Carbon isotope stratigraphy and correlation of plant megafossil localities in the Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana, USA

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 503, Issue , 2014, Pages 149-171

  Arens, Nan Crystal ^a   Jahren, A Hope ^b   Kendrick, David C ^a  

^a HOBART AND WILLIAM SMITH COLLEGES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894266733     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2014.2503(05)     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Ainsaar, L., Kaljo, D., Martma, T., Medila, T., Mannik, P., Nolvak, J., and Tinn, O., 2010, Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia: A correlation standard and clues to environmental history: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 294, p. 189-201, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.003.
2. Allard, P., 1982, Stable isotopic composition of hydrogen, carbon and sulphur in magmatic gasses from rift and island arc volcanics: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 45, p. 269-271, doi:10.1007/BF02597744.
3. Amundson, R., Stern, L., Baisden, T., and Wang, Y., 1998, The isotopic composition of soil and soil-respired CO2: Geoderma, v. 82, p. 83-114, doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00098-0.
4. Archibald, J.D., 1982, A Study of Mammalia and Geology across the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in Garfi eld County, Montana: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 122, 286 p.
5. Archibald, J.D., Butler, R.F., Lindsay, E.H., Clemens, W.A., and Dingus, L., 1982, Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, Hell Creek and Tullock Formations, northeastern Montana: Geology, v. 10, p. 153-159, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<153:UCBAMH>2.0.CO;2.
6. Archibald, J.D., Gingerich, P.D., Lindsay, E.H., Clemens, W.A., Krause, D.W., and Rose, K.D., 1987, First North American land mammal ages of the Cenozoic Era, in Woodburne, M.O., ed., Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy: Berkeley, California, University of California Press, p. 24-76.
7. Archibald, J.D., Zhang, Y., Harper, T., and Cifelli, R.L., 2011, Protungulatum, confi rmed Cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal: Journal of Mammalian Evolution, v. 18, p. 153-161, doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1.
8. Arens, N.C., and Allen, S.E., 2014, this volume, A fl orule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana: Implications for vegetation and climate, in Wilson, G.P., Clemens, W.A., Horner, J.R., and Hartman, J.H., eds., Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06).
9. Arens, N.C., and Jahren, A.H., 2000, Carbon isotopic excursion in atmospheric CO2 at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Evidence from terrestrial sediments: Palaios, v. 15, p. 314-322, doi:10.1669/0883-1351 (2000)015<0314:CIEIAC>2.0.CO;2.
10. Arens, N.C., and Jahren, A.H., 2002, Chemostratigraphic correlation of four fossil-bearing sections in southwestern North Dakota, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 75-93.
11. Arens, N.C., Jahren, A.H., and Amundson, R., 2000, Can C3 plants faithfully record the isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide?: Paleobiology, v. 26, p. 137-164, doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0137 :CCPFRT>2.0.CO;2.
12. Balesdent, J., and Mariotti, A., 1996, Measurement of soil organic matter turnover using 13C natural abundance, in Boutton, T.W., and Yamasaki, S.-I., eds., Mass Spectrometry of Soils: New York, Marcel Dekker, p. 83-111.
13. Beauchamp, B., Henderson, C.M., Grasby, S.E., Gates, L.T., Beatty, T.W., Utting, J., and James, N.P., 2009, Late Permian sedimentation in the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic: The Lindstrom and Black Stripe formations: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 57, p. 167-191, doi:10.2113/ gscpgbull.57.2.167.
14. Beerling, D.J., Lomax, B.H., Upchurch, G.R., Jr., Nichols, D.J., Pillmore, C.J., Handley, L.L., and Scrimgeour, C.M., 2001, Evidence for the recovery of terrestrial ecosystems ahead of marine primary production following a biotic crisis at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 158, p. 737-740, doi:10.1144/jgs.158.5.737.
15. Beerling, D.J., Lomax, B.H., Royer, D.L., Upchurch, G.R., Jr., and Kump, L.R., 2002, An atmospheric pCO2 reconstruction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 99, p. 7836-7840, doi:10.1073/pnas.122573099.
