The political origins of health inequity: Prospects for change

The Lancet

Volumn 383, Issue 9917, 2014, Pages 630-667

  Ottersen, Ole Petter ^a   Dasgupta, Jashodhara ^a,d   Blouin, Chantal ^e   Buss, Paulo ^f   Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi ^g   Frenk, Julio ⁱ   Fukuda Parr, Sakiko ^j,k   Gawanas, Bience P ^l   Giacaman, Rita ^m   Gyapong, John ⁿ   Leaning, Jennifer ^h   Marmot, Michael ^o   McNeill, Desmond ^b   Mongella, Gertrude I ^p   Moyo, Nkosana ^q   Møgedal, Sigrun ^r   Ntsaluba, Ayanda ^s   Ooms, Gorik ^t   Bjertness, Espen ^c   Lie, Ann Louise ^c   Moon, Suerie ^j   Roalkvam, Sidsel ^b   Sandberg, Kristin I ^b   Scheel, Inger B ^c   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b Centre for Development and the Environment   (France)

^c Department of Health Sciences   (Norway)

^d SAHAYOG   (India)

^e INSTITUT NATIONAL DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE DU QUÉBEC   (Canada)

^f INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^g PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^h FXB Center for Health and Human Rights   (United States)

ⁱ HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^j HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^l Ministry of Health and Social Services   (Namibia)

^m BIRZEIT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF GHANA   (Ghana)

^o UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^p Advocacy for Women in Africa   (Tanzania)

^q Mandela Institute for Development Studies   (South Africa)

^r NORWEGIAN KNOWLEDGE CENTRE FOR THE HEALTH SERVICES   (Norway)

^s Discovery Holdings   (South Africa)

^t INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACCESS TO INFORMATION; ACCIDENT; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BUDGET; BURN; CANADA; CATERING SERVICE; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPENSATION; CONFLICT; CYPRUS; DEATH; DECISION MAKING; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISABILITY; DRUG MISUSE; DYSPNEA; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ETHNICITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FOOD CROP; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD INSECURITY; FOOD SECURITY; GOVERNMENT; GREECE; GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT; HAZARDOUS WASTE; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH SERVICE; HEPATITIS B; HONG KONG; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RIGHTS; IMMIGRANT; INCOME; INJURY; INTOXICATION; INVESTMENT; IRELAND; JUSTICE; LAW; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MALNUTRITION; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MENTAL HEALTH; MIGRATION; MONEY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; PATENT; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; POLITICAL SYSTEM; POLITICS; POLLUTION; POPULATION; PORTUGAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTION; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING; SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH; SOCIAL EXCLUSION; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIAL WORK; SPAIN; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TOBACCO; TOBACCO USE; TOXIC WASTE; TUBERCULOSIS; UNEMPLOYMENT; VIOLENCE; WAR; WELLBEING; WORK ENVIRONMENT;

HEALTH POLICY; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POLITICS; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 84893823818     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62407-1     Document Type: Review

References (267)

