Effects of breathing frequency and flow rate on the total inward leakage of an elastomeric half-mask donned on an advanced manikin headform

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 182-194

  He, Xinjian ^a   Grinshpun, Sergey A ^a   Reponen, Tiina ^a   McKay, Roy ^a   Bergman, Michael S ^b   Zhuang, Ziqing ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

breathing frequency; combustion aerosol; flow rate; half mask; manikin; total inward leakage

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTANT; ELASTOMERIC; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYMER; SMOKE;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; BREATHING RATE; DEVICE FAILURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EXPOSURE; GAS MASK; HUMAN; MASK; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROCEDURES; SMOKE;

AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; MANIKINS; MASKS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYMERS; RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES; RESPIRATORY RATE; SMOKE;

EID: 84894243119     PISSN: 00034878     EISSN: 14753162     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met053     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Ba?azy A, Toivola M, Adhikari A et al. (2006a) Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection level against airborne viruses, and how adequate are surgical masks? Am J Infect Control; 34: 51-7.
2. Ba?azy A, Toivola M, Reponen T et al. (2006b) Manikin-based performance evaluation of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators challenged with nanoparticles. Ann Occup Hyg; 50: 259-69.
3. Baxter CS, Ross CS, Fabian T et al. (2010) Ultrafine particle exposure during fire suppression-is it an important contributory factor for coronary heart disease in firefighters? J Occup Environ Med; 52: 791-6.
4. Bergman MS, Zhuang Z, Wander J et al. (2013) Development of an advanced respirator fit test headform. J Occup Environ Hyg. doi:10.1080/15459624.2013. 816434.
5. BLS/NIOSH. (2003) Respirator usage in private sector firms, 2001. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
6. Brown RC. (1993) Air filtration: an integrated approach to the theory and applications of fibrous filters. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 109. ISBN:0080412742.
7. Chen CC, Ruuskanen J, Pilacinski W et al. (1990) Filter and leak penetration characteristics of a dust and mist filtering facepiece. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 51: 632-9.
8. Chen CC, Willeke K. (1992) Characteristics of face seal leakage in filtering facepieces. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 53: 533-9.
9. Cho KJ, Jones S, Jones G et al. (2010a) Effect of particle size on respiratory protection provided by two types of N95 respirators used in agricultural settings. J Occup Environ Hyg; 7: 622-7.
10. Cho KJ, Reponen T, McKay R et al. (2010b) Large particle penetration through N95 respirator filters and facepiece leaks with cyclic flow. Ann Occup Hyg; 54: 68-77.
11. Cooper DW, Hinds WC, Price JM et al. (1983) Common materials for emergency respiratory protection: leakage tests with a manikin. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 44: 720-6.
12. Eninger RM, Honda T, Adhikari A et al. (2008) Filter performance of N99 and N95 facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles. Ann Occup Hyg; 52: 385-96.
13. Eshbaugh JP, Gardner PD, Richardson AW et al. (2008) N95 and P100 respirator filter efficiency under high constant and cyclic flow. J Occup Environ Hyg; 6: 52-61.
14. Golshahi L, Telidetzki K, King B et al. (2012) A pilot study on the use of geometrically accurate face models to replicate ex vivo N95 mask fit. Am J Infect Control; 41: 77-9.
15. Grafe T, Gogins M, Barris M et al. (2001) Nanofibers in filtration applications in transportation. Filtration 2001 Conference Proceedings, Chicago, IL. pp. 1-15.
16. Grinshpun SA, Haruta H, Eninger RM et al. (2009) Performance of an N95 filtering facepiece particulate respirator and a surgical mask during human breathing: two pathways for particle penetration. J Occup Environ Hyg; 6: 593-603.
17. Han D-H, Lee J. (2005) Evaluation of particulate filtering respirators using inward leakage (IL) or total inward leakage (TIL) testing-Korean experience. Ann Occup Hyg; 49: 569-74.
18. Hanson D, Bergs R, Tadesse Y et al. (2006) Enhancement of EAP actuated facial expressions by designed chamber geometry in elastomers. Proc. SPIE's Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices Conf., 10th Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, San Diego, CA.
19. Hanson D, Priya S. (2007) An actuated skin for robotic facial expressions. NSF Phase 1 Final Report. National Science Foundation STTR award, NSF 05-557.
20. Hanson D, White V. (2004) Converging the capabilities of electroactive polymer artificial muscles and the requirements of bio-inspired robotics. Proc. SPIE's Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices Conf., 10th Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, San Diego, CA.