16. Bercovici, A., Pearson, D.A., Nichols, D.J., and Wood, J., 2009, Biostratigraphy of selected K/T boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota, USA: Toward a refi nement of palynological identifi cation criteria: Cretaceous Research, v. 30, p. 632-658, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.007.
17. Bohor, B.F., Foord, E.E., Modreski, P.J., and Triplehorn, D.M., 1984, Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Science, v. 224, p. 867-869, doi:10.1126/science.224.4651.867.
18. Brenchley, P.J., Carden, G.A., Hints, L., Kaljo, D., Marshall, J.D., Martma, T., Meidla, T., and Nolvak, J., 2003, High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: Constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 89-104, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0089:HRSISO>2.0.CO;2.
19. Brown, B., 1907, The Hell Creek beds of the Upper Cretaceous of Montana: Their relation to contiguous deposits, with faunal and fl oral lists and a discussion of their correlation: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 23, p. 823-845.
20. Brown, B., 1914, Cretaceous-Eocene correlation in New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Alberta: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 25, p. 355-380.
21. Brown, R., 1938, The Cretaceous-Eocene boundary in Montana and South Dakota: Washington Academy of Science Journal, v. 28, p. 421-422.
22. Carvajal-Ortiz, H., Mora, G., and Jaramillo, C., 2009, A molecular evaluation of bulk organic carbon-isotope chemostratigraphy for terrestrial correlations: An example from two Paleocene-Eocene tropical sequences: Pa laeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 277, p. 173-183, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.015.
23. Cerling, T.E., Solomon, D.K., Quade, J., and Bowman, J.R., 1991, On the isotopic composition of carbon in soil carbon dioxide: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 3403-3405, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90498-T.
24. Chenet, A.-L., Quidelleur, X., Fluteau, F., Courtillot, V., and Bajpai, S., 2007, 40K-40Ar dating of the main Deccan large igneous province: Further evidence of the KTB age and short duration: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 263, p. 1-15, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.011.
25. Chenet, A.-L., Fluteau, F., Courtillot, V., Gerard, M., and Subbarao, K.V., 2008, Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the KTB using paleomagnetic secular variation: Part I. Results from 1200 m thick section in the Mahabaleshwar escarpment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, p. B04101, doi:10.1029/2006JB004635.
26. Chenet, A.-L., Courtillot, V., Fluteau, F., Gérard, M., Quidelleur, X., Khadri, S.F.R., Subbarao, K.V., and Thordarson, T., 2009, Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: Part 2.
27. Constraints from analysis of eight new sections and synthesis for a 3500-m-thick composite section: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, p. B06103, 38 p., doi:10.1029/2008JB005644
28. Clemens, W.A.,. and Hartman, J.H., 2014, this volume, From Tyrannosaurus rex to asteroid impact: Early studies (1901-1980) of the Hell Creek Formation in its type area, in Wilson, G.P., Clemens, W.A., Horner, J.R., and Hartman, J.H., eds., Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, doi:10.1130/2014.2503(01).
29. Collier, A.J., and Knechtel, M., 1939, The Coal Resources of McCone County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 905, 80 p.
30. Day, S., and Maslin, M., 2001, Linking large impacts, gas hydrates, and carbon isotope excursions through widespread sediment liquefaction and continental slope failure: The example of the K-T boundary event, in Kenkmann, T., Hoerz, F.P., and Deutsch, A., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts III: Geological Society of America Special Paper 384, p. 239-258.
31. D'Hondt, S., 1998, Isotopic proxies for ecological collapse and recovery from mass extinction: The Paleontological Society Papers, v. 4, p. 179-211.
32. D'Hondt, S., Donaghay, P., Zachos, J.C., Luttenberg, D., and Lindinger, M., 1998, Organic carbon fl uxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction: Science, v. 282, p. 276-279, doi:10.1126/ science.282.5387.276.
