Current state of psychiatry in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 223-242

  Koenig, Harold ^a,b   Al Zaben, Faten ^b   Sehlo, Mohammad ^b,c   Khalifa, Doaa ^b,d   Al Ahwal, Mahmoud ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^c ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^d AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Middle East; psychiatric education; psychiatry; research; Saudi Arabia

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHILD; FEMALE; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; POLICY MAKING; PSYCHIATRY; SAUDI ARABIA; SOCIAL WORK, PSYCHIATRIC;

EID: 84894150524     PISSN: 00912174     EISSN: 15413527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/PM.46.3.a     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Pasnau RO, Hartmann L. Psychiatry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983;140(11):1493-1494.
2. Dubovsky SL. Psychiatry in Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983; 140(11):1455-1459.
3. Qureshi NA, al-Amri AH, Abdelgadir H, El-Haraka EA. Traditional cautery among psychiatric patients in Saudi Arabia. Transcultural Psychiatry 1998;35:75-83.
4. Al-Habeeb AA, Qureshi NA. Mental and Social Health Atlas I in Saudi Arabia: 2007-08. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2010;16(5):570-577.
5. Qureshi NA, van de Molen HT, Schmidt HG, al-Habeeb TA, Magzoub MEM. Criteria for good referral system for psychiatric patients: The view from Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2009;15(6):1580-1595.
6. World Health Organization (WHO). Atlas: Mental health resources in the world. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.
7. Al-Shammari SA, Al-Subaie A. Prevalence and correlates of depression among Saudi elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999;14:739-747.
8. Abolfotouch MA, Daffallah AA, Khan MH, Khattab MS, Abdulmoneim I. Psycho-social assessment of geriatric subjects in Abha City, Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2001;7(3):481-491.
9. The Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS): Progress update as of 31 December 2010. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Prince Salman Center for Disability Research. See website: http://www.pscdr.org.sa/en/research/projects/Documents/ SNMHS- Program-update.pdf (last accessed 11-4-12).
10. Population Studies Center. Saudi National Mental Health Survey-Preparation, monitoring & implementation. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2012.
11. Mona K. Shahab, Program Manager, Saudi National Mental Health Survey. Prince Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Information based on communication by e-mail on November 6, 2012.
12. Becker S, Al Zaid K, Al Faris E. Screening for somatization and depression in Saudi Arabia: A validation study of the PHQ in primary care. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 2002;32(3):271-283.
13. Al-Kathami AD, Ogbeide DO. Prevalence of mental illness among Saudi adult primary care patients in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 2002;23(6): 721-724.
14. Qureshi NA, Al Quraishi NY, Hegazy IS. Some characteristics of mental patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Arabian Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 2(2):146-158.
15. AbuMadini MS, Rahim SI. Psychiatric admission in a general hospital. Patients profile and patterns of service utilization over a decade. Saudi Medical Journal 2002;23(1):44-50.
16. Al Faris E, Al Hamid A. Hidden and conspicuous psychiatric morbidity in Saudi primary health care. Arabian Journal Psychiatry 1995;6(2):162-175.
17. Al Faris E. Towards a campaign to combat psychological disorders in the community. Annals of Saudi Medicine 1998;83:205-207.
18. Becker SM. Detection of somatization and depression in primary care in Saudi Arabia. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004;39:962-966.
19. Mitchell AJ, Vaze A, Rao S. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;374:609-619.
20. Asa ARA, Abdel-Fattah MM. Prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for depression among high school students in Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences 2007;12:8-16.
21. Al-Gelban KS. Depression, anxiety and stress among Saudi adolescent school boys. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 2006;127(1):1-5.
22. Khalid S, Al-Gelban KS. Prevalence of psychological symptoms in Saudi secondary school girls in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 2009;29(4):275-279.
23. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, Benjet C, Georgiades K, Swensen J. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCs-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2010;49:980-989.
24. Abu-Baker K. The impact of social values on the psychology of gender among Arab couples: A view from psychotherapy. Israel Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 42(2):106-115.
25. Al-Solaim L, Loewenthal KM. Religion and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among young Muslim women in Saudi Arabia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2011;14(2):169-182.
26. Racy J. Somatization in Saudi women: A therapeutic challenge. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980;237:212-216.
27. Alibrahim OA, Al-Sadat N, Elawad NAM. Gender and risk of depression in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health in Africa 2010;1:e7.
28. Bener A, Ghuloum S, Burgut FT. Gender differences in prevalence of somato-form disorders in patients visiting primary care centers. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 2010;1:37-42.
29. De Waal MW, Arnold IA, Eekhof JA, van Hemert AM. Somatoform disorders in general practice: Prevalence, functional impairment and comorbidity with anxiety and depressive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004;184:470-476.
30. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Marikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters E, Wang PS. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289(23):3095-3105.
31. Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR. Somatization among Bedouin-Arab women: Differentiated by marital status. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 2004;42:131-144.
32. Al-Krenawi A. A study of psychological symptoms, family function, marital and life satisfactions of polygamous and monogamous women: The Palestinian case. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2012;58(1):79-86.
33. Hiel B. Dhahran women push the veil aside. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, May 13, 2007. See website: http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/ middleeastreports/s- 507462.html-axzz2PDZDjD2M (last accessed 4-1-13).
34. Al-Subaie AS. Nicotine dependence and its relationship to depressive anxiety symptoms among Saudi university students. Arabian Journal of Psychiatry 1999;10(2): 110-119.
35. Mehmood SI, Kumar A, Al-binali A, Borleffs JCC. Specialty preferences: Trends and perceptions among Saudi undergraduate medical students. Medical Teacher 2012;34:S51-S60.
36. Treatment Advocacy Center. Psychiatric bed numbers plummet to 1850 levels, putting patients, the public at risk: New study calls for moratorium on hospital closures. Catalyst, fall issue 2012;1:8-9. See website: http://www.treatmentadvocacy center.org/storage/documents/catalysts/fall-2012- catalyst.pdf (last accessed 11-9-12).
37. World Health Organization (WHO). United States of America, in Mental Health Atlas, 2005:491-493.
38. Compton MT, Frank E, Elon L, Carrera J. Changes in U.S. medical students' specialty interests over the course of medical school. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008;23:1095-1100
39. National Resident Matching Program: Residency Match Data, 2011. See website: http://www.nrmp.org/data/resultsanddata2012.pdf (last accessed 11-6-12).
40. Roberts LW. Stigma, hope, and challenge in psychiatry: Trainee perspectives from five countries on four continents. Academic Psychiatry 2010;34(1):1-4.
41. El-Gilany AH, Amr M, Iqbal R. Students' attitudes toward psychiatry at Al-hassa medical college, Saudi Arabia. Academic Psychiatry 2010;34(1):71-74.
42. Zaini RG, Abdulrahman KAB, Al-Khotani AA, al-Hayani AMA, Al-Alwan IA, Jastaniah SD. Saudi Meds: A competence specification for Saudi medical graduates. Medical Teacher 2011;33:582-584.
43. Amr M, Amin T (2012). Assessment methods of an undergraduate psychiatry course at Saudi University. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Science Journal 2012;12(2): 214-224.
44. Gaffas EM, Sequeira RP, Al Namia RA, Al-Harbi KS. Test blueprints for psychiatry residency in-training written examinations in Riyad, Saudi Arabia. Advanced Medical Education & Practice 2012;3:31-46.
45. Saudi Board of Psychiatry, 2000. See website: http://arabic.scfhs.org.sa/ new/fellowship-arabia-file/SB-26.pdf (last accessed 11-6-12).
46. Alhamad AM, Al-Sawaf MH, Osman AA, Ibrahim IS. Differential aspects of consultation-liaison psychiatry in a Saudi hospital. I: Referral pattern and clinical indices. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2006;12:316-323.
47. Alhuthail YR. Timing of referral to consultation-liaison psychiatry. International Journal of Health Science 2009;3(2):175-170.
48. Kishi Y, Meller WH, Kato M, Thurber S, Swigart SE, Okuyama T, Mikami K, Kathol RG, Hosaka T, Aoki T. A comparison of psychiatric consultation-liaison services between hospitals in the United States and Japan. Psychosomatics 2007; 48(6):517-522.
49. U.S. Global Health Policy. Population under age 15 (percent) 2012. See website: http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/data/topic/map.aspx?ind=82 (last accessed 11-8-12).
50. Rahim SIA, Abumadini MS, Khalil MS, Musa T. Long-term outcome of treated addiction in Saudi Arabia: Predictors of relapse in 10-year-follow-up. Arabian Journal of Psychiatry 2005;16(2):86-97.
51. World Health Organization. Saudi Arabia, 2004. See website: http://www.who.int/substance-abuse/publications/en/saudi-arabia.pdf (last accessed 11-10-12).
52. Al-Rethaiaa AS, Fahmy AA, Al-Shwaiyat NM. Obesity and eating habits among college students in Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. Nutrition Journal 2010;9:39.
53. Al-Subaie AS, Al-Hajjaj MS. Awareness and knowledge of Saudi university students about drug dependence. Saudi Medical Journal 1995;16:326-329.
54. Mirkin B. Population levels, trends and policies in the Arab region. Challenges and opportunities. United National Development Programme, Regional Bureau of Arab States, Arab Human Development Report, 2010, p. 33. See website: http://www. arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdrps/paper01-en.pdf (last accessed 11-9-12).
