Future of implantable devices for cardiac rhythm management

Circulation

Volumn 129, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 811-822

  Lau, Chu Pak ^a   Siu, Chung Wah ^a,b   Tse, Hung Fat ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; HEART FAILURE; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL;

BRADYCARDIA; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOLOGY; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; HUMANS; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL; TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 84894303668     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000312     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Lee DS, Krahn AD, Healey JS, Birnie D, Crystal E, Dorian P, Simpson CS, Khaykin Y, Cameron D, Janmohamed A, Yee R, Austin PC, Chen Z, Hardy J, Tu JV; Investigators of the Ontario ICD Database. Evaluation of early complications related to De novo cardioverter defibrillator implantation: Insights from the Ontario ICD database. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:774-782.
2. Poole JE, Gleva MJ, Mela T, Chung MK, Uslan DZ, Borge R, Gottipaty V, Shinn T, Dan D, Feldman LA, Seide H, Winston SA, Gallagher JJ, Langberg JJ, Mitchell K, Holcomb R; REPLACE Registry Investigators. Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: Results from the REPLACE registry. Circulation. 2010;122:1553-1561.
3. Dekker AL, Phelps B, Dijkman B, van Der Nagel T, van Der Veen FH, Geskes GG, Maessen JG. Epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Optimal pace site selection with pressure-volume loops. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:1641-1647.
4. Spickler JW, Rasor NS, Kezdi P, Misra SN, Robins KE, LeBoeuf C. Totally self-contained intracardiac pacemaker. J Electrocardiol. 1970;3:325-331.
5. Bonner MD, Eggen MD. Chronic animal study of leadless pacer design [abstract]. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:S1.
6. Moulder C, Whittington H, Suwito W, Kraetschmer H, Muessig D, Von arx J, Stotts L. In vivo results of fully functional 1 cc leadless VVI pacemaker [abstract]. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:S26.
7. Karami MA, Bradley DJ, Inman DJ. Vibration powered cardiac rhythm devices [abstract]. Circulation. 2012;126:A15551.
8. Goto H, Sugiura T, Harada Y, Kazui T. Feasibility of using the automatic generating system for quartz watches as a leadless pacemaker power source. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1999;37:377-380.
9. Echt DS, Cowan MW, Riley RE, Brisken AF. Feasibility and safety of a novel technology for pacing without leads. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:1202-1206.
10. Lee KL, Lau CP, Tse HF, Echt DS, Heaven D, Smith W, Hood M. First human demonstration of cardiac stimulation with transcutaneous ultrasound energy delivery: Implications for wireless pacing with implantable devices. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:877-883.
11. Lee KL, Tse HF, Echt DS, Lau CP. Temporary leadless pacing in heart failure patients with ultrasound-mediated stimulation energy and effects on the acoustic window. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:742-748.
12. Echt DS, Moore D, Cowan M, Valli VE, Whitehair JG, Willis NP. Chronic implantation of leadless pacing electrodes in the left ventricle of a goat model [abstract]. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:S451-S452.
13. Wieneke H, Konorza T, Erbel R, Kisker E. Leadless pacing of the heart using induction technology: A feasibility study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32:177-183.
14. Wieneke H, Rickers S, Velleuer J, Bruck G, Bai Z, Kocks C, Grandjean PA, Lenihan T, Jung P, Erbel R, Prinzen FW, Kisker E. Leadless pacing using induction technology: Impact of pulse shape and geometric factors on pacing efficiency. Europace. 2013;15:453-459.
15. León AR, Abraham WT, Curtis AB, Daubert JP, Fisher WG, Gurley J, Hayes DL, Lieberman R, Petersen-Stejskal S, Wheelan K; MIRACLE Study Program. Safety of transvenous cardiac resynchronization system implantation in patients with chronic heart failure: Combined results of over 2,000 patients from a multicenter study program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2348-2356.
16. Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, Meyer TE, Fernndez Lozano I, Mittal S, Waggoner AD, Lemke B, Singh JP, Spinale FG, Van Eyk JE, Whitehill J, Weiner S, Bedi M, Rapkin J, Stein KM. Primary results from the SmartDelay Determined AV Optimization: A Comparison to Other AV Delay Methods Used in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (SMART-AV) trial: A randomized trial comparing empirical, echocardiography-guided, and algorithmic atrioventricular delay programming in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122:2660-2668.
17. Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Palmer CR, Pugh PJ, OHalloran D, Elsik M, Read PA, Begley D, Fynn SP, Dutka DP. Targeted left ventricular lead placement to guide cardiac resynchronization therapy: The TARGET study: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1509-1518.
18. Polasek R, Kucera P, Nedbal P, Roubicek T, Belza T, Hanuliakova J, Horak D, Wichterle D, Kautzner J. Local electrogram delay recorded from left ventricular lead at implant predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Retrospective study with 1 year follow up. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2012;12:34.
19. Singh JP, Klein HU, Huang DT, Reek S, Kuniss M, Quesada A, Barsheshet A, Cannom D, Goldenberg I, McNitt S, Daubert JP, Zareba W, Moss AJ. Left ventricular lead position and clinical outcome in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) trial. Circulation. 2011;123:1159-1166.
20. Nelson KE, Bates MG, Turley AJ, Linker NJ, Owens WA. Video-assisted thoracoscopic left ventricular pacing in patients with and without previous sternotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:907-913.
21. Burger H, Kempfert J, van Linden A, Szalay Z, Schoenburg M, Walther T, Ziegelhoeffer T. Endurance and performance of two different concepts for left ventricular stimulation with bipolar epicardial leads in long-term follow-up. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;60:70-77.
22. Jais P, Maury P, Reddy VY, Neuzil P, Morgan K, Bordachar P, Ritter P, Haissaquerre M. Human implant feasibility of a novel epicardial pacing lead via non-surgical percutaneous subxiphoid approach [abstract]. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:S1.
23. Strik M, Rademakers LM, van Deursen CJ, van Hunnik A, Kuiper M, Klersy C, Auricchio A, Prinzen FW. Endocardial left ventricular pacing improves cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic asynchronous infarction and heart failure models. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:191-200.
24. van Deursen C, van Geldorp IE, Rademakers LM, van Hunnik A, Kuiper M, Klersy C, Auricchio A, Prinzen FW. Endocardial left ventricular pacing improves cardiac resynchronization therapy in canine LBBB hearts. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2:580-587.
25. Spragg DD, Dong J, Fetics BJ, Helm R, Marine JE, Cheng A, Henrikson CA, Kass DA, Berger RD. Optimal left ventricular endocardial pacing sites for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:774-781.
26. Derval N, Steendijk P, Gula LJ, Deplagne A, Laborderie J, Sacher F, Knecht S, Wright M, Nault I, Ploux S, Ritter P, Bordachar P, Lafitte S, Réant P, Klein GJ, Narayan SM, Garrigue S, Hocini M, Haissaguerre M, Clementy J, Jaïs P. Optimizing hemodynamics in heart failure patients by systematic screening of left ventricular pacing sites: The lateral left ventricular wall and the coronary sinus are rarely the best sites. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:566-575.
27. Jaïs P, Douard H, Shah DC, Barold S, Barat JL, Clémenty J. Endocardial biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21(pt 1):2128-2131.
28. Morgan JM, Scott PA, Turner NG, Yue AM, Roberts PR. Targeted left ventricular endocardial pacing using a steerable introducing guide catheter and active fixation pacing lead. Europace. 2009;11:502-506.
29. Leclercq F, Hager FX, Macia JC, Mariottini CJ, Pasquié JL, Grolleau R. Left ventricular lead insertion using a modified transseptal catheterization technique: A totally endocardial approach for permanent biventricular pacing in end-stage heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:1570-1575.
