Evaluation of disinfection efficiency between sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide on spa water

Sustainable Environment Research

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 347-351

  Hsu, Ching Shan ^a   Huang, Wei Ze ^a   Wang, Hsin Yi ^a  

^a CHIA NAN UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Chlorine dioxide; Disinfection; Sodium hypochlorite; Spa water

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; DISINFECTION; EFFICIENCY; HYDROMETALLURGY; MEDICINE; PLANT EXTRACTS; WATER QUALITY;

CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES; CHLORINE DIOXIDES; DISINFECTION EFFICIENCY; EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATIONS; GOVERNMENT STANDARDS; MICROBIAL-DISINFECTION; RESIDUAL CHLORINE DIOXIDE; SODIUM HYPOCHLORITES;

SODIUM COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84894513964     PISSN: 24682039     EISSN: 24682039     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. Fang, S.S., Standards of bacteria levels and surveys of health quality status of indoor swimming pools. Strait J. Prev. Med., 9(5), 15-17 (2003)
2. Arguello, M.D., C.D. Chriswell, J.S. Fritz, L.D. Kissinger, K.W. Lee, J.J. Richard and H.J. Svec, Trihalomethanes in water: A report on the occurrence seasonal variation in concentrations, and precursors of trihalomethanes. J. Am. Water Works Ass., 71(9), 504-508 (1979)
3. Junli, H., G. Kou and Y. Li, Influences of combined and free available chlorine on formation of chloroform. Environ. Sci., 8(5), 21-26 (1987)
4. Judd, S.J. and S.H. Black, Disinfection by-product formation in swimming pool waters: A simple mass balance. Water Res., 34(5), 1611-1619 (2000)
5. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: 4. Chlorine Dioxide. USEPA, Washington, DC (1999)
6. Gyurek, L.L. and G.R. Finch, Modeling water treatment chemical disinfection kinetics. J. Environ. Eng. ASCE, 124(9), 783-793 (1998)
7. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), Class I Public Water Quality Standards. Taiwan EPA, Taipei, Taiwan. http://www.watertec.com/epa/lls.htm (2009) (in Chinese)
8. Shih, F.C., Water Quality Analysis Principles and Standard Methods: Conductivity. 3rd Ed., New Wun Ching Developmental Publishing Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan (2009)
9. Ling, I.M., M.C. Lu and C.S. Hsu, Environmental quality improvement on indoor swimming pools by application of chlorine dioxide. Fresen. Environ. Bull., 17(8A), 1014-1021 (2008)
10. Narkis, N., A. Katz, F. Orshansky, Y. Kott and Y. Friedland, Disinfection of effluents by combinations of chlorine dioxide and chlorine. Water Sci. Technol., 31(5-6), 105-114 (1995)
11. Hostynek, J.J., K.P. Wilhelm, A.B. Cua, and H.I. Maibach, Irritation factors of sodium hypochlorite solutions in human skin. Contact Dermatitis, 23(5), 316-324 (1990)
12. Aiking, H., M.B. Acker, R.J. P. Scholten, J.F. Feenstra and H.A. Valkenburg, Swimming pool chlorination: A health hazard? Toxicol. Lett., 72(1-3), 375-380 (1994)
13. Bernard, A., S. Carbonnelle, O. Michel, S. Higuet, C. Burbure, J.P. Buchet, C. Hermans, X. Dumont and I. Doyle, Lung hyperpermeability and asthma prevalence in schoolchildren: Unexpected associations with the attendance at indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Occup. Environ. Med., 60(6), 385-394 (2003)
14. Thickett, K.M., J.S. McCoach, J.M. Gerber, S. Sadhra and P.S. Burge, Occupational asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming-pool air. Eur. Respir. J., 19(5), 827-832 (2002)
15. Wildsoet, C.F. and B. Chiswell, The causes of eye irritation in swimming pools. Water Sci. Technol., 21(2), 241-244 (1989)
16. Glauner, T., F.H. Frimmel and C. Zwiener, Swimming pool water - The required quality and what can be done technologically. GWF Wasser Abwasser, 145(10), 706-713 (2004) (in German)
17. Kim, H., J. Shim and S. Lee, Formation of disinfection by-products in chlorinated swimming pool water. Chemosphere, 46(1), 123-130 (2002)