Observing Entrainment Processes Using a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: A Feasibility Study

Boundary-Layer Meteorology

Volumn 150, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 449-467

  Martin, Sabrina ^a   Beyrich, Frank ^b   Bange, Jens ^c  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BRAUNSCHWEIG   (Germany)

^b DEUTSCHER WETTERDIENST   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Entrainment; Inversion layer; Turbulence; Unmanned aerial vehicle

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893964189     PISSN: 00068314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10546-013-9880-4     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Angevine WM, White AB, Avery SK (1994) Boundary layer depth and entrainment zone characterization with a boundary-layer profiler. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 68: 375-385.
2. Angevine WM, Grimsdell AW, Hartten LM, Delany AC (1998) The flatland boundary layer experiments. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79: 419-431.
3. Bange J (2009) Airborne measurement of turbulent energy exchange between the Earth surface and the atmosphere. Sierke Verlag, Germany. ISBN 978-3-86844-221-2, 174 pp.
4. Bange J, Spieß T, van den Kroonenberg AC (2007) Characteristics of the early-morning shallow convective boundary layer from Helipod flights during STINHO-2. Theor Appl Climatol 90: 113-126.
5. Berger FH, Hantel M (2005) Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg 1905-2005. Meteorol Z 14(5): 595.
6. Beyrich F (1997) Mixing height estimation from sodar data-a critical discussion. Atmos Environ 31: 3941-3953.
7. Beyrich F, Engelbart DAM (2008) Ten years of operational boundary-layer measurements at the Richard-Aßmann Observatory Lindenberg: the role of remote sensing. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1(012026): 1-6.
8. Beyrich F, Görsdorf U (1995) Composing the diurnal cycle of mixing height from simultaneous sodar and wind profiler measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 76: 387-394.
9. Beyrich F, Gryning S-E (1998) Estimation of entrainment zone depth in a shallow convective boundary layer from Sodar data. J Appl Meteorol 37: 255-268.
10. Beyrich F, Leps J-P, Mauder M, Foken T, Weisensee U, Bange J, Zittel P, Huneke S, Lohse H, Mengelkamp H-T, Bernhofer C, Queck R, Meijninger WML, Kohsiek W, Lüdi A, Peters G, Münster H (2006) Area-averaged surface fluxes over the heterogeneous LITFASS area from measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 121: 33-65.
11. Buschmann M, Bange J, Vörsmann P (2004) MMAV-a miniature unmanned aerial vehicle (Mini-UAV) for meteorological purposes. In: 16th Symposium on boundary layers and turbulence. AMS, Portland/Maine, USA, 9-13 August 2004.
12. Canut G, Lothon M, Saïd F, Lohou F (2010) Observation of entrainment at the interface between monsoon flow and Saharan Air Layer. Q J R Meteorol Soc 136: 34-46.
13. Cohn SA, Angevine WM (2000) Boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness measured by lidars and wind profiling radars. J Appl Meteorol 39: 1233-1247.
14. Curry JA, Maslanik J, Holland G, Pinto J (2004) Application of aerosondes in the Arctic. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 85(12): 1855-1861.
15. Deardorff JW (1974) Three-dimensional numerical study of turbulence in an entraining mixed layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 7: 199-226.
16. Deardorff JW, Willis GE, Stockton BH (1980) Laboratory studies of the entrainment zone of a convectively mixed layer. J Fluid Mech 100: 41-64.
17. Dias NL, Gonçalves JE, Freire LS, Hasegawa T, Malheiros AL (2012) Obtaining potential virtual temperature profiles, entrainment fluxes, and spectra from mini unmanned aerial vehicle data. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 145: 93-111.
18. Emeis S, Münkel C, Vogt S, Müller WJ, Schäfer K (2004) Atmospheric boundary-layer structure from simultaneous sodar, RASS, and ceilometer measurements. Atmos Environ 38: 273-286.
19. Holland GJ, Webster PJ, Curry JA, Tyrell G, Gauntlett D, Brett G, Becker J, Hoag R, Vaglienti W (2001) The aerosonde robotic aircraft: a new paradigm for environmental observations. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82(5): 889-901.
20. Lenschow DH, Stankov BB (1986) Length scales in the convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 43: 1198-1209.
21. Lenschow DH, Wyngaard JC (1980) Mean-field and second-moment budgets in a baroclinic, convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 37: 1313-1326.
22. Lenschow DH, Mann J, Kristensen L (1994) How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics? J Atmos Ocean Technol 11: 661-673.
23. Lenschow DH, Krummel PB, Siems ST (1999) Measuring entrainment, divergence, and vorticity on the mesoscale from aircraft. J Atmos Ocean Technol 16: 1384-1400.
24. Mann J, Lenschow DH (1994) Errors in airborne flux measurements. J Geophys Res D 99: 14519-14526.
25. 2AV Carolo". Atmos Meas Tech 4: 705-716.
26. Mayer S, Sandvik A, Jonassen MO, Reuder J (2010) Atmospheric profiling with the UAS SUMO: a new perspective for the evaluation of fine-scale atmospheric models. Meteorol Atmos Phys 116(1-2): 15-26.
27. Moene AF, Michels BI, Holtslag AAM (2006) Scaling variances of scalars in a convective boundary layer under different entrainment regimes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 120: 257-274.
28. Moeng C, Wyngaard JC (1989) Evaluation of turbulent and dissipation closure in second-order modeling. J Atmos Sci 46: 2311-2330.
29. Neisser J, Adam W, Beyrich F, Leiterer U, Steinhagen H (2002) Atmospheric boundary layer monitoring at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg as a part of the "Lindenberg Column": Facilities and selected results. Meteorol Z 11: 241-253.
30. Nilsson ED, Rannik U, Kulmala M, Buzorius G, O'Dowd CD (2001) Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, turbulence, and entrainment on aerosol formation. Tellus 53B: 441-461.
31. Reuder J, Brisset P, Jonassen MO, Müller M, Mayer S (2009) The small unmanned meteorological observer SUMO: a new tool for atmospheric boundary layer research. Meteorol Z 18(2): 141-147.
32. Seibert P, F Beyrich, SE Gryning, S Joffre, A Rasmussen, P Tercier (1998) Mixing height determination for dispersion modeling. In: Fisher BEA et al (eds) Harmonization of the pre-processing of meteorological data for atmospheric dispersion models COST action 710-final report. European Commission Publication No. EUR 18195 EN (ISSN 1018-5593), Brussels, 120 pp.
33. Siebert H, Wendisch M, Conrath T, Teichmann U, Heintzenberg J (2003) A new tethered balloon-borne payload for fine-scale observations in the cloudy boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 106: 461-482.
34. Sorbjan Z (1990) Similarity scales and universal profiles of statistical moments in the convective boundary layer. J Appl Meteorol 29(8): 762-775.
35. 2AV". Meteorol Z 16: 159-169.
36. Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 666 pp.
37. Stull RB (2000) Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edn. Brooks/Cole Division, Thompson Learning Company, 502 pp.
38. Träumner K, Kottmeier C, Corsmeier U, Wieser A (2011) Convective boundary-layer entrainment: short review and progress using Doppler lidar. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 141: 369-391.
39. 2AV. J Atmos Ocean Technol 25: 1969-1982.
40. van den Kroonenberg AC, Martin S, Beyrich F, Bange J (2011) Spatially-averaged temperature structure parameter over a heterogeneous surface measured by an unmanned aerial vehicle. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 142: 55-77.