1. Kickbusch I. Mapping the future of public health: action on global health. Can J Public Health 2006; 97: 6-8.
2. FAO, International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Programme. The state of food insecurity in the world 2013-the multiple dimensions of food security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2013.
3. WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO)-underweight in children. http://www.who.int/gho/mdg/poverty-hunger/underweight/en/index.html (accessed June 24, 2013).
4. WHO. Interim report on the implementation of the Tallinn Charter. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 2011.
5. World Bank. World development report 2011: conflict, security, and development. Washington DC: World Bank, 2011.
6. UNDP. Human development report 2013. The rise of the south: human progress in a diverse world. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2013.
7. ILO. World of work report 2013: repairing the economic and social fabric. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2013.
8. Hall G, Patrinos HA, eds. Indigenous peoples, poverty, and development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
9. UN. The Millennium Development Goals report. New York: United Nations, 2012.
10. Fonn S, Sundari Ravindran TK. The macroeconomic environment and sexual and reproductive health: a review of trends over the last 30 years. Reprod Health Matters 2011; 19: 11-25.
11. Wilkinson R, Pickett K. The spirit level: why equality is better for everyone. London: Penguin Books, 2010.
12. Stiglitz J. The price of inequality. New York: Penguin Books, 2012.
13. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
14. Whitehead M. The concepts and principles of equity and health. Int J Health Serv 1992; 22: 429-45.
15. Labonté R, Spiegel J. Setting global health research priorities. BMJ 2003; 326: 722-23.
16. Birn AE. Making it politic(al): closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health Soc Med 2009; 4: 166-82.
17. Ottersen OP, Frenk J, Horton R. The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, in collaboration with the Harvard Global Health Institute. Lancet 2011; 378: 1612-13.
18. Thakur R, Weiss TG The UN and global governance: an idea and its prospects: Indiana University Press, 2006.
19. Benatar SR, Gill S, Bakker I. Making progress in global health: the need for new paradigms. Int Aff 2009; 85: 347-71.
20. Fidler D. The challenges of global health governance. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2010.
21. Szlezák N.A., Bloom BR, Jamison D.T., et al The global health system: actors, norms, and expectations in transition. PLoS Med 2010; 7: e1000183.
22. Benatar S, Brock G, eds. Global health and global health ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
23. Kickbusch I. Tackling the political determinants of global health. BMJ 2005; 331: 246-47.
24. Kickbusch I. Addressing the interface of the political and commercial determinants of health. Health Promot Int 2012; 27: 427-28.
25. Global Health Watch. Global Health Watch 3. London: Zed Books, 2011.
26. Bambra C, Fox D, Scott-Samuel A. Towards a politics of health. Health Promot Int 2005; 20: 187-93.
27. Lee K. How do we move forward on the social determinants of health: the global governance challenges. Crit Public Health 2010; 20: 5-14.
28. Frenk J, Moon S. Governance challenges in global health. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 936-42.
29. Office of the Under Secretary of Defence. Welcome to the OUSD(C) public website. http://comptroller.defense.gov/ (accessed June 21, 2013).
30. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. SIPRI military expenditure database. http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex- database (accessed Sept 12, 2013).
31. Forbes. The world's biggest public companies. http://www.forbes.com/ global2000/list/ (accessed Jan 15, 2013).
32. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Who we are-Foundation fact sheet. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/ Foundation-Factsheet (accessed April 1, 2012).
33. McCoy D, Kembhavi G, Patel J., Luintel A. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's grant-making programme for global health. Lancet 2009; 373: 1645-53.
34. Florini A. The third force: the rise of transnational civil society. Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2000.
35. Haas PM. Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination. Int Organ 1992; 46: 1-35.
36. Mitchell R, Clark W, Cash D. Information and influence. In: Mitchell R, Clark D, Cash D, Dickson N, eds. Global environmental assessment: information and influence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006: 307-37.
37. Price R. Reversing the gun sights: transnational civil society targets land mines. Int Organ 1998; 52: 613-44.
38. Khagram S. Dams and development: transnational struggles for water and power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
