메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 1175-1198

Mapping vegetation morphology types in a dry savanna ecosystem: Integrating hierarchical object-based image analysis with Random Forest

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION (OF INFORMATION); DECISION TREES; ECOSYSTEMS; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LEARNING ALGORITHMS; LEARNING SYSTEMS; MORPHOLOGY; REMOTE SENSING; VEGETATION;

EID: 84893953517     PISSN: 01431161     EISSN: 13665901     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2013.876120     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (94)

References (76)
  • 3
    • 34248639869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land Use Affects Rodent Communities in Kalahari Savannah Rangelands
    • Blaum, N., E. Rossmanith, and F. Jeltsch. 2007. "Land Use Affects Rodent Communities in Kalahari Savannah Rangelands." African Journal of Ecology 45: 189-195.
    • (2007) African Journal of Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 189-195
    • Blaum, N.1    Rossmanith, E.2    Jeltsch, F.3
  • 4
    • 0035478854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random Forests
    • Breiman, L. 2001. "Random Forests." Machine Learning 45: 5-32.
    • (2001) Machine Learning , vol.45 , pp. 5-32
    • Breiman, L.1
  • 7
    • 0033501449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring and Modelling Open Savannas Using Multisource Information: Analyses of Kalahari Studies
    • Dougill, A., and N. Trodd. 1999. "Monitoring and Modelling Open Savannas Using Multisource Information: Analyses of Kalahari Studies." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8: 211-221.
    • (1999) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.8 , pp. 211-221
    • Dougill, A.1    Trodd, N.2
  • 8
    • 0032709493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental Change in the Kalahari: Integrated Land Degradation Studies for Nonequilibrium Dryland Environments
    • Dougill, A. J., D. S. G. Thomas, and A. L. Heathwaite. 1999. "Environmental Change in the Kalahari: Integrated Land Degradation Studies for Nonequilibrium Dryland Environments." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89: 420-442.
    • (1999) Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol.89 , pp. 420-442
    • Dougill, A.J.1    Thomas, D.S.G.2    Heathwaite, A.L.3
  • 9
    • 0033947003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying Vegetation Change in Semi-arid Environments: Precision and Accuracy of Spectral Mixture Analysis and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
    • Elmore, A. J., J. F. Mustard, S. J. Manning, and D. B. Lobell. 2000. "Quantifying Vegetation Change in Semi-arid Environments: Precision and Accuracy of Spectral Mixture Analysis and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index." Remote Sensing of Environment 73: 87-102.
    • (2000) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.73 , pp. 87-102
    • Elmore, A.J.1    Mustard, J.F.2    Manning, S.J.3    Lobell, D.B.4
  • 10
    • 0037971468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectivity, Fragmentation, and Extinction Risk in Dendritic Metapopulations
    • Fagan, W. F. 2002. "Connectivity, Fragmentation, and Extinction Risk in Dendritic Metapopulations." Ecology 83: 3243.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 3243
    • Fagan, W.F.1
  • 11
    • 0033134710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human or Natural Disturbance: Landscape-Scale Dynamics of the Tropical Forests of Puerto Rico
    • Foster, D. R., M. Fluet, and E. R. Boose. 1999. "Human or Natural Disturbance: Landscape-Scale Dynamics of the Tropical Forests of Puerto Rico." Ecological Applications 9: 555.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 555
    • Foster, D.R.1    Fluet, M.2    Boose, E.R.3
  • 12
    • 0344972104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision Tree Classification of Land Cover From Remotely Sensed Data
    • Friedl, M. A., and C. E. Brodley. 1997. "Decision Tree Classification of Land Cover From Remotely Sensed Data." Remote Sensing of Environment 61: 399-409.
    • (1997) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.61 , pp. 399-409
    • Friedl, M.A.1    Brodley, C.E.2
  • 13
    • 8844279202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Comparative Analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS Land Cover Data Sets
    • Giri, C., Z. L. Zhu, and B. Reed. 2005. "A Comparative Analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS Land Cover Data Sets." Remote Sensing of Environment 94: 123-132.