55. Jaalouk D, Okasha A, Salamoun MM, Karam EG. Mental health research in the Arab world. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 2012;47:1727-1731.
56. Obeid T, Abulaban A, Al-Hantani F, al-Malki AR, Al-Ghamdi A. Possession by 'Jinn' as a cause of epilepsy (Saraa): A study from Saudi Arabia. Seizure 2012; 21:245-249.
57. Abdel Haleem MAS. The Qur'an (Oxford University World's Classics series). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005 (suras 6:126-127; 9:40; 10:25-26; 13:20-24; 16:30-32; 19:60-63; 20:47-48; 36:55-58; 42:40; 48:4).
58. Sayed M, Abosinaina B, Rahim SIA. Traditional healing of psychiatric patients in Saudi Arbia. Current Psychiatry 1999;6(1):11-22.
59. Rahman F. Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition. Chicago, IL: ABC International Group, Inc. (Kazi Publications), 1998:43.
60. Mohit A. Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: Historical development. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2001;7(3):336-347.
61. Nagamia HF. Islamic medicine history and current practice. Journal of the International Society of Islamic Medicine 2003;2:19-230.
62. Regier DA, Goldberg ID, Taube CA. The De Factor US mental health services system: A public health perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35:685-693.
63. Abdel Haleem MAS. The Qur'an (Oxford University World's Classics series). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005 (sura 26:78-80).
64. Rahman F. Health and medicine in the Islamic tradition. Chicago, IL: ABC International Group, Inc. (Kazi Publications), 1998:48.
65. Aloud N, Rathur A. Factors affecting attitudes toward seeking and using formal mental health and psychological services among Arab-Muslim population. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 2009;4(2):79-103.
66. Koura M, Al-Sowielem L, Al-dabal B, Shaheed RA, Al-Halal A, Al-Mahfoodh N, Hasishi A. Qualitative research: Stigma associated with psychiatric diseases. South Asia Journal of Family Medicine 2012;3(6):44-47.
67. Abu-Ras W. Barriers to services for Arab immigrant battered women in a Detroit suburb. Journal of Social Work Research & Education 2003;4(1):49-65.
68. Erickson CD, al-Timimi NR. Providing mental health services to Arab Americans: Recommendations and considerations. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2002;7:308-332.
69. Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR, Kandah J. Gendered utilization differences of mental health services in Jordan. Community Mental Health Journal 2000;36(4):501-511.
70. Dwairy M, Van-sickle TD. Western psychotherapy in traditional Arabic societies. Clinical Psychology Review 1996;16(5):231-249.
71. Stacey A. Health in Islam: A holistic approach, 2009. http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/1878 (last accessed 3-15-13).
72. Farooqi MIH. (date unknown). Medicine of the Prophet (Tibb al-Nabvi): A message par excellence. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. See website: http://www. irfi.org/articles/articles-251-300/medicine-of-the-prophet. htm (last accessed 3-16-13).
73. Robson J. Mishkat Al-Masabih. New York, NY: Orientalia Art Ltd, 1975:947, 949-950.
74. Ibrahim ESR. Rates of adherence to pharmacological treatment amng children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Psychopharmacology 2002;17:225-231.
75. Al-Faris EA, Abdulghani HM, Mahdi AH, Salih MA, Al-Kordi AG. Adherence with appointments and medication in a pediatric neurology clinic at a University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 2002;23:969-974.
76. Shahin SH, Daly EB. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about psychotropic medication among Saudi hospitalized psychiatric patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies 1999;36:51-55.
77. Fido AA, Husseini AM. Nonadherence with treatment among psychiatric patients in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice 1998;7:28-32.
78. Al-Subaie AS, Marwa M, Hawari RA, Abdul-Rahim FA. Psychiatric emergencies in a University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Mental Health 1997;25(4):59-68.
79. Alnamlah RA. What is interfering with attendance in adult psychiatric outpatient clinics? Neurosciences 2006;11:293-296.
80. Sajatovic M, Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Valenstein MA, Ogedegbe G. Measurement of psychiatric treatment adherence. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2010;69: 591-599.
81. Hodge DR, Nadir A. Moving towards culturally competent practice with Muslims: Modifying cognitive therapy with Islamic tenants. Social Work 2008;53:31-41.
82. Amer MM, Jalal B. Individual psychotherapy/counseling. In Ahmed S, Amer MM (eds.), Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012:87-118.
83. Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR, Kandah J. Gendered utilization differences of mental health services in Jordan. Community of Mental Health Journal 2000;36(4):501-511.
84. Masood K, Gazzaz ZJ, Ismail K, Dhafar KO, Kamal A. Pattern of psychiatry morbidity during the Hajj period at al-Noor Specialist Hospital. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 2007;37(2):163-172.
85. Ahmed S, Amer MM. Counseling Muslims: Handbook of mental health issues and interventions. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012.