39. Hoen E, Berger J, Calmy A., Moon S. Driving a decade of change: HIV/AIDS, patents and access to medicines for all. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14: 15.
40. Bøås M, McNeill D. Introduction. In: Bøås M, McNeill D, eds. Global institutions and development: framing the world? London: Routledge, 2004: 1-12.
41. Finnemore M, Sikkink K. International norm dynamics and political change. Int Organ 1998; 52: 887-917.
42. Fukuda-Parr S., Hulme D. International norm dynamics and 'the end of poverty': Understanding the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, 2009.
43. Chakravarty S. Policy-making in a mixed economy: the Indian case. Selected economic writings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
44. Rodrik D. The globalization paradox: democracy and the future of the world economy. New York: Norton, 2011.
45. ILO. Social protection for a fair and inclusive globalization. Report of the Social Protection Floor Advisory Group. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2011.
46. Schultz M, Rockström J, Öhman MC, Cornell S, Persson Å, Norström A. Human prosperity requires global sustainability-a contribution to the post-2015 agenda and the development of Sustainable Development Goals. A Stockholm Resilience Centre Report to the Swedish Government Office. Stockholm: Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2013.
47. Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M, et al Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 2010; 375: 1609-23.
48. UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels and trends in child mortality-report 2012. New York: United Nations Children's Fund, 2012.
49. WHO. Children: reducing mortality. Fact sheet no 178. Geneva: World health Organization, 2013. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en/ (accessed Oct 7, 2013).
50. World Health Organization. Global update on HIV treatment 2013: results, impact and opportunities. WHO report in partnership with UNICEF and UNAIDS. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.
51. IHME. Financing global health 2012: the end of the golden age? Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2012.
52. Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R., Bloomer E, Goldblatt P, on behalf of the Consortium for the European Review of Social Determinants of Health and the Health Divide. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. Lancet 2012; 380: 1011-29.
53. Carrera C, Azrack A, Begkoyian G., et al, and the UNICEF Equity in Child Survival, Health and Nutrition Analysis Team. The comparative cost-effectiveness of an equity-focused approach to child survival, health, and nutrition: a modelling approach. Lancet 2012; 380: 1341-51.
54. Ferguson J. The anti-politics machine. In: Vincent J, ed. The anthropology of politics: a reader in ethnography, theory, and critique. Malden: Blackwell, 2002: 399-408.
55. UN General Assembly. The universal declaration of human rights. Paris: United Nations, 1948. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed May 13, 2013).
56. UN General Assembly. International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. New York: United Nations, 1966. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx (accessed May 13, 2013).
57. UN General Assembly. International covenant on civil and political rights. New York: United Nations, 1966. http://www.ohchr.org/en/ professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx (accessed May 13, 2013).
58. UN Secretary General. A life of dignity for all: accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015. Report of the Secretary General. United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; July 26, 2013.
59. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945). https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/ (accessed Aug 19, 2013).
60. UN General Assembly. United Nations millennium declaration. United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; Sept 8, 2000.
61. Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A., et al Managing the health effects of climate change. Lancet 2009; 373: 1693-733.
62. Rydin Y, Bleahu A, Davies M., et al Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century. Lancet 2012; 379: 2079-108.
63. WHO. Declaration of Alma-Ata. International conference on primary health care; Alma-Ata, USSR; Sept 6-12, 1978.
64. Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, France, Indonesia, Norway, Senegal, South Africa, and Thailand. Oslo Ministerial Declaration-global health: a pressing foreign policy issue of our time. Lancet 2007; 369: 1373-78.
65. Garret L. Existential challenges to global health. New York: Center on International Cooperation, New York University, 2013.
66. The World We Want Initiative. Health in the post-2015 agenda: Report of the Global Thematic Consultation on Health. Gaborone and Stockholm: The World We Want Initiative, 2013.
67. UN General Assembly. The future we want. Resolution 66/288. Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; June 20-22, 2012.