    • (2005) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.94 , pp. 123-132
    • Giri, C.1    Zhu, Z.L.2    Reed, B.3
  • 14
    • 33645827964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological Thresholds: The Key to Successful Environmental Management or an Important Concept with No Practical Application
    • Groffman, P. M., J. S. Baron, T. Blett, A. J. Gold, and I. Goodman. 2005. "Ecological Thresholds: The Key to Successful Environmental Management or an Important Concept with No Practical Application." Ecosystem 9: 1-13.
    • (2005) Ecosystem , vol.9 , pp. 1-13
    • Groffman, P.M.1    Baron, J.S.2    Blett, T.3    Gold, A.J.4    Goodman, I.5
  • 15
    • 51249169263 scopus 로고
    • Regional-Scale Analysis of Denitrification in North Temperate Forest Soils
    • Groffman, P. M., T. M. Tiedje, D. L. Mokma, and S. Simkins. 1992. "Regional-Scale Analysis of Denitrification in North Temperate Forest Soils." Landscape Ecology 7: 45-54.
    • (1992) Landscape Ecology , vol.7 , pp. 45-54
    • Groffman, P.M.1    Tiedje, T.M.2    Mokma, D.L.3    Simkins, S.4
  • 16
    • 14644402177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying Landscape Spatial Pattern: What Is the State of the Art
    • Gustafson, E. J. 1998. "Quantifying Landscape Spatial Pattern: What Is the State of the Art." Ecosystem 1: 143-156.
    • (1998) Ecosystem , vol.1 , pp. 143-156
    • Gustafson, E.J.1
  • 18
    • 85021135207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogeography and Dynamics of Global Tropical and Subtropical Savannas: A Spatiotemporal View
    • In: Hill M. J., Hanan N. P., editors Boco Raton,: CRC Press
    • Hill, M. J., M. O. Roman, and C. B. Schaaf. 2011. "Biogeography and Dynamics of Global Tropical and Subtropical Savannas: A Spatiotemporal View." In Ecosystem Function in Savannas: Measurement and Modelling at Landscape to Global Scales, edited by M. J. Hill and N. P. Hanan, 3-37. Boco Raton, FL: CRC Press.
    • (2011) Ecosystem Function in Savannas: Measurement and Modelling at Landscape to Global Scales , pp. 3-37
    • Hill, M.J.1    Roman, M.O.2    Schaaf, C.B.3
  • 19
    • 41249100721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nearest Neighbor Imputation of Species-Level, Plot-Scale Forest Structure Attributes From LiDAR Data
    • Hudak, A. T., N. L. Crookston, J. S. Evans, D. E. Hall, and M. J. Falkowski. 2008. "Nearest Neighbor Imputation of Species-Level, Plot-Scale Forest Structure Attributes From LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 2232-2245.
    • (2008) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.112 , pp. 2232-2245
    • Hudak, A.T.1    Crookston, N.L.2    Evans, J.S.3    Hall, D.E.4    Falkowski, M.J.5
  • 20
    • 0024163743 scopus 로고
    • Soil and Atmosphere Influences on the Spectra of Partial Canopies
    • Huete, A. R., and R. D. Jackson. 1988. "Soil and Atmosphere Influences on the Spectra of Partial Canopies." Remote Sensing of Environment 25: 89-105.
    • (1988) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.25 , pp. 89-105
    • Huete, A.R.1    Jackson, R.D.2
  • 21
    • 0022268748 scopus 로고
    • Spectral Response of a Plant Canopy with Different Soil Backgrounds
    • Huete, A. R., R. D. Jackson, and D. F. Post. 1985. "Spectral Response of a Plant Canopy with Different Soil Backgrounds." Remote Sensing of Environment 17: 37-53.
