The potential of earthworms produced from organic wastes in production of pharmaceuticals

Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 349-367

  Balamurugan, Mariappan ^a   Parthasarathi, Kasi ^a   Ranganathan, Lalpet S ^b   Cooper, Edwin L ^c  

^a ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b Shri V L Balakrishna Janakiammal College of Arts and Science   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894561859     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b10453     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Balamurugan, M. 2009. Studies on selective therapeutic properties of earthworm Lampito mauritii (kinberg). PhD diss., Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India.
2. Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Cooper E.L., and Ranganathan, L.S. 2007. Earthworm paste (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) alters inflammatory, oxidative, haematological and serum biochemical indices of inflamed rat. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 11 (1): 77-90.
3. Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Cooper, E.L., and Ranganathan, L.S. 2009. Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities of earthworm extract-Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). J. Ethnopharmacol. 121: 330-332.
4. Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Ranganathan, L.S., and Cooper, E.L. 2008. Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 9 (2): 141-147.
5. Bilej, M., Brys, L., Beschin, A., Lucas, R., Vercauteren, E., Hanusova, R., and Baetselier, P.D. 1995. Identification of a cytolytic protein in the coelomic fluid of Eisenia fetida earthworm. Immunol. Lett. 45: 123-128.
6. Borgeraas, J., Nilsen, K., and Stenersen, J. 1996. Methods for purification of glutathione transferase in the earthworm genus Eisenia, and their characterization. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 114C (2): 129-140.
7. Bruhn, H., Winkelmann, J., Andersen, C., Andra, J., and Leippe, M. 2006. Dissection of the mechanisms of cytolytic and antibacterial activity of lysenin, a defence protein of the annelid Eisenia fetida. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 30: 597-606.
8. Cho, H., Choi, E.S., Lim, H.G., and Lee, H.H. 2004. Purification and characterization of six fibrinolytic serine-proteases from earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37 (2): 199-205.
9. Cho, J.H., Park, C.B., Yoon, Y.G., Kim, S.C., and Lumbricin, I. 1998. A novel proline-rich antimicrobial peptide from the earthworm: Purification, cDNA cloning and molecular characterization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 22 (1): 67-76.
10. Chung, Y., and Lee, H.M. 1989. Effects of earthworm (Lamnodrilus gotai hatai) extract on hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in rats. Chin. Med. J. 33: 101-110.
11. Cooper, E.L. 1978. Comparative and developmental immunology. In Handbook of Cancer Immunology. Vol. 1, ed. H. Waters, 37-62, New York, Garland STPM Press.
12. Cooper, E.L. 2002. Comparative immunology. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8: 99-110.
13. Cooper, E.L. 2005. CAM, eCAM, bioprospecting: The 21st century pyramid. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 2: 125-128.
14. Cooper, E.L. 2006. Stem cells and CAM. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 3 (2): 167-169.
15. Cooper, E.L. 2009. A Closer Look at Clinical Analyses. Evid based Complement Alternate Med. eCAM. 6(3): 279-81.
16. Cooper, E.L., Cossarizza, A., Suzuki, M.M., Salvioli, S., Capri, M., Quaglino, D., and Franceschi, C. 1995. Autogeneic but not allogeneic earthworm effector coelomocytes kill the mammalian tumor target K562. Cell. Immunol. 166, 113-122.
17. Cooper, E.L., Hrzenjak, T.M., and Grdisa, T. 2004. Alternative sources of fibrinolytic, anticoagulative, antimicrobial and anticancer molecules. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 17: 237-244.
18. Cooper, E.L., Kvell, K., Engelman, N., and Nemeth, P. 2006. Still waiting for the toll? Immunol Lett. 104 (1-2): 18-28.
19. Cooper, E.L., and Roch, P. 1984. Earthworm leukocyte interactions during early stages of graft rejection. J. Exp. Zool. 232: 67-72.
20. Cooper, E.L., and Roch, P. 2004. Earthworm immunity: A model of immune competence. Pedobiol. 47: 676-688.
21. Costa-Neto, E.M. 2005. Animal-based medicines: Biological prospection and the sustainable use of zootherapeutic resources. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 77 (1): 33-43.
22. Edwards, C.A., and Bohlen, P.J. 1996. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. 3rd ed. Chapman and Hall, London.