68. Stuckler D, Basu S. The body economic: why austerity kills. New York: Basic Books, 2013.
69. Karanikolos M, Mladovsky P, Cylus J., et al Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. Lancet 2013; 381: 1323-31.
70. OECD. Better life index-jobs. 2013. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/ topics/jobs/ (accessed June 17, 2013).
71. Kondilis E, Bodini C, De Vos P, Benos A, Stefanini A. Fiscal policies in Europe in the wake of the economic crisis: implications for health and healthcare access. Background paper for The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, 2013. https://www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/ research/global-governance-health/background-papers/fiscal-policies-eu.pdf (accessed Feb 11, 2014).
72. Horton R. The global financial crisis: an acute threat to health. Lancet 2009; 373: 355-56.
73. Marmot MG, Bell R. How will the financial crisis affect health? BMJ 2009; 338: b1314.
74. WHO. The financial crisis and global health: report of a high-level consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
75. Blyth M. Austerity: the history of a dangerous idea. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
76. Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M. Budget crises, health, and social welfare programmes. BMJ 2010; 340: c3311.
77. Bradley EH, Elkins BR, Herrin J, Elbel B. Health and social services expenditures: associations with health outcomes. BMJ Qual Saf 2011; 20: 826-31.
78. Breman A, Shelton C. Structural adjustment and health: a literature review of the debate, its role-players and presented empirical evidence. Cambridge, MA: Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2001.
79. Woodward D. A high price to pay: IMF governance, management of developing country financial crises, and health impacts. Background paper for The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, 2013. https://www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/research/global-governance-health/ background-papers/imf-governance-health.pdf (accessed Feb 11, 2014).
80. Schoepf BG, Schoepf C, Millen J V. Theoretical therapies, remote remedies: SAPs and the political ecology of poverty and health in Africa. In: Kim JY, Millen JV, Irwin A, Greshman J, eds. Dying for growth: global inequality and the health of the poor. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 2000: 91-126.
81. Gunnell D, Platt S, Hawton K. The economic crisis and suicide. BMJ 2009; 338: b1891.
82. Howden-Chapman P., Hales S, Chapman R., Keskimäki I. The impact of economic recession on youth suicide: a comparison of New Zealand and Finland. Report 4: social explanations for suicide in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Health New Zealand, 2005.
83. Green DJ, Campos JE Fiscal lessons from the east Asian financial crisis. J Asian Econ 2001; 12: 309-29.
84. Prasad N, Gerecke M. Social security spending in times of crisis. Glob Soc Pol 2010; 10: 218-47.
85. Ruckert A, Labonté R. The global financial crisis and health equity: toward a conceptual framework. Crit Public Health 2012; 22: 267-79.
86. OECD. Country statistical profile: Iceland (2013-1). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/ economics/country-statistical-profile-iceland-20752288-table-isl (accessed May 15, 2013).
87. OECD. Iceland-economic forecast summary (May 2013). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013. http://www.oecd.org/economy/ icelandeconomicforecastsummary.htm (accessed Sept 18, 2013).
88. Ortiz I, Cummins M. The age of austerity: a review of public expenditures and adjustment measures in 181 countries. New York: Initiative for Policy Dialogue, 2013.
89. Phillips L. ECB austerity drive raises fears for democratic accountability in Europe. The Guardian, Aug 22, 2011.
90. ILO. Global employment trends 2013: global unemployment rising again but with significant differences across regions. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2013. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS- 202320/lang-en/index.htm (accessed Oct 7, 2013).
91. De Schutter O., Sepúlveda M. Underwriting the poor-a global fund for social protection. Geneva: Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2012. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Food/20121009-GFSP-en.pdf (accessed May 15, 2013).
92. Ooms G, Stuckler D, Basu S., McKee M. Financing the Millennium Development Goals for health and beyond: sustaining the 'Big Push'. Glob Health 2010; 6: 1-7.
93. Ooms G, Hammonds R, Van Damme W. The international political economy of global universal health coverage. Background paper for the Global Symposium on Health Systems Research; Montreux, Switzerland; Nov 16-19, 2010. HSR/BCKGRT/3/2010.
94. Ooms G, Hammonds R. Global governance of health and the requirements of human rights. Glob Policy 2012; 3: 476-79.
95. UN. Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (A/67/302). United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; Aug 13, 2012.