    • (1985) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.17 , pp. 37-53
    • Huete, A.R.1    Jackson, R.D.2    Post, D.F.3
  • 22
    • 0037667869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of an Invasive Pathogen Over a Variable Landscape: A Nonnative Root Rot on Port Orford Cedar
    • Jules, E. S., M. J. Kauffman, W. D. Ritts, and A. L. Carroll. 2002. "Spread of an Invasive Pathogen Over a Variable Landscape: A Nonnative Root Rot on Port Orford Cedar." Ecology 83: 3167-3181.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 3167-3181
    • Jules, E.S.1    Kauffman, M.J.2    Ritts, W.D.3    Carroll, A.L.4
  • 23
    • 0032718828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of Landscape on the Population Genetic Structure of the Alpine Butterfly Parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae)
    • Keyghobadi, N., J. Roland, and C. Strobeck. 1999. "Influence of Landscape on the Population Genetic Structure of the Alpine Butterfly Parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae)." Molecular Ecology 8: 1481-1495.
    • (1999) Molecular Ecology , vol.8 , pp. 1481-1495
    • Keyghobadi, N.1    Roland, J.2    Strobeck, C.3
  • 24
    • 0030426471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Many Habitats Do Landscapes Contain
    • Knight, T. W., and D. W. Morris. 1996. "How Many Habitats Do Landscapes Contain?" Ecology 77: 1756-1764.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1756-1764
    • Knight, T.W.1    Morris, D.W.2
  • 26
    • 1542289740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy Assessment Using Sub-Pixel Fractional Error Matrices of Global Land Cover Products Derived From Satellite Data
    • Latifovic, R., and I. Olthof. 2004. "Accuracy Assessment Using Sub-Pixel Fractional Error Matrices of Global Land Cover Products Derived From Satellite Data." Remote Sensing of Environment 90: 153-165.
    • (2004) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.90 , pp. 153-165
    • Latifovic, R.1    Olthof, I.2
  • 27
    • 31344453556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping Invasive Plants Using Hyperspectral Imagery and Breiman Cutler Classifications (RANDomFOREST)
    • Lawrence, R. L., S. D. Wood, and R. L. Sheley. 2006. "Mapping Invasive Plants Using Hyperspectral Imagery and Breiman Cutler Classifications (RANDomFOREST)." Remote Sensing of Environment 100: 356-362.
    • (2006) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.100 , pp. 356-362
    • Lawrence, R.L.1    Wood, S.D.2    Sheley, R.L.3
  • 28
    • 0345040873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification and Regression by Random Forest
    • Liaw, A., and M. Weiener. 2002. "Classification and Regression by Random Forest." R News 2: 18-22.
    • (2002) R News , vol.2 , pp. 18-22
    • Liaw, A.1    Weiener, M.2
  • 29
    • 79955383550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing Object-Based Classification: Advantages and Limitations
    • Liu, D. S., and F. Xia. 2010. "Assessing Object-Based Classification: Advantages and Limitations." Remote Sensing Letters 1: 187-194.
    • (2010) Remote Sensing Letters , vol.1 , pp. 187-194
    • Liu, D.S.1    Xia, F.2
  • 30
    • 0043130217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-Ecosystems: A Theoretical Framework for a Spatial Ecosystem Ecology
    • Loreau, M., N. Mouquet, and R. D. Holt. 2003. "Meta-Ecosystems: A Theoretical Framework for a Spatial Ecosystem Ecology." Ecology Letters 6: 673-679.
    • (2003) Ecology Letters , vol.6 , pp. 673-679
    • Loreau, M.1    Mouquet, N.2    Holt, R.D.3
  • 31
    • 0036097605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation Gradients Around Artificial Water Points in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve of Botswana
    • Makhabu, S. W., B. Marotsi, and J. Perkins. 2002. "Vegetation Gradients Around Artificial Water Points in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve of Botswana." African Journal of Ecology 40: 103-109.