21. Haruta H, Honda T, Eninger RM et al. (2008) Experimental and theoretical investigation of the performance of N95 respirator filters against ultrafine aerosol particles tested at constant and cyclic flows. J Int Soc Resp Prot; 25: 75-88.
22. He X, Grinshpun SA, Reponen T et al. (2013a) Laboratory evaluation of the particle size effect on the performance of an elastomeric half-mask respirator against ultrafine combustion particles. Ann Occup Hyg. doi:10.1093/annhyg/ met014.
23. He X, Yermakov M, Reponen T et al. (2013b) Manikin-based performance evaluation of elastomeric respirators against combustion particles. J Occup Environ Hyg; 10: 203-12.
24. Hinds WC, Bellin P. (1987) Performance of dust respirators with facial seal leaks: II. Predictive model. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 48: 842-7.
25. Huang S-H, Chen C-W, Chang C-P et al. (2007) Penetration of 4.5 nm to aerosol particles through fibrous filters. J Aerosol Sci; 38: 719-27.
26. Lawrence RB, Duling MG, Calvert CA et al. (2006) Comparison of performance of three different types of respiratory protection devices. J Occup Environ Hyg; 3: 465-74.
27. Martin SB, Moyer ES. (2000) Electrostatic respirator filter media: filter efficiency and most penetrating particle size effects. Appl Occup Environ Hyg; 15: 609-17.
28. Myers WR, Kim H, Kadrichu N. (1991) Effect of particle size on assessment of faceseal leakage. J Int Soc Resp Prot; 9: 6-21.
29. Myers WR, Zhuang Z, Nelson T. (1996) Field performance measurements of half-facepiece respirators - foundry operations. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 57: 166-74.
30. NIOSH. (1995) Respiratory protective devices; final rules and notices. Fed Reg; 60: 30335-93. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. US DHHS, Public Health Service.
31. NIOSH/CDC. (2009) Total inward leakage for half-mask airpurifying respirators. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Washington, DC: US DHHS, Public Health Service.
32. OSHA. (2006) Respirator protection, 29 CFR 1910.134. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety & Health Administration.
33. Peters A, Wichmann HE, Tuch T et al. (1997) Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultrafine particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 155: 1376-83.
34. Qian Y, Willeke K, Grinshpun SA et al. (1998) Performance of N95 respirators: filtration efficiency for airborne microbial and inert particles. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 59: 128-32.
35. Rengasamy S, Eimer BC. (2011) Total inward leakage of nanoparticles through filtering facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg; 55: 253-63.
36. Rengasamy S, Eimer BC, Shaffer RE. (2009) Comparison of nanoparticle filtration performance of NIOSH-approved and CE-marked particulate filtering facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg; 53: 117-28.
37. Rengasamy S, King WP, Eimer BC et al. (2008) Filtration performance of NIOSH-approved N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators against 4 to 30 nanometer-size nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg; 5: 556-64.
38. Roberge RJ, Coca A, Williams WJ et al. (2010) Reusable elastomeric air-purifying respirators: physiologic impact on health care workers. Am J Infect Control; 38: 381-6.
39. Schulte P, Geraci C, Zumwalde R et al. (2008) Occupational risk management of engineered nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg; 5: 239-49.
40. Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM. (1996) Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? J Air Waste Manage Assoc; 46: 927-39.
41. Sherwood L. (2006) Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 380.
42. Stafford RG, Ettinger HJ, Rowland TJ. (1973) Respirator cartridge filter efficiency under cyclic- and steady-flow conditions. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 34: 182-92.
43. Timonen KL, Vanninen E, de Hartog J et al. (2005) Effects of ultrafine and fine particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiac autonomic control in subjects with coronary artery disease: the ULTRA study. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol; 16: 332-41.
44. Tortora GJ, Anagnostakos NP. (1990) Principles of anatomy and physiology. 6th edn. New York, NY: Harper-Collins. pp. 707.
45. Tuomi T. (1985) Face seal leakage of half-masks and surgical masks. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 46: 308-12.
46. Wang A, Richardson AW, Hofacre KC. (2012) The effect of flow pattern on collection efficiency of respirator filters. J Int Soc Resp Prot; 29: 41.
47. Zhuang Z, Coffey CC, Myers WR et al. (1998) Quantitative fittesting of N95 respirators: part I-method development. Int Soc Resp Prot; 16: 11-24.
48. Zhuang ZQ, Bradtmiller B, Shaffer RE. (2007) New respirator fit test panels representing the current US civilian work force. J Occup Environ Hyg; 4: 647-59.