30. Radbill AE, Triedman JK, Berul CI, Fynn-Thompson F, Atallah J, Alexander ME, Walsh EP, Cecchin F. System survival of nontransvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators compared to transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:193-198.
31. Kowalski M, Nicolato P, Kalahasty G, Kasirajan V, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA, Shepard RK. An alternative technique of implanting a nontransvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator system in adults with no or limited venous access to the heart. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1572-1577.
32. Maisel WH, Kramer DB. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead performance. Circulation. 2008;117:2721-2723.
33. van Rees JB, De Bie MK, Thijssen J, Borleffs CJ, Schalij MJ, van Erven L. Implantation-related complications of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:995-1000.
34. Bardy GH, Smith WM, Hood MA, Crozier IG, Melton IC, Jordaens L, Theuns D, Park RE, Wright DJ, Connelly DT, Fynn SP, Murgatroyd FD, Sperzel J, Neuzner J, Spitzer SG, Ardashev AV, Oduro A, Boersma L, Maass AH, Van Gelder IC, Wilde AA, van Dessel PF, Knops RE, Barr CS, Lupo P, Cappato R, Grace AA. An entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:36-44.
35. Gold MR, Theuns DA, Knight BP, Sturdivant JL, Sanghera R, Ellenbogen KA, Wood MA, Burke MC. Head-to-head comparison of arrhythmia discrimination performance of subcutaneous and transvenous ICD arrhythmia detection algorithms: The START study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:359-366.
36. Lupo PP, Pelissero G, Ali H, Sanghera R, Cappato R. Development of an entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;54:493-497.
37. Moss AJ, Schuger C, Beck CA, Brown MW, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Estes NA 3rd, Greenberg H, Hall WJ, Huang DT, Kautzner J, Klein H, McNitt S, Olshansky B, Shoda M, Wilber D, Zareba W; MADIT-RIT Trial Investigators. Reduction in inappropriate therapy and mortality through ICD programming. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2275-2283.
38. Olde Nordkamp LR, Knops RE, Bardy GH, Blaauw Y, Boersma LV, Bos JS, Delnoy PP, van Dessel PF, Driessen AH, De Groot JR, Herrman JP, Jordaens LJ, Kooiman KM, Maass AH, Meine M, Mizusawa Y, Molhoek SG, van Opstal J, Tijssen JG, Wilde AA. Rationale and design of the PRAETORIAN trial: A Prospective, RAndomizEd comparison of subcu-TaneOus and tRansvenous ImplANtable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. Am Heart J. 2012;163:753-760.e2.
39. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, Marchlinski FE, Yee R, Guarnieri T, Talajic M, Wilber DJ, Fishbein DP, Packer DL, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1009-1017.
40. Li W, Ripplinger CM, Lou Q, Efimov IR. Multiple monophasic shocks improve electrotherapy of ventricular tachycardia in a rabbit model of chronic infarction. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:1020-1027.
41. Li W, Janardhan AH, Fedorov VV, Sha Q, Schuessler RB, Efimov IR. Low-energy multistage atrial defibrillation therapy terminates atrial fibrillation with less energy than a single shock. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:917-925.
42. Janardhan AH, Li W, Fedorov VV, Yeung M, Wallendorf MJ, Schuessler RB, Efimov IR. A novel low-energy electrotherapy that terminates ventricular tachycardia with lower energy than a biphasic shock when antitachycardia pacing fails. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2393-2398.
43. Sweeney MO, Ruskin JN, Garan H, McGovern BA, Guy ML, Torchiana DF, Vlahakes GJ, Newell JB, Semigran MJ, Dec GW. Influence of the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator on sudden death and total mortality in patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation. Circulation. 1995;92:3273-3281.
44. Mitchell LB, Pineda EA, Titus JL, Bartosch PM, Benditt DG. Sudden death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: The importance of post-shock electromechanical dissociation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1323-1328.