    • (2002) African Journal of Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 103-109
    • Makhabu, S.W.1    Marotsi, B.2    Perkins, J.3
  • 33
    • 84905730934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mishra, N. B., and K. A. Crews. 2013. "Estimating Fractional Land Cover in Semi-arid Central Kalahari: The Impact of Mapping Method (Spectral Unmixing Versus Object-based Image Analysis) and Vegetation Morphology." Geocarto International. doi:10.1080/10106049.2013.868041.
    • (2013)
    • Mishra, N.B.1    Crews, K.A.2
  • 34
    • 84893929156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • under review. "Relating Spatial Patterns of Fractional Land Cover to Savanna Vegetation Morphology using Multi-scale Remote Sensing in the Central Kalahari."
    • under review
    • Mishra, N. B., K. A. Crews, and G. S. Okin. under review. "Relating Spatial Patterns of Fractional Land Cover to Savanna Vegetation Morphology using Multi-scale Remote Sensing in the Central Kalahari." International Journal of Remote Sensing.
    • International Journal of Remote Sensing.
    • Mishra, N.B.1    Crews, K.A.2    Okin, G.S.3
  • 37
    • 0030823534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large Animals and System Level Characteristics in River Corridors
    • Naiman, R. J., and K. H. Rogers. 1997. "Large Animals and System Level Characteristics in River Corridors." BioScience 47: 521-529.
    • (1997) BioScience , vol.47 , pp. 521-529
    • Naiman, R.J.1    Rogers, K.H.2
  • 39
    • 84893966108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nussbaum, S., I. Niemeyer, and M. J. Canty. 2006. "SEaTH - A New Tool for Automated Feature Extraction in the Context of Object-Oriented Image Analysis." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA 2006), ISPRS 36 (4): C42, July.
    • (2006)
    • Nussbaum, S.1    Niemeyer, I.2    Canty, M.J.3
  • 40
    • 0034890857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical Limits on Hyperspectral Vegetation Discrimination in Arid and Semi-arid Environments
    • Okin, G. S., D. A. Roberts, B. Murray, and W. J. Okin. 2001. "Practical Limits on Hyperspectral Vegetation Discrimination in Arid and Semi-arid Environments." Remote Sensing of Environment 77: 212-225.
    • (2001) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.77 , pp. 212-225
    • Okin, G.S.1    Roberts, D.A.2    Murray, B.3    Okin, W.J.4
  • 41
    • 0012516736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridging the Gap Between Ecology and Spatial Planning in Landscape Ecology
    • Opdam, P., R. Foppen, and C. Vos. 2002. "Bridging the Gap Between Ecology and Spatial Planning in Landscape Ecology." Landscape Ecology 16: 767-779.
    • (2002) Landscape Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 767-779
    • Opdam, P.1    Foppen, R.2    Vos, C.3
  • 42
    • 13344278660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random Forest Classifier for Remote Sensing Classification
    • Pal, M. 2005. "Random Forest Classifier for Remote Sensing Classification." International Journal of Remote Sensing 26: 217-222.
    • (2005) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.26 , pp. 217-222
    • Pal, M.1
  • 43
    • 0032699798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape Change and Habitat Availability in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and the Olympic Peninsula
    • Pearson, S. M., M. G. Turner, and J. B. Drake. 1999. "Landscape Change and Habitat Availability in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and the Olympic Peninsula." Ecological Application 9; 1288-1304.