33. Dickens, G.R., O'Neil, J.R., Rea, D.K., and Owen, R.M., 1995, Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene: Paleoceanography, v. 10, p. 965-971, doi:10.1029/95PA02087.
34. Dickens, G.R., Castillo, M.M., and Walker, J.C.G., 1997, A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating fi rst-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate: Geology, v. 25, p. 259-262, doi:10.1130/0091 -7613(1997)025<0259:ABOGIT>2.3.CO;2.
35. Domingo, L., Lopez-Martinez, N., Leng, M.J., and Grimes, S.T., 2009, The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum record in the organic matter of the Claret and Tendruy continental sections (south-central Pyrenees, Lleida, Spain): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 281, p. 226-237, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.025.
36. Ehleringer, J.R., 1989, Carbon isotope ratios and physiological processes in aridland plants, in Rundel, P.W., Ehleringer, J.R., and Nagy, K.A., eds., Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research: Ecological Studies: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 41-54.
37. Ehleringer, J.R., Buchmann, N., and Flanagan, L.B., 2000, Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes: Ecological Applications, v. 10, p. 412-422, doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0412:CIRIBC]2.0.CO;2.
38. Farquhar, G.D., Ehleringer, J.R., and Hubick, K.T., 1989, Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis: Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, v. 40, p. 503-537, doi:10.1146/annurev.pp .40.060189.002443.
39. Fastovsky, D.E., 1987, Paleoenvironments of vertebrate-bearing strata at the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition in eastern Montana and western North Dakota: Palaios, v. 2, p. 282-295, doi:10.2307/3514678.
40. Fastovsky, D.E., and Dott, R.H., 1986, Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and extinctions during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition at Bug Creek, Montana: Geology, v. 14, p. 279-282, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<279:SSAEDT>2.0. CO;2.
41. Fastovsky, D., and McSweeney, K., 1987, Paleosols spanning the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition, eastern Montana and western North Dakota: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 66-77, doi:10.1130/0016 -7606(1987)99<66:PSTCTE>2.0.CO;2.
42. Feng, X., and Epstein, S., 1995, Carbon isotopes of trees from arid environments and implications for reconstructing atmospheric CO2 concentration: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 2599-2608, doi:10.1016/0016 -7037(95)00152-2.
43. Flight, J.N., 2004, Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of the Fox Hills and Hell Creek Formations (Maastrichtian), Eastern Montana and its Relationship to Dinosaur Paleontology [M.S. thesis]: Bozeman, Montana State University, 149 p.
44. Frye, C.I., 1969, Stratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 54, p. 1-65.
45. Gardner, A.F., and Golmour, I., 2002, Organic geochemical investigation of terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary successions from Brownie Butte, Montana, and the Raton Basin, New Mexico, in Koeberl, C., and MacLeod, K.G., eds., Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond: Geological Society of America Special Paper 356, p. 351-362.
46. Hartman, J.H., 2002, Hell Creek Formation and the early picking of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Williston Basin, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 1-7.
47. Hartman, J.H., Butler, R.D., Weiler, M.W., and Schumaker, K.K., 2014, this volume, Context, naming, and formal designation of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation lectostratotype, Garfi eld County, Montana, in Wilson, G.P., Clemens, W.A., Horner, J.R., and Hartman, J.H., eds., Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, doi:10.1130/2014.2503(02).
48. Hasegawa, T., Pratt, L.M., Maeda, H., Shigeta, Y., Okamoto, T., Kase, T., and Uemura, K., 2003, Upper Cretaceous stable carbon isotope stratigraphy of terrestrial organic matter from Sakhalin, Russian Far East: A proxy for the isotopic composition of paleoatmospheric CO2: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 189, p. 97-115, doi:10.1016/ S0031-0182(02)00634-X.
49. Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Tauxe, L., Clark, D., and Obradovich, J.D., 1999, Geochronology of the Hell Creek Formation of southwestern North Dakota: A multidisciplinary approach using biostratigraphy, isotopic dating, geochemistry, and magnetostratigraphy: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no. 7, p. A-71.
50. Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L., and Clark, D., 2002, Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations in southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the age of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 35-55.
51. Hsü, K.J., He, Q., McKenzie, J.A., Weissert, H., Perch-Nielsen, K., Oberhansli, H., Kelts, K., LaBrecque, J., Tauxe, L., Krahenbuhl, U., Percival, S.F., Wright, R., Karpoff, A.M., Petersen, N., Tucker, P., Poore, R.Z., Gombos, A.M., Pisciotto, K.A., Carman, M.F., and Schreiber, E., 1982, Mass mortality and its environmental and evolutionary consequences: Science, v. 216, p. 249-256, doi:10.1126/science.216.4543.249.
52. Huck, S., Rameil, N., Korbar, T., Heimhofer, U., Wieczorek, T.D., and Immenhauser, A., 2010, Latitudinally different responses of Tethyan shoal-water carbonate systems to the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE 1a): Sedimentology, v. 57, p. 1585-1614, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01157.x.
53. Ivany, L.C., and Salawitch, R.J., 1993, Carbon isotopic evidence for biomass burning at the K/T boundary: Geology, v. 21, p. 487-490, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0487:CIEFBB>2.3.CO;2.
54. Jahren, A.H., and Arens, N.C., 2009, Prediction of atmospheric13CO2 using plant cuticle isolated from fl uvial sediments: Tests across a gradient in salt content: Palaios, v. 24, p. 394-401, doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-069r.
55. Jahren, A.H., Arens, N.C., Sarmiento, G., Guerrero, J., and Amundson, R., 2001, A terrestrial record of methane hydrate dissociation in the Early Cretaceous: Geology, v. 29, p. 159-162, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (2001)029<0159:TROMHD>2.0.CO;2.
56. Jahren, A.H., Arens, N.C., and Harbeson, S.A., 2008, Prediction of atmospheric13CO2 using fossil plant tissues: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 46, p. RG1002, 12 p., doi:10.1029/2006RG000219.
57. Johnson, K.R., 2002, Megafl ora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas: Vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 329-391.
58. Johnson, K.R., and Hickey, L.J., 1990, Megafl oral change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., in Sharpton, L., and Ward, P., eds., Global Catastrophes in Earth History: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 433-444.
59. Kah, L.C., Sherman, A.G., Narbonne, G.M., Knoll, A.H., and Kaufman, A.J., 1999,13C stratigraphy of the Proterozoic Bylot Supergroup, Baffi n Island, Canada: Implications for regional lithostratigraphic correlations: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 313-332, doi:10.1139/e98-100.
60. Kaminski, M.A., and Malmgren, B.A., 1989, Stable isotope and trace element stratigraphy across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in Denmark: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, v. 111, p. 305-312, doi:10.1080/11035898909453128.
61. Keller, G., and Lindinger, M., 1989, Stable isotope, TOC and CaCO3 record across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at El Kef, Tunisia: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 73, p. 243-265, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89) 90007-2.
62. Keller, G., Li, L., and MacLeod, N., 1996, The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary stratotype section at El Kef, Tunisia: How catastrophic was the mass extinction?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 119, p. 221-254, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(95)00009-7.
63. Keller, G., Adatte, T., Gardin, S., Bartolini, A., and Bajpai, S., 2008, Main Deccan volcanism phase ends near the K-T boundary: Evidence from the Krishna-Godavari Basin, SE India: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 268, p. 293-311, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.015.
64. Keller, G., Adatte, T., Bajpai, S., Khosla, A., Sharma, R., Widdowson, M., Khosla, S.C., Mohabey, D.M., Gertsch, B., and Sahni, A., 2009, Early Danian shallow marine Deccan intertrappean at Jhilmili, Chhindwara, NW India: Implications for paleogeography: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 282, p. 10-23, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.016.
