribal population of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3, 198-205.
55. Spencer, B., Gillen, F., 1904. The Northern Tribes of Central Australia, MacMillan and Co. Ltd., London, pp.773.
56. Stevenson, J., 1930. Oligochaeta. Oxford Press, Claredon, pp. 658-659.
57. Sun, Z., Liu, X., Sun, L., Song, C., 1997. Earthworm as a potential protein resource. Ecology of Food Nutrition 36, 221-236.
58. Syers, J.K., Springett, J.A., 1984. Earthworms and soil fertility. Plant and Soil 76, 93-104. doi:10.1007/BF02205570
59. Tanara, V., 1983. L'economia del cittadino in villa, no. 10, Venezia, pp. 525.
60. Wang, C., Sun, Z., Zheng, D., Liu, X., 2011. Function of mucilaginous secretions in the antibacterial immunity system of Eisenia fetida. Pedobiologia 54, S57-S62. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.07.012
61. Wei, S., Yin, X., Kou. Y., Jiang, B., 2009. Lumbricus extract promotes regeneration of injured peripheral nerve in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123, 51-54.
62. Wells, M.D., Manktelow, R.T., Brian Boyd, J., Bowen, V., 1993. The medical leech: An old treatment revisited. Microsurgery 14, 183-186. doi:10.1002/micr.1920140309
63. Wilhelm, M., Koza, A., Engelmann, P., Németh, P., Csoknya, M., 2006. Evidence for the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and their receptors in Eisenia fetida: a multilevel hormonal interface between the nervous system and the peripheral tissues. Cell and Tissue Research 324, 235-546.
64. Zeng, Z., Zhang, G., Xu, Q., 1982. Earthworm Cultures, Wuhan, China: Hubei People's Publ. House, pp. 146.
65. Zhenjun, S., 2005. Nutritive value of Earthworms. Ecological implications of Mini livestock, NH: Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, pp. 491-503.
66. Zhenjun, S., Xianchun, L., Lihui, S., Chunyang, S., 1997. Earthworm as a potential protein resource. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 36, 221-236. doi:10.1080/03670244.1997.9991517
67. Zimian, D., Yonghua, Z., Xivu, G., 2005. Medicinal Terrestrial Arthropods in China. Ecological implications of Mini livestock, pp. 482-484.