    • (1999) Ecological Application , vol.9 , pp. 1288-1304
    • Pearson, S.M.1    Turner, M.G.2    Drake, J.B.3
  • 47
  • 48
    • 0142070871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can Deer Foraging in Multiple-Use Landscapes Alter Forest Nitrogen Budgets
    • Seagle, S. W. 2003. "Can Deer Foraging in Multiple-Use Landscapes Alter Forest Nitrogen Budgets." Oikos 103: 230-234.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.103 , pp. 230-234
    • Seagle, S.W.1
  • 49
    • 41249090031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating Landsat TM and SRTM-DEM Derived Variables with Decision Trees for Habitat Classification and Change Detection in Complex Neotropical Environments
    • Sesnie, S. E., P. E. Gessler, B. Finegan, and S. Thessler. 2008. "Integrating Landsat TM and SRTM-DEM Derived Variables with Decision Trees for Habitat Classification and Change Detection in Complex Neotropical Environments." Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 2145-2159.
    • (2008) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.112 , pp. 2145-2159
    • Sesnie, S.E.1    Gessler, P.E.2    Finegan, B.3    Thessler, S.4
  • 50
    • 0025588829 scopus 로고
    • Shrub Layer Dynamics Under Different Herbivore Densities in an Arid Savanna, Botswana
    • Skarpe, C. 1990. "Shrub Layer Dynamics Under Different Herbivore Densities in an Arid Savanna, Botswana." Journal of Applied Ecology 27: 873-885.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.27 , pp. 873-885
    • Skarpe, C.1
  • 51
    • 0032751812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial Variation Among Lakes Within Landscapes: Ecological Organization Along Lake Chains
    • Soranno, P. A., K. E. Webster, J. L. Riera, T. K. Kratz, and J. S. Baron. 1999. "Spatial Variation Among Lakes Within Landscapes: Ecological Organization Along Lake Chains." Ecosystem 2: 395-410.
    • (1999) Ecosystem , vol.2 , pp. 395-410
    • Soranno, P.A.1    Webster, K.E.2    Riera, J.L.3    Kratz, T.K.4    Baron, J.S.5
  • 52
    • 0002965815 scopus 로고
    • The Proof and Measurement of Association Between Two Things
    • Spearman, C. 1904. "The Proof and Measurement of Association Between Two Things." American Journal of Psychology 15: 72-101.
    • (1904) American Journal of Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 72-101
    • Spearman, C.1
  • 53
    • 0028160954 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and Pattern of a Managed Coniferous Forest Landscape in Oregon
    • Spies, T. A., W. J. Ripple, and G. A. Bradshaw. 1994. "Dynamics and Pattern of a Managed Coniferous Forest Landscape in Oregon." Ecological Application 4: 555-568.
    • (1994) Ecological Application , vol.4 , pp. 555-568
    • Spies, T.A.1    Ripple, W.J.2    Bradshaw, G.A.3
  • 54
    • 0010539443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-Dependent Effects of Landscape Context on Three Pollinator Guilds
    • Steffan-Dewenter, I., U. Munzenberg, C. Burger, C. Thies, and T. Tscharntke. 2002. "Scale-Dependent Effects of Landscape Context on Three Pollinator Guilds." Ecology 83: 1421-1432.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 1421-1432
    • Steffan-Dewenter, I.1    Munzenberg, U.2    Burger, C.3    Thies, C.4    Tscharntke, T.5
  • 55
    • 0141792125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Land Cover on Stream Ecosystems: Roles of Empirical Models and Scaling Issues
    • Strayer, D. L., R. E. Beighley, L. C. Thompson, A. Brooks, and C. Nilsson. 2003. "Effects of Land Cover on Stream Ecosystems: Roles of Empirical Models and Scaling Issues." Ecosystem 6: 407-423.
    • (2003) Ecosystem , vol.6 , pp. 407-423
    • Strayer, D.L.1    Beighley, R.E.2    Thompson, L.C.3    Brooks, A.4    Nilsson, C.5
  • 56
    • 0042232127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Kind of Spatial and Temporal Details Are Required in Models of Heterogeneous Systems
    • Strayer, D. L., H. A. Ewing, and S. Bigelow. 2003. "What Kind of Spatial and Temporal Details Are Required in Models of Heterogeneous Systems." Oikos 102: 654-662.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.102 , pp. 654-662
    • Strayer, D.L.1    Ewing, H.A.2    Bigelow, S.3
  • 58
    • 0346269256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of Mice and Men and Trillium: Cascading Effects of Forest Fragmentation
    • Tallmon, D. A., E. S. Jules, N. J. Radke, and L. S. Mills. 2003. "Of Mice and Men and Trillium: Cascading Effects of Forest Fragmentation." Ecological Application 13: 1193-1203.