23. Engelmann, P., Molnar, L., Palinkas, L., Cooper, E.L., and Nemeth, P. 2004. Earthworm leukocyte populations specifically harbor lysosomal enzymes that may respond to bacterial challenge. Cell Tissue Res. 316: 391-401.
24. Eue, I., Kauschke, E., Mohrig, W., and Cooper, E.L. 1998. Isolation and characterization of earthworm hemolysins and agglutinins. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22 (1): 13-25.
25. Fontt, E.O., Beschin, A., Dijck, E.V., Vincent, V., Bilej, M., Lucas, R., Baetselier, P.D., and Vray, B. 2002. Trypanosoma cruzi is lysed by coelmic cytolytic factor-1, an invertebrate analogue of tumor necrosis factor and induces phenoloxidase activity in the coelomic fluid of Eisenia fetida. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 26 (1): 27-34.
26. Grdisa, M., Popovic, M., and Hrzenjak, T. 2001. Glycolipoprotein extract (G-90) from earthworm Eisenia fetida exerts some antioxidative activity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 128A: 821-825.
27. Grdisa, M., Popovic, M., and Hrzenjak, T. 2004 Stimulation of growth factor synthesis in skin wounds using tissue extract (G-90) from the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Cell Biochem. Function 22 (6): 373-378.
28. Hirigoyenberry, F., Lassalle, F., and Lassegues, M. 1990. Antibacterial activity of Eisenia fetida andrei coelomic fluid: Transcription and translation regulation of lysozyme and proteins evidenced after bacterial infestation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 95 (1): 71-75.
29. Hong, C., Takahashi, S., Michio, I., Okutani, E., Zhi-guo, Z., Chayama, K., and Bao-an, C. 2007. Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme: Anti-tumor activity on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Chin. Med. J. 120 (10): 898-904.
30. Honsi, T.G., and Stenersen, J. 2000. Activity and localisation of the lysosomal marker enzymes acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase in the earthworms Eisenia fetida and E. veneta. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 125 (3): 429-437.
31. Hori, M., Kondon, K., Yoshida, T., Konishi, E., and Minami, S. 1974. Studies of anti-pyretic components in the Japanese earthworm. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 1582-1590.
32. Hrzenjak, T., Hrzenjak, M., Kasuba, V., Efenberger-Marinculic, P., and Levanat, S.A. 1992. New source of active compounds-earthworm tissue (Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus rubellus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 102: 441-447.
33. Hrzenjak, T., Popovic, M., and Tiska Rudman, L. 1998. Fibrinolytic activity of earthworms extract (G-90) on lysis of fibrin clots originated from the venous blood of patients with malignant tumors. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 4 (3): 201-211.
34. Hu, W., and Fu, T. 1997. Isolation and properties of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from an earthworm. Zhong Yao Cai 20 (2): 78-81.
35. Ismail, S.A., Pulandiran, K., and Yegnanarayan, R. 1992. Anti-inflammatory activity of earthworm extracts. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 1253-1254.
36. Kauschke, E., Komiyama, K., Moro, I., Eue, I., Konig, S., and Cooper, E.L. 2001. Evidence for perforin-like activity associated with earthworm leukocytes. Zoology (Jena) 104 (1): 13-24.
37. Kauschke, E., and Mohrig, W. 1989. Comparative analysis of haemolytic and hemagglutinating activities in the coelomic fluid of Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Lumbricidae). Dev. Comp. Immunol. 11 (2): 331-341.
38. Kim, Y.S., Pyo, M.K., Park, K.M., Hahn, B.S., Yang, K.Y., and Choi, H.S. 1998. Dose dependency of earthworm powder on antithrombotic and fibrinolytic effects. Arch. Pharm. Res. 21 (4): 374-377.
39. Kobayashi, H., Ohta, N., and Umeda, M. 2004. Biology of lysenin, a protein in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Int. Rev. Cytol. 236: 45-99.
40. Kohlerova, P., Beschin, A., Silemva M, Baetselier, P.D. and Bilej, M 2004. Effect of experimental microbial challenge on the expression of defense molecules in Eisenia foetida earthworm. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28:701-711.
41. Lange, S., Kauschke, E., Mohrig, W., and Cooper, E.L. 1999. Biochemical characteristics of Eiseniapore, a pore-forming protein in the coelomic fluid of earthworms. Eur. J. Biochem. 262 (2): 547-556.