45. Hulleman M, Berdowski J, De Groot JR, van Dessel PF, Borleffs CJ, Blom MT, Bardai A, De Cock CC, Tan HL, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have reduced the incidence of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation. 2012;126:815-821.
46. Rosborough JP, Deno DC. Electrical therapy for post defibrillatory pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation. 2004;63:65-72.
47. Wang H, Tang W, Tsai MS, Sun S, Li Y, Gilman B, Kroll MW, Guan J, Brewer JE, Weil MH. Coronary blood flow produced by muscle contractions induced by intracardiac electrical CPR during ventricular fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(suppl 1):S223-S227.
48. Gilman BL, Brewer JE, Kroll K, Kroll MW. Medium voltage therapy for preventing and treating asystole and PEA in ICDs. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:4623-4625.
49. Rickard J, Ahmed S, Baruch M, Klocman B, Martin DO, Menon V. Utility of a novel watch-based pulse detection system to detect pulselessness in human subjects. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1895-1899.
50. Cleven NJ, Müntjes JA, Fassbender H, Urban U, Görtz M, Vogt H, Gräfe M, Göttsche T, Penzkofer T, Schmitz-Rode T, Mokwa W. A novel fully implantable wireless sensor system for monitoring hypertension patients. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012;59:3124-3130.
51. Krunholz HM 2007 Krumholz HM, Parent EM, Tu N, Vaccarino V, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Hennen J. Readmission after hospitalization for congestive heart failure among Medicare beneficiaries. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:99-104.
52. Stevenson LW, Perloff JK. The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA. 1989;261:884-888.
53. Kadhiresan VA, Pastore J, Auricchio A, Sack S, Doelger A, Girouard S, Spinelli JC; PATH-CHF Study Group, Pacing Therapies in Congestive Heart Failure. A novel method-The activity log index-for monitoring physical activity of patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:1435-1437.
54. Singh JP, Rosenthal LS, Hranitzky PM, Berg KC, Mullin CM, Thackeray L, Kaplan A. Device diagnostics and long-term clinical outcome in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2009;11:1647-1653.
55. Hopenfeld B, John MS, Fischell DR, Medeiros P, Guimarães HP, Piegas LS. The Guardian: An implantable system for chronic ambulatory monitoring of acute myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol. 2009;42:481-486.
56. Forleo GB, Tesauro M, Panattoni G, Della Rocca DG, Papavasileiou LP, Sergi D, Di Molfetta A, Santini L, Romeo F. Impact of continuous intracardiac ST-segment monitoring on mid-term outcomes of ICD-implanted patients with coronary artery disease: Early results of a prospective comparison with conventional ICD outcomes. Heart. 2012;98:402-407.
57. Yu CM, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH, Kong SL, Tang MO, Christensen J, Stadler RW, Lau CP. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: Correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization. Circulation. 2005;112:841-848.
58. van Veldhuisen DJ, Braunschweig F, Conraads V, Ford I, Cowie MR, Jondeau G, Kautzner J, Aguilera RM, Lunati M, Yu CM, Gerritse B, Borggrefe M; DOT-HF Investigators. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring, audible patient alerts, and outcome in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 2011;124:1719-1726.
59. Binkley PF, Porterfield JG, Porterfield LM, Beau SL, Corbisiero R, Greer GS, Love CJ, Turkel M, Bjorling A, Qu F, Farazi TG. Feasibility of using multivector impedance to monitor pulmonary congestion in heart failure patients. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2012;35:197-206.
60. Proietti R, Manzoni G, Di Biase L, Castelnuovo G, Lombardi L, Fundarò C, Vegliante N, Pietrabissa G, Santangeli P, Canby RA, Sagone A, Viecca M, Natale A. Closed loop stimulation is effective in improving heart rate and blood pressure response to mental stress: Report of a single-chamber pacemaker study in patients with chronotropic incompetent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:990-998.
61. Bocchiardo M, Meyer zu Vilsendorf D, Militello C, Lippert M, Czygan G, Gaita F, Schauerte P, Stellbrink C. Intracardiac impedance monitors stroke volume in resynchronization therapy patients. Europace. 2010;12:702-707.