    • (2003) Ecological Application , vol.13 , pp. 1193-1203
    • Tallmon, D.A.1    Jules, E.S.2    Radke, N.J.3    Mills, L.S.4
  • 59
    • 43049085536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Data for Alteration Zone Enhancement in a Semi-Arid Area, Northern Shahr-e-Babak, SE Iran
    • Tangestani, M. H., N. Mazhari, B. Agar, and F. Moore. 2008. "Evaluating Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Data for Alteration Zone Enhancement in a Semi-Arid Area, Northern Shahr-e-Babak, SE Iran." International Journal of Remote Sensing 29: 2833-2850.
    • (2008) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.29 , pp. 2833-2850
    • Tangestani, M.H.1    Mazhari, N.2    Agar, B.3    Moore, F.4
  • 60
    • 33847658242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and Animal Species Diversity in Arid and Semi-Arid Savannas of the Southern Kalahari
    • Tews, J., N. Blaum, and F. Jeltsch. 2004. "Structural and Animal Species Diversity in Arid and Semi-Arid Savannas of the Southern Kalahari." Annals of Arid Zone 42: 1-13.
    • (2004) Annals of Arid Zone , vol.42 , pp. 1-13
    • Tews, J.1    Blaum, N.2    Jeltsch, F.3
  • 61
    • 0030886776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the Dynamics of Social and Environmental Variability: The Impacts of Structural Land Use Change on the Environment and Peoples of the Kalahari, Botswana
    • Thomas, D. S. G., and D. Sporton. 1997. "Understanding the Dynamics of Social and Environmental Variability: The Impacts of Structural Land Use Change on the Environment and Peoples of the Kalahari, Botswana." Applied Geography 17: 11-27.
    • (1997) Applied Geography , vol.17 , pp. 11-27
    • Thomas, D.S.G.1    Sporton, D.2
  • 62
    • 3042549105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good or Bad Rangeland? Hybrid Knowledge, Science, and Local Understandings of Vegetation Dynamics in the Kalahari
    • Thomas, D. S. G., and C. Twyman. 2004. "Good or Bad Rangeland? Hybrid Knowledge, Science, and Local Understandings of Vegetation Dynamics in the Kalahari." Land Degradation & Development 15: 215-231.
    • (2004) Land Degradation & Development , vol.15 , pp. 215-231
    • Thomas, D.S.G.1    Twyman, C.2
  • 63
    • 0033135211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent Effects of Forest Cover and Fragmentation on the Distribution of Forest Breeding Birds
    • Trzcinski, M. K., L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam. 1999. "Independent Effects of Forest Cover and Fragmentation on the Distribution of Forest Breeding Birds." Ecological Application 9: 586-593.
    • (1999) Ecological Application , vol.9 , pp. 586-593
    • Trzcinski, M.K.1    Fahrig, L.2    Merriam, G.3
  • 64
    • 0024897596 scopus 로고
    • Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process
    • Turner, M. G. 1989. "Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process." Annual Review of Ecological and Systematic 20: 171-197.
    • (1989) Annual Review of Ecological and Systematic , vol.20 , pp. 171-197
    • Turner, M.G.1
  • 65
    • 23644446897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape Ecology in North America: Past, Present and Future
    • Turner, M. G. 2005. "Landscape Ecology in North America: Past, Present and Future." Ecology 86: 1967-1974.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1967-1974
    • Turner, M.G.1
  • 66
    • 0242507636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Land-Cover Change on Spatial Pattern of Forest Communities in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (USA)
    • Turner, M. G., S. M. Pearson, P. Bolstad, and D. N. Wear. 2003. "Effects of Land-Cover Change on Spatial Pattern of Forest Communities in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (USA)." Landscape Ecology 18: 449-464.