42. Lassegues, M., Milochau, A., Doignon, F., Du Pasquier, L., and Valembois, P. 1997. Sequence and expression of an Eisenia-fetida-derived cDNA clone that encodes the 40-kDa fetidin antibacterial protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 246 (3): 756-762.
43. Li, L., Zhao, J., and He, R.Q. 2003. Isolation and some characterizations of a glycosylated fibrinolytic enzyme of earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Protein Pept. Lett. 10 (2): 183-190.
44. Liu, X., and Ge, F. 2002. Factors influencing the activity of fibrinolytic ezymes from earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 27 (6): 423-426.
45. Mihara, H., Sumi, H., Yoneta, T., Mizumoto, H., Ikeda, R., Seiki, M., and Maruyama, M. 1991. A novel fibrinolytic enzyme extracted from the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus. Jpn. J. Physiol. 41: 461-472.
46. Milochau, A., Lassegues, M., and Valembois, P. 1997. Purification, characterization and activities of two haemolytic and antibacterial proteins from coelomic fluid of the annelid Eisenia fetida andrei. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 4 (1): 123-132.
47. Mohrig, W., Eue, I., Kauschke, E., and Hennicke, F. 1996. Crossreactivity of haemolytic and hemagglutinating proteins in the coelmic fluid of Lumbricidae (Annelida). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 115 (1): 19-30.
48. Nagasawa, H., Sawaki, K., Fujii, Y., Kobayashi, M., Segawa, T., Suzuki, R., and Inatomi, H. 1991. Inhibition by lombricine from earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) of the growth of spontaneous mammary tumours in SHN mice. Anticancer Res. 11: 1061-1064.
49. Nakajima, N., Ishihara K., Sugimoto, M., Sumi, H., Mikuni, K., Hamada, H., 1996. Chemical modification of earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme with human serum albumin fragment and characterization of the protease as a therapeutic enzyme. Biosci, Biotechnol. Biochem. 60(2): 293-300.
50. Nakajima, N., Sugimoto, M., and Ishihara, K. 2000. Stable earthworm serine proteases: Application of the protease function and usefulness of the earthworm autolysate. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 90 (2): 174-179.
51. Oumi, T., Ukena, K., Matsushima, O., Ikeda, T., Fujita, T., Minakata, H., and Nomoto, K. 1995. The GGNG peptides: Novel myoactive peptides isolated from the gut and the whole body of the earthworms. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216 (3): 1072-1078.
52. Pan, W., Liu, X., Ge, F., and Zheng, T. 2003. Reconfirmation of antimicrobial activity in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei by colorimetric assay. J. Biosci. 28: 723-731.
53. Popovic, M., Grdisa, M., and Hrzenjak, T.M. 2005. Glycolipoprotein (G-90) obtained from the earthworm Eisenia fetida exerts antibacterial activity. Veterinarski Archiv. 75 (2): 119-128.
54. Popovic, M., Hrzenjek, T., Grdisa, M., and Vukovic, S. 1998. Adhesins of immunoglobulin-like superfamily from earthworm Eisenia fetida. Gen. Pharmacol. 30 (5): 795-800.
55. Popovic, M., Mihaela, T.H.R., Babic, T., Kos, J., and Grdisa, M.A. 2001. Effect of earthworm (G-90) extract on formation and lysis of clots originated from venous blood of dogs with cardiopathies and with malignant tumors. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 7 (3): 197-202.
56. Prakash, M., Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Gunasekaran, G., Cooper, E.L., and Ranganathan, L.S. 2007. Anti-ulceral and anti-oxidative properties of “earthworm paste” of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) on Rattus norvegicus. Eur. Rev Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 11 (1): 9-15.
57. Quaglino, D., Cooper, E.L., Salvioli, S., Capri, M., Suzuki, M.M., Ronchetti, I.P., Franceschi, C., and Cossarizza, A. 1996. Earthworm coelomocytes in vitro: Cellular features and granuloma formation during cytotoxic activity against the mammalian tumor cell target K562. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 70 (3): 278-288.
58. Ranganathan, L.S. 2006. Vermicomposting enhances humification, mineralisation and chelation. J. Ann. Univ. Sci. 42: 1-14.