62. Occhetta E, Bortnik M, Audoglio R, Vassanelli C; INVASY Study Investigators. Closed loop stimulation in prevention of vasovagal syncope: Inotropy Controlled Pacing in Vasovagal Syncope (INVASY): A multicentre randomized, single blind, controlled study. Europace. 2004;6:538-547.
63. Ohlsson A, Kubo SH, Steinhaus D, Connelly DT, Adler S, Bitkover C, Nordlander R, Rydén L, Bennett T. Continuous ambulatory monitoring of absolute right ventricular pressure and mixed venous oxygen saturation in patients with heart failure using an implantable haemodynamic monitor: Results of a 1 year multicentre feasibility study. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:942-954.
64. Delnoy PP, Marcelli E, Oudeluttikhuis H, Nicastia D, Renesto F, Cercenelli L, Plicchi G. Validation of a peak endocardial acceleration-based algorithm to optimize cardiac resynchronization: Early clinical results. Europace. 2008;10:801-808.
65. Steimle AE, Stevenson LW, Chelimsky-Fallick C, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, Moriguchi JD, Kartashov A, Tillisch JH. Sustained hemodynamic efficacy of therapy tailored to reduce filling pressures in survivors with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 1997;96:1165-1172.
66. Bourge RC, Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Aaron MF, Aranda JM Jr, Magalski A, Zile MR, Smith AL, Smart FW, OShaughnessy MA, Jessup ML, Sparks B, Naftel DL, Stevenson LW; COMPASS-HF Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of an implantable continuous hemodynamic monitor in patients with advanced heart failure: The COMPASS-HF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1073-1079.
67. Adamson PB, Gold MR, Bennett T, Bourge RC, Stevenson LW, Trupp R, Stromberg K, Wilkoff BL, Costanzo MR, Luby A, Aranda JM, Heywood JT, Baldwin HA, Aaron M, Smith A, Zile M. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring in patients with mild to moderate heart failure: Results of the Reducing Decompensation Events Utilizing Intracardiac Pressures in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (REDUCEhf) trial. Congest Heart Fail. 2011;17:248-254.
68. Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Aaron MF, Costanzo MR, Stevenson LW, Strickland W, Neelagaru S, Raval N, Krueger S, Weiner S, Shavelle D, Jeffries B, Yadav JS; CHAMPION Trial Study Group. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:658-666.
69. Ritzema J, Troughton R, Melton I, Crozier I, Doughty R, Krum H, Walton A, Adamson P, Kar S, Shah PK, Richards M, Eigler NL, Whiting JS, Haas GJ, Heywood JT, Frampton CM, Abraham WT; Hemodynamically Guided Home Self-Therapy in Severe Heart Failure Patients (HOMEOSTASIS) Study Group. Physician-directed patient self-management of left atrial pressure in advanced chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2010;121:1086-1095.
70. Mercier PP, Lysaght AC, Bandyopadhyay S, Chandrakasan AP, Stankovic KM. Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30:1240-1243.
71. Whellan DJ, Ousdigian KT, Al-Khatib SM, Pu W, Sarkar S, Porter CB, Pavri BB, OConnor CM; PARTNERS Study Investigators. Combined heart failure device diagnostics identify patients at higher risk of subsequent heart failure hospitalizations: Results from PARTNERS HF (Program to Access and Review Trending Information and Evaluate Correlation to Symptoms in Patients With Heart Failure) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1803-1810.
72. Altman RK, Parks KA, Schlett CL, Orencole M, Park MY, Truong QA, Deeprasertkul P, Moore SA, Barrett CD, Lewis GD, Das S, Upadhyay GA, Heist EK, Picard MH, Singh JP. Multidisciplinary care of patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2181-2188.