96. European Public Health Alliance. Open letter to the European Council-EU leaders must focus on sustainable, equitable Europe that fosters, and is sustained by, a healthy population. European Public Health Alliance, 2012.
97. Woods N, Betts A, Prantl J., Sridhar D. Transforming global governance for the 21st century. New York: Human Development Report Office, 2013.
98. Weisbrot M. IMF and World Bank are losing clout in developing countries. The Guardian, May 31, 2013.
99. Waterfield B. EU put eurozone safety before Greece during bailout, IMF report claims. The Telegraph, June 5, 2013.
100. Labonté R, Schrecker T. Globalization and social determinants of health: the role of the global marketplace (part 2 of 3). Glob Health 2007; 3: 6.
101. Chatterjee P. India's first compulsory licence upheld, but legal fights likely to continue. Intellectual Property Watch, March 4, 2013. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/04/indias-first-compulsory-licence-upheld-but- legal-fights-likely-to-continue/ (accessed June 18, 2013).
102. Røttingen J-A, Regmi S, Eide M, et al. Mapping of available health research and development data: what's there, what's missing, and what role is there for a global observatory? Lancet 2013; 382: 1286-307.
103. UN Economic and Social Council. The right to the highest attainable standard of health. Geneva: United Nations, 2000.
104. Grover A. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (A/HRC/11/12). United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; March 31, 2009.
105. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health. Public health, innovation and intellectual property rights: report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.
106. Al-Tuwaijri S., Currat LJ, Davey S, et al 10/90 Report on health research 2003-2004. Geneva: Global Forum for Health Research, 2004.
107. Wade RH. What strategies are viable for developing countries today? The World Trade Organization and the shrinking of 'development space'. Rev Int Pol Econ 2003; 10: 621-44.
108. The Harvard Library. Faculty Advisory Council memorandum on journal pricing-major periodical subscriptions cannot be sustained. The Harvard Library, 2012. http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k77982&tabgroupid=icb. tabgroup143448 (accessed Jan 10, 2013).
109. Sell SK. Private power, public law: the globalization of intellectual property rights. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
110. 't Hoen EFM. The global politics of pharmaceutical monopoly power: drug patents, access, innovation and the application of the WTO Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health. Diemen: AMB, 2009.
111. Waning B, Kyle M, Diedrichsen E., et al Intervening in global markets to improve access to HIV/AIDS treatment: an analysis of international policies and the dynamics of global antiretroviral medicines markets. Glob Health 2010; 6: 9.
112. WTO. Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health. Doha: World Trade Organization, 2001.
113. Moran M, Giuzman J, Henderson K., et al Neglected disease research and development: a five year review. Sydney and London: Policy Cures, 2012.
114. NIH. The NIH Almanac: Appropriations (section 2). Bethesda: US National Institutes of Health, 2011. http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/appropriations/ part2.htm (accessed Jan 20, 2011).
115. NIH. NIH Public Access Policy details. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, 2013. http://publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm (accessed Jan 29, 2013).
116. Suber P. Ensuring open access for publicly funded research. BMJ 2012; 345: e5184.
117. Beall R, Kuhn R. Trends in compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals since the Doha Declaration: a database analysis. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001154.
118. WHO Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination. Research and development to meet health needs in developing countries: strengthening global financing and coordination. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
119. UN Conference on Trade and Development. Global FDI recovery derails. Glob Invest Trends Monit 2013; 11: 1-7.
120. UN Conference on Trade and Development. Research and policy analysis. http://unctad.org/en/pages/DIAE/ International%20Investment%20Agreements%20%28IIA%29/Research-and-Policy- Analysis.aspx (accessed June 21, 2013).
121. Sauvant KP, Ortino F. Improving the international investment law and policy regime: options for the future. Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2013.
122. WHO. Tobacco. Fact sheet no 339. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ (accessed Aug 10, 2013).
123. Blas E, Kurup AS, eds. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
124. WHO. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
125. Lencucha R, Kothari A, Labonté R. The role of non-governmental organizations in global health diplomacy: negotiating the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Health Policy Plan 2011; 26: 405-12.