65. Keller, G., Bhowmick, P.K., Upadhyay, H., Dave, A., Reddy, A.N., Jaiprakash, B.C., and Adatte, T., 2011, Deccan volcanism linked to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) mass extinction: New evidence from ONGC wells in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, India: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 78, p. 399-428, doi:10.1007/s12594-011-0107-3.
66. Kennett, J.P., and Stott, L.E., 1991, Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene: Nature, v. 353, p. 225-229, doi:10.1038/353225a0.
67. Koch, P.L., Zachos, J.C., and Gingerich, P.D., 1992, Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/ Eocene boundary: Nature, v. 358, p. 319-322, doi:10.1038/358319a0.
68. Kump, L., 1991, Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Strangelove oceans: Geology, v. 19, p. 299-302, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0299 :ICIESO>2.3.CO;2.
69. Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993, Gas hydrates: Geological perspectives and global change: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 173-187, doi:10.1029/ 93RG00268.
70. Larson, T.E., Heikoop, J.M., Perkins, G., Chipera, S.J., and Hess, M.A., 2008, Pretreatment technique for siderite removal for organic carbon isotope and C:N ratio analysis in geological samples: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 22, p. 865-872, doi:10.1002/rcm.3432.
71. Lerbekmo, J.F., Sweet, A.R., and St. Louis, R.M., 1987, The relationship between the iridium anomaly and palynological fl oral events at three Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary localities in western Canada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 325-330, doi:10.1130/0016 -7606(1987)99<325: TRBTIA>2.0.CO;2.
72. Lloyd, J., and Farquhar, G.D., 1994, 13C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere: Oecologia, v. 99, p. 201-215, doi:10.1007/ BF00627732.
73. Magioncalda, R., Dupuis, C., Smith, T., Steubaut, E., and Gingerich, P.D., 2004, Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion in organic carbon and pedogenic carbonate: Direct comparison in a continental stratigraphic section: Geology, v. 32, p. 553-556, doi:10.1130/G20476.1.
74. Medina, E., Montes, G., Cuevas, E., and Rokzandic, Z., 1986, Profi les of CO2 concentration and13C values in tropical rainforests of the upper Rio Negro Basin, Venezuela: Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 2, p. 207-217, doi:10.1017/S0266467400000821.
75. Melillo, J.M., Aber, J.D., Linkins, A.E., Ricca, A., Fry, B., and Nadelhoffer, K., 1989, Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: Plant litter to soils organic matter: Plant and Soil, v. 115, p. 189-198, doi:10.1007/BF02202587.
76. Moore, W.L., 1976, The Stratigraphy and Environments of Deposition of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Reconnaissance) and the Paleocene Ludlow Formation (detailed), Southwestern North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 56, 40 p.
77. Morrow, J.R., Sandberg, C.A., Malkowski, K., and Joachimski, M.M., 2009, Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and precise dating of middle Frasnian (lower Upper Devonian) Alamo Breccia, Nevada, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 282, p. 105-118, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo. 2009.08.016.
78. Murphy, E.C., Hoganson, J.W., and Johnson, K.R., 2002, Lithostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 9-34.
79. Myrow, P.M., Pope, M.C., Goodge, J.W., Fischer, W., and Palmer, A.R., 2002, Depositional history of pre-Devonian strata and timing of Ross orogenic tectonism in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 1070-1088.
80. Nichols, D.J., 1990, Geologic and biostratigraphic framework of the nonmarine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in western North America: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 65, p. 75-84, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(90) 90058-Q.
81. Nichols, D.J., 2002, Palynology and palynostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota: A microfossil record of plants at the end of Cretaceous time, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 393-456.
82. Nichols, D.J., and Johnson, K.R., 2002, Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota, in Hartman, J.H., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., eds., The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Special Paper 361, p. 95-143.
83. Nichols, D.J., and Johnson, K.R., 2008, Plants and the K-T Boundary: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 280 p.
84. Nichols, D.J., and Sweet, A.R., 1993, Biostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous non-marine palynofl oras in a north-south transect of the Western Interior Basin, in Caldwell, W.G.E., and Kauffman, E.G., eds., Evolution of the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 39, p. 539-584.