59. Rejnek, J., Tukova, L., Zikan, J., and Tomana, M. 1991. The interaction of protein from the coelomic fluid of earthworm with staphylococcal protein-A. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 15: 269-277.
60. Roch, P., Canicatti, C., and Valembois, P. 1989. Interactions between earthworm hemolysins and sheep red blood cell membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 983 (2): 193-198.
61. Roch, P., Davant, N., and Lassegnes, M. 1984. Isolation of agglutinins from lysis in earthworm coelomic fluid by gel filtration than chromatofocusing. J. Chromatogr. 290: 231-235.
62. Roch, P., Lassegver, M., and Valembois, P. 1991. Antibacterial activity of Eisenia fetida andrei coelomic fluid: (III)-Relationship within the polymorphic hemolysins. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 15 (1-2): 27-32.
63. Rosenberg H., and Ennor, A.H., 1960. The Isolation and Characterization of D-Serine Ethanoloamine Phosphodiester from Earthworms. Biochem J. 75: 179-182.
64. Saint-Denis, M., Labrot, F., Narbonne, J.F., and Ribera, D. 1998. Glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes, and catalase activities in the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 (4): 602-614.
65. Stein, E.A., Wojdani, A., and Cooper, E.L. 1982. Agglutinins in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: Naturally occurring and induced. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 6 (3): 407-421.
66. Sugimoto, M., and Nakajima, N. 2001. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of cDNA encoding serine protease with fibrinolytic activity from earthworm. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65 (7): 1575-1580.
67. Sugiura, T., Yamashita, A., Fukuda, N., Miyamoto, T., Cheng, N.N., Kishimoto, S., Waku, K., Tanaka, T., and Tsukatani, H. 1995. Platelet-activating factor and its structural analogues in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 125 (1): 19-26.
68. Vaillier, J., Cadoret, M.A., Roch, P., and Valembois, P. 1985. Protein analysis of earthworm coelomic fluid. III. Isolation and characterization of several bacteriostatic molecules from Eisenia fetida anderi. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 9: 11-20.
69. Valembois, P., Roch, P., and Lassegues, M. Cassanda, P. 1982. Antibacterial activity of the hemolytic system from the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. J. Invert Pathol. 40: 21-27.
70. Wu, C., Li, L., Zhao, J., Fan, Q., Tian, W.X., and He, R.Q. 2002. Effect of alpha2M on earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme III-1 from Lumbricus rubellus. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 31:71-77.
71. Xing, B.D., Yin, S.M., and Ru, B.G. 1997. Purification and characterization of the fibrinolytic enzyme (eFE-D) from earthworm Eisenia foetida. Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai) 29 (6): 609-612.
72. Yamaji, A., Sekizawa, Y., Emoto, K., Sakuraba, H., Inoue, K., Kobayashi, H., and Umeda, M. 1998. Lysenin, a novel sphingomyelin-specific binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 27 (9): 5300-5306.
73. Yang, J.S., and Ru, B.G. 1997. Purification and characterization of an SDS-activated fibrinolytic enzyme from Eisenia fetida. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 118 (3): 623-631.
74. Yegnanarayan, R., Ismail, S.A., and Shorti, D.S. 1998. Anti-inflammatory activity of two earthworm portions in carrageenan pedal oedema test in rats. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 32: 72-74.
75. Yegnanarayan, R., Sethi, P.P., Rajhans, P.K., Pulandiran, K., and Ismail, S.A. 1987. Anti-inflammatory activity of total earthworm extracts in rats. Ind. J. Pharm. 19: 221-224.
76. Zhang, M., Li, X., Liu, Y., and Qiu, F.Y.G. 2006. Effects of extract of dilong (pheretima) on the scalded skin in rats. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 26 (1): 68-71.
77. Zhao, J., Li, L., Wu, C., and He, R.Q. 2003. Hydrolysis of fibrinogen and plaminogen by immobilized earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme II from Eisenia fetida. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 32: 165-171.
78. Zhao, J., Xiao, R., He, J., Pan, R., Wu, C., Liu, X., and He, R.Q. 2006. In situ localization and substrate specificity of earthworm protease-II and protease-III-1 from Eisenia fetida. Int. J. Biol. Macromol 26: 16814-16856.