126. Fong GT, Hammond D, Hitchman SC The impact of pictures on the effectiveness of tobacco warnings. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87: 640-43.
127. Kurtz J. Big tobacco v Australia: taking the battle to the global stage. The Conversation, June 27, 2011. http://theconversation.com/big-tobacco-v- australia-taking-the-battle-to-the-global-stage-2027 (accessed Aug 10, 2013).
128. Silverman E. $100M brawl: Lilly, Canada & an invalidated patent. Pharmalot, Dec 13, 2012. http://www.pharmalot.com/2012/12/100m-brawl- lilly-canada-an-invalidated-patent (accessed Aug 10, 2013).
129. Moody G. Canada denies patent for drug, so US pharma company demands $100 million as compensation for 'expropriation'. Techdirt, Feb 8, 2013. http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130208/03441521918/canada-denies-patent-drug- so-us-pharma-company-demands-100-million-as-compensation-expropriation.shtml (accessed Aug 10, 2013).
130. Peterson LE. The global governance of foreign direct investment: madly offin all directions. Geneva: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2005.
131. Sornarajah M. The international law on foreign investment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
132. Anon. Government of Uruguay taps Foley Hoag for representation in international arbitration brought by Philip Morris to overturn country's tobacco regulation. Bloomberg, Oct 8, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid= conewsstory&tkr=1289L:US&sid=aEPlCFAFyk2Q (accessed Aug 10, 2013).
133. Freehills HS, Peacock N, Ambrose H. South Africa terminates its bilateral investment treaty with Spain: second BIT terminated, as part of South Africa's planned review of its investment treaties. Lexology, Aug 21, 2013. http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=daf93855-71f9-425e-92d3- 5368d104f8ff (accessed Sept 30, 2013).
134. UN Conference on Trade and Development. IIA Issues Note. Reform of investor-state dispute settlement: in search of a roadmap. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2013.
135. Anon. Five ways to tackle disastrous diets-UN food expert. March 6, 2012. http://www.srfood.org/index.php/en/component/content/article/1-latest-news/ 2054-five-ways-to-tackle-disastrous-diets-un-food-expert (accessed June 17, 2013).
136. World Bank. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/WDI-2013-ebook.pdf (accessed April 20, 2013).
137. Sen A. Poverty and famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
138. Friel S, Thow A-M, Plahe J. Challenges to food sovereignty and the risks to human health: the Pacific Islands. Background paper for The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, 2013. https://www.med.uio. no/helsam/english/research/global-governance-health/background-papers/ food-sovereignty.pdf (accessed Feb 11, 2014).
139. FAO. Committee on World Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization, 2013. www.fao.org/cfs/en/ (accessed April 20, 2013).
140. Gonzalez CG. Institutionalizing inequality: the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, food security, and developing countries. Columbia J Environ Law 2002; 27: 433-90.
141. FAO, International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Programme. The state of food insecurity in the world-how does international price volatility affect domestic economics and food security? Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011.
142. von Grebmer K., Torero M, Olofinbiyi T., et al 2011 Global Hunger Index. The challenge of hunger: taming price spikes and excessive food price volatility. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2011.
143. Global Health Watch. The global food crisis. In: Global Health Watch. Global Health Watch 3. London: Zed Books, 2012: 165-77.
144. Robles M, Torero M, von Braun J. When speculation matters. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009.
145. Cotula L. Land deals in Africa: what is in the contracts? London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2011.
146. Stuckler D, McKee M, Ebrahim S., Basu S. Manufacturing epidemics: the role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001235.
147. WHO. Controlling the global obesity epidemic. http://www.who.int/ nutrition/topics/obesity/en/ (accessed June 17, 2013).
148. Hoad V, Somerford P, Katzenellenbogen J. High body mass index overtakes tobacco as the leading independent risk factor contributing to disease burden in Western Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2010; 34: 214-15.
149. Thow AM, Hawkes C. The implications of trade liberalization for diet and health: a case study from Central America. Glob Health 2009; 5: 5.
150. Wilkinson R, Marmot M, eds. Social determinants of health-the solid facts, 2nd edn. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 2003.
151. IFAD, UNEP. Smallholders, food security and the environment. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2013.