85. Nissenbaum, A., and Schallinger, K.M., 1974, The distribution of the stable carbon isotope (12C/13C) in fractions of soil organic matter: Geoderma, v. 11, p. 137-145, doi:10.1016/0016-7061(74)90012-3.
86. Orth, C.J., Gilmore, J.S., Knight, J.D., Pillmore, C.L., Tschudy, R.H., and Fassett, J.E., 1981, An iridium anomaly at the palynological Cretaceous/ Tertiary boundary in northern New Mexico: Science, v. 214, p. 1341-1343, doi:10.1126/science.214.4527.1341.
87. Pearson, D.A., Schaefer, T., Johnson, K.R., and Nichols, D.J., 2001, Palynologically calibrated vertebrate record from North Dakota consistent with abrupt dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geology, v. 29, p. 39-42, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0039:PCVRFN>2.0.CO;2.
88. Peng, T.H., Broecker, W.S., Freyer, H.D., and Trumbore, S., 1983, A deconvolution of the tree-ring based13C record: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 3609-3620, doi:10.1029/JC088iC06p03609.
89. Perch-Nielsen, K., McKenzie, J., and He, Q., 1982, Biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy and the "catastrophic" extinction of calcareous nannoplankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, in Silver, L.T., and Schultz, P.H., eds., Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper 190, p. 353-371.
90. Retallack, G.J., 1994, A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1377-1397, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1377 :APATLC>2.3.CO;2.
91. Retallack, G.J., Jahren, A.H., Sheldon, N.D., Chakrabarti, R., Metzger, C.A., and Smith, R.M.H., 2005, The Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica: Antarctic Science, v. 17, p. 241-258, doi:10.1017/S0954102005002658.
92. Rigby, J.K., and Rigby, J.K., Jr., 1990, Geology of the San Arroyo and Bug Creek quadrangles, McCone County, Montana: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 36, p. 69-134.
93. Robin, E., Boclet, D., Bonté, P., Froget, L., Jéhanno, C., and Rocchia, R., 1991, The stratigraphic distribution of Ni-rich spinels in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks at El Kef (Tunisia), Caravaca (Spain), and Hole 761C (Leg 122): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 107, p. 715-721, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90113-V.
94. Schimmelmann, A., and DeNiro, M.J., 1984, Elemental and stable isotope variations of organic matter from a terrestrial sequence containing the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at York Canyon, New Mexico: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 68, p. 392-398, doi:10.1016/0012 -821X(84)90124-9.
95. Smit, J., 1982, Extinction and evolution of planktonic foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, in Silver, L.T., and Schultz, P.H., eds., Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper 190, p. 329-352.
96. Smit, J., and Hertogen, J., 1980, An extraterrestrial event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 285, p. 198-200, doi:10.1038/285198a0.
97. Smit, J., and van der Kaars, S., 1984, Terminal Cretaceous extinctions in the Hell Creek area, Montana: Compatible with catastrophic extinction: Science, v. 223, p. 1177-1179, doi:10.1126/science.223.4641.1177.
98. Stott, L.D., and Kennett, J.P., 1989, New constraints on Early Tertiary palaeoproductivity from carbon isotopes in foraminifera: Nature, v. 342, p. 526-529, doi:10.1038/342526a0.
99. Stott, L.D., and Kennett, J.P., 1990, The paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic signature of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the Antarctic: Stable isotopic results from ODP Leg 113, in Barker, P.E., Kennett, J.P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientifi c Results, Volume 113: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 829-848.
100. Swisher, C.C., Dingus, L., and Butler, R.F., 1993, 40Ar/39Ar dating and magnetostratigraphic correlation of the terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and Puercan Mammal Age, Hell Creek-Tullock Formations, eastern Montana: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 1981-1996, doi:10.1139/e93-174.
101. Tabor, N.J., Montanez, I.P., Steiner, M.B., and Schwindt, D., 2007,13C values of carbonate nodules across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Supergroup (South Africa) refl ect a stinking sulfurous swamp, not atmospheric CO2: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 370-381, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.047.