73. Swerdlow CD, Gunderson BD, Ousdigian KT, Abeyratne A, Sachanandani H, Ellenbogen KA. Downloadable software algorithm reduces inappropriate shocks caused by implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead fractures: A prospective study. Circulation. 2010;122:1449-1455.
74. Landolina M, Perego GB, Lunati M, Curnis A, Guenzati G, Vicentini A, Parati G, Borghi G, Zanaboni P, Valsecchi S, Marzegalli M. Remote monitoring reduces healthcare use and improves quality of care in heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators: The Evolution of Management Strategies of Heart Failure Patients With Implantable Defibrillators (EVOLVO) study. Circulation. 2012;125:2985-2992.
75. Varma N, Epstein AE, Irimpen A, Schweikert R, Love C; TRUST Investigators. Efficacy and safety of automatic remote monitoring for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator follow-up: The Lumos-T Safely Reduces Routine Office Device Follow-up (TRUST) trial. Circulation. 2010;122:325-332.
76. Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, Lau CP, Fain E, Yang S, Bailleul C, Morillo CA, Carlson M, Themeles E, Kaufman ES, Hohnloser SH; ASSERT Investigators. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:120-129.
77. Ip J, Waldo AL, Lip GY, Rothwell PM, Martin DT, Bersohn MM, Choucair WK, Akar JG, Wathen MS, Rohani P, Halperin JL; IMPACT Investigators. Multicenter randomized study of anticoagulation guided by remote rhythm monitoring in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and CRT-D devices: Rationale, design, and clinical characteristics of the initially enrolled cohort: The IMPACT study. Am Heart J. 2009;158:364-370.e1.
78. Verma A, Champagne J, Sapp J, Essebag V, Novak P, Skanes A, Morillo CA, Khaykin Y, Birnie D. Discerning the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation before and after catheter ablation (DISCERN AF): A prospective, multicenter study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:149-156.
79. Cotter PE, Martin PJ, Ring L, Warburton EA, Belham M, Pugh PJ. Incidence of atrial fibrillation detected by implantable loop recorders in unexplained stroke. Neurology. 2013;80:1546-1550.
80. Hindricks G, Pokushalov E, Urban L, Taborsky M, Kuck KH, Lebedev D, Rieger G, Pürerfellner H; XPECT Trial Investigators. Performance of a new leadless implantable cardiac monitor in detecting and quantifying atrial fibrillation: Results of the XPECT trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:141-147.
81. Bloch Thomsen PE, Jons C, Raatikainen MJ, Moerch Joergensen R, Hartikainen J, Virtanen V, Boland J, Anttonen O, Gang UJ, Hoest N, Boersma LV, Platou ES, Becker D, Messier MD, Huikuri HV; Cardiac Arrhythmias and Risk Stratification After Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARISMA) Study Group. Long-term recording of cardiac arrhythmias with an implantable cardiac monitor in patients with reduced ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction: The Cardiac Arrhythmias and Risk Stratification After Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARISMA) study. Circulation. 2010;122:1258-1264.
82. Jons C, Thomsen PE. Treating cardiac arrhythmias detected with an implantable cardiac monitor in patients after an acute myocardial infarction. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2012;14:39-49.
83. Qu J, Barbuti A, Protas L, Santoro B, Cohen IS, Robinson RB. HCN2 overexpression in newborn and adult ventricular myocytes: Distinct effects on gating and excitability. Circ Res. 2001;89:E8-E14.
84. Er F, Larbig R, Ludwig A, Biel M, Hofmann F, Beuckelmann DJ, Hoppe UC. Dominant-negative suppression of HCN channels markedly reduces the native pacemaker current I(f) and undermines spontaneous beating of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Circulation. 2003;107:485-489.
85. Bucchi A, Plotnikov AN, Shlapakova I, Danilo P Jr, Kryukova Y, Qu J, Lu Z, Liu H, Pan Z, Potapova I, KenKnight B, Girouard S, Cohen IS, Brink PR, Robinson RB, Rosen MR. Wild-type and mutant HCN channels in a tandem biological-electronic cardiac pacemaker. Circulation. 2006;114:992-999.