    • (2003) Landscape Ecology , vol.18 , pp. 449-464
    • Turner, M.G.1    Pearson, S.M.2    Bolstad, P.3    Wear, D.N.4
  • 67
    • 0001032574 scopus 로고
    • A Revised Concept of Landscape Equilibrium: Disturbance and Stability on Scaled Landscapes
    • Turner, M. G., W. H. Romme, R. H. Gardner, R. V. O'neill, and T. K. Kratz. 1993. "A Revised Concept of Landscape Equilibrium: Disturbance and Stability on Scaled Landscapes." Landscape Ecology 8: 213-227.
    • (1993) Landscape Ecology , vol.8 , pp. 213-227
    • Turner, M.G.1    Romme, W.H.2    Gardner, R.H.3    O'neill, R.V.4    Kratz, T.K.5
  • 68
    • 1642353852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape Patterns of Sapling Density, Leaf Area, and Aboveground Net Primary Production in Postfire Lodgepole Pine Forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA)
    • Turner, M. G., D. B. Tinker, W. H. Romme, D. M. Kashian, and C. M. Litton. 2004. "Landscape Patterns of Sapling Density, Leaf Area, and Aboveground Net Primary Production in Postfire Lodgepole Pine Forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA)." Ecosystem 7: 751-775.
    • (2004) Ecosystem , vol.7 , pp. 751-775
    • Turner, M.G.1    Tinker, D.B.2    Romme, W.H.3    Kashian, D.M.4    Litton, C.M.5
  • 70
    • 0025631610 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of the Vegetation Around Artificial Watering Points (Windmills) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
    • Van Rooyen, N., D. Bezuidenhout, G. K. Theron, and J. D. P. Bothma. 1990. "Monitoring of the Vegetation Around Artificial Watering Points (Windmills) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park." Koedoe 33: 63-88.
    • (1990) Koedoe , vol.33 , pp. 63-88
    • Van Rooyen, N.1    Bezuidenhout, D.2    Theron, G.K.3    Bothma, J.D.P.4
  • 72
    • 33750556964 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the Phytogeographical Affinities of the Southern Kalahari
    • Werger, M. J. A. 1973. "Notes on the Phytogeographical Affinities of the Southern Kalahari." Bathalia 11: 177-180.
    • (1973) Bathalia , vol.11 , pp. 177-180
    • Werger, M.J.A.1
  • 73
    • 29344472307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Patch-Dynamics Approach to Savanna Dynamics and Woody Plant Encroachment - Insights From an Arid Savanna
    • Wiegand, K., D. Saltz, and D. Ward. 2006. "A Patch-Dynamics Approach to Savanna Dynamics and Woody Plant Encroachment - Insights From an Arid Savanna." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7: 229-242.
    • (2006) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics , vol.7 , pp. 229-242
    • Wiegand, K.1    Saltz, D.2    Ward, D.3
  • 74
    • 0037099998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling Complex Ecological Systems: An Introduction
    • Wu, J., and D. Marceau. 2002. "Modelling Complex Ecological Systems: An Introduction." Ecological Modelling 153: 1-6.
    • (2002) Ecological Modelling , vol.153 , pp. 1-6
    • Wu, J.1    Marceau, D.2
  • 75
    • 77549088874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote Sensing Imagery in Vegetation Mapping: A Review
    • Xie, Y. C., Z. Y. Sha, and M. Yu. 2008. "Remote Sensing Imagery in Vegetation Mapping: A Review." Journal of Plant Ecology-UK 1: 9-23.
    • (2008) Journal of Plant Ecology-UK , vol.1 , pp. 9-23
    • Xie, Y.C.1    Sha, Z.Y.2    Yu, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.