102. Takashima, R., Nishi, H., Kayashi, K., Okada, H., Kawahata, H., Yamanaka, T., Fernando, A.G., and Mampuku, M., 2009, Litho-, bio-and chemostratigraphy across the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary (OAE 2) in the Vocontian Basin of southeastern France: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 273, p. 61-74, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.001.
103. Taylor, B.E., 1986, Magmatic volatiles: Isotopic variation of C, H, and S: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 185-225.
104. Tewari, V.C., and Sial, A.N., 2007, Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian isotopic variation and chemostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya, India, eastern Gondwana: Chemical Geology, v. 237, p. 64-88, doi:10.1016/j .chemgeo.2006.06. 015.
105. Thibault, N., and Gardin, S., 2007, The late Maastrichtian nannofossil record of climate change in the South Atlantic DSDP Hole 525A: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 65, p. 163-184, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.07.004.
106. Thom, W.T., and Dobbin, C.E., 1924, Stratigraphy of Cretaceous-Eocene transition beds in eastern Montana and the Dakotas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 35, p. 481-505.
107. van der Merwe, N.J., and Medina, E., 1989, Photosynthesis and 13C/12C ratios in Amazonian rain forests: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 1091-1094, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90213-5.
108. Wang, W., Kano, A., Okumura, T., Ma, Y., Matsumoto, R., Matsuda, N., Ueno, K., Chen, X., Kakuwa, Y., Gharaie, M.H.M., and Ilkhchi, M.R., 2007, Isotopic chemostratigraphy of the microbialite-bearing Permian-Triassic boundary section in the Zagros Mountains, Iran: Chemical Geology, v. 244, p. 708-714, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.018.
109. Werts, S.P., and Jahren, A.H., 2007, Estimation of temperatures beneath archaeological campfi res using carbon stable isotope composition of soil organic matter: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 34, p. 850-857, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.05.007.
110. Wilf, P., Johnson, K.R., and Huber, B.T., 2003, Correlated terrestrial and marine evidence for global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 100, p. 599-604, doi:10.1073/pnas. 0234701100.
111. Wilson, G.P., 2005, Mammalian faunal dynamics during the last 1.8 million years of the Cretaceous in Garfi eld County, Montana: Journal of Mammalian Evolution, v. 12, p. 53-76, doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6943-4.
112. Woodburne, M.O., 1977, Defi nition and characterization in mammalian chronostratigraphy: Journal of Paleontology, v. 51, p. 220-234.
113. Woodburne, M.O., 2004, Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: New York, Columbia University Press, 376 p.
114. Yans, J., Gerards, T., Gerrienne, P., Spagna, P., Dejax, J., Schnyder, J., Storme, J.-Y., and Keppens, E., 2010, Carbon-isotope analysis of fossil wood and dispersed organic matter from the terrestrial Wealden facies of Hautrage (Mons Basin, Belgium): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 291, p. 85-105, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.014.
115. Zachos, J.C., and Arthur, M.A., 1986, Paleoceanography of the Cretaceous/ Tertiary boundary event: Inferences from stable isotopic and other data: Paleoceanography, v. 1, p. 5-26, doi:10.1029/PA001i001p00005.
116. Zachos, J.C., Arthur, M.A., and Dean, W.E., 1989, Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 337, p. 61-64, doi:10.1038/337061a0.
117. Zachos, J.C., Aubry, M.-P., Berggren, W.A., Ehrendorfer, T., Heider, F., and Lohmann, K.C., 1992, Chemobiostratigraphy of the Cretaceous/ Paleocene boundary at Site 750, southern Kerguelen Plateau, in White, S.W., Jr., Schlich, R., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientifi c Results, Volume 120: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 961-977.
118. Zhu, M., Shang, J., and Yang, A., 2007, Integrated Ediacaran (Sinian) chronostratigraphy of south China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 254, p. 7-61, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.025.