86. Tse HF, Xue T, Lau CP, Siu CW, Wang K, Zhang QY, Tomaselli GF, Akar FG, Li RA. Bioartificial sinus node constructed via in vivo gene transfer of an engineered pacemaker HCN Channel reduces the dependence on electronic pacemaker in a sick-sinus syndrome model. Circulation. 2006;114:1000-1011.
87. Kehat I, Khimovich L, Caspi O, Gepstein A, Shofti R, Arbel G, Huber I, Satin J, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Gepstein L. Electromechanical integration of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:1282-1289.
88. Kapoor N, Liang W, Marbán E, Cho HC. Direct conversion of quiescent cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cells by expression of Tbx18. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31:54-62.
89. Hofshi A, Itzhaki I, Gepstein A, Arbel G, Gross GJ, Gepstein L. A combined gene and cell therapy approach for restoration of conduction. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:121-130.
90. Floras JS. Sympathetic nervous system activation in human heart failure: Clinical implications of an updated model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:375-385.
91. Olshansky B, Sabbah HN, Hauptman PJ, Colucci WS. Parasympathetic nervous system and heart failure: Pathophysiology and potential implications for therapy. Circulation. 2008;118:863-871.
92. Schwartz PJ. Vagal stimulation for the treatment of heart failure: A translational success story. Heart. 2012;98:1687-1689.
93. De Ferrari GM, Crijns HJ, Borggrefe M, Milasinovic G, Smid J, Zabel M, Gavazzi A, Sanzo A, Dennert R, Kuschyk J, Raspopovic S, Klein H, Swedberg K, Schwartz PJ; CardioFit Multicenter Trial Investigators. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation: A new and promising therapeutic approach for chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:847-855.
94. Hauptman PJ, Schwartz PJ, Gold MR, Borggrefe M, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Starling RC, Mann DL. Rationale and study design of the increase of vagal tone in heart failure study: INOVATE-HF. Am Heart J. 2012;163:954-962.e1.
95. Ng MM, Sica DA, Frishman WH. Rheos: An implantable carotid sinus stimulation device for the nonpharmacologic treatment of resistant hypertension. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:52-57.
96. Scheffers IJ, Kroon AA, Schmidli J, Jordan J, Tordoir JJ, Mohaupt MG, Luft FC, Haller H, Menne J, Engeli S, Ceral J, Eckert S, Erglis A, Narkiewicz K, Philipp T, De Leeuw PW. Novel baroreflex activation therapy in resistant hypertension: Results of a European multi-center feasibility study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1254-1258.
97. Issa ZF, Zhou X, Ujhelyi MR, Rosenberger J, Bhakta D, Groh WJ, Miller JM, Zipes DP. Thoracic spinal cord stimulation reduces the risk of ischemic ventricular arrhythmias in a postinfarction heart failure canine model. Circulation. 2005;111:3217-3220.
98. Lopshire JC, Zhou X, Dusa C, Ueyama T, Rosenberger J, Courtney N, Ujhelyi M, Mullen T, Das M, Zipes DP. Spinal cord stimulation improves ventricular function and reduces ventricular arrhythmias in a canine postinfarction heart failure model. Circulation. 2009;120:286-294.
99. Liu Y, Yue WS, Liao SY, Zhang Y, Au KW, Shuto C, Hata C, Park E, Chen P, Siu CW, Tse HF. Thoracic spinal cord stimulation improves cardiac contractile function and myocardial oxygen consumption in a porcine model of ischemic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:534-540.
100. Kadish A, Nademanee K, Volosin K, Krueger S, Neelagaru S, Raval N, Obel O, Weiner S, Wish M, Carson P, Ellenbogen K, Bourge R, Parides M, Chiacchierini RP, Goldsmith R, Goldstein S, Mika Y, Burkhoff D, Abraham WT. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2011;161:329-337.e1.