152. FAO. FAO Food Price Index. www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/ foodpricesindex/en/ (accessed April 20, 2013).
153. World Bank. Global economic prospects: commodities at the crossroads. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.
154. FAO. Number of hungry people rises to 963 million. Food and Agriculture Organization, 2008. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/8836/ (accessed April 20, 2013).
155. De Schutter O. International trade in agriculture and the right to food. Geneva: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2009.
156. Labonté R, Mohindra KS, Lencucha R. Framing international trade and chronic disease. Glob Health 2011; 7: 21.
157. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall K.D., et al The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011; 378: 804-14.
158. Hendrickson M, Wilkinson J, Heffernan W., Gronski R. The global food system and nodes of power. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id= 1337273 (accessed Feb 23, 2013).
159. Borras SM J.r., Franco J. Towards a broader view of the politics of global land grab: rethinking land issues, reframing resistance. Initiatives in Critical Agrarian Studies, Land Deal Politics Initiative, and Transnational Institute, 2010.
160. Borras SM J.r., Franco JC Global land grabbing and trajectories of agrarian change: a preliminary analysis. J Agrar Chang 2012; 12: 34-59.
161. Wright BD, Bobenrieth E. The food crisis of 2007/2008: evidence and implications. Food and Agriculture Organization, 2009. http://www.fao.org/ docrep/012/ak341e/ak341e13.htm (accessed Feb 12, 2013).
162. De Schutter O. Food commodities speculation and food price crisis. Regulations to reduce the risks of price volatility: United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, 2010.
163. von Braun J., Ahmed A, Asenso-Okyere K, et al High food prices: the what, who and how of proposed policy actions. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2008.
164. McKeon N. Global governance for world food security: a scorecard four years after the eruption of the "food crisis". Berlin: Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2011.
165. Gonzalez CG. The global food system, environmental protection, and human rights. Nat Resour Environ 2012; 26.
166. Margulis ME. The evolving global governance of food security. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=1823453 (accessed Feb 12, 2013).
167. Van der Meulen B. The global arena of food law: emerging contours of a meta-framework. Erasmus Law Rev 2010; 3: 217.
168. Smith N. Tory doubts over NHS funding pledge. BBC News, July 12, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10592699 (accessed Feb 15, 2013).
169. Desmarais AA. The power of peasants: reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina. J Rural Stud 2008; 24: 138-49.
170. La Vía Campesina. The right to produce and access to land. Position of the Vía Campesina on Food Sovereignty. World Food Summit; Rome, Italy; Nov 13-17, 1996.
171. Narula S. Reclaiming the right to food as a normative response to the global food crisis. Yale Hum Rights Dev Law J 2010; 13: 403.
172. Beuchelt T, Virchow D. Food sovereignty or the human right to adequate food: which concept serves better as international development policy for global hunger and poverty reduction? Agric Hum Values 2012; 29: 259-73.
173. Prakash A. Safeguarding food security in volatile global markets. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization, 2011.
174. Amnesty International, Greenpeace Netherlands. The toxic truth: about a company called Trafigura, a ship called Probo Koala, and the dumping of toxic waste in Côte d'Ivoire. London: Amnesty International and Greenpeace Netherlands, 2012.
175. Bambas-Nolen L., Birn A-E, Cairncross E, et al Case study on extractive industries prepared for The Lancet Commission on Global Governance. Background paper for The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, 2013. https://www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/research/global-governance- health/background-papers/extrac-indus.pdf (accessed Feb 11, 2014).
176. UN Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report:
177. Eisler R. Health risks of gold miners: a synoptic review. Environ Geochem Health 2003; 25: 325-45.
178. WHO. Strategic approach to international chemicals management. Report by the Secretariat (A63/21). Sixty-third World Health Assembly; Geneva, Switzerland; March 25, 2010.
179. Yanez L., Ortiz D, Calderon J., et al Overview of human health and chemical mixtures: problems facing developing countries. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 (suppl 6): 901-09.
180. UNDP. Human Development Report 1998: consumption for human development. New York and Oxford: United Nations Development Programme, 1998.
181. Goldman L, Tran N, for the World Bank. Toxics and poverty: the impact of toxic substances on the poor in developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2002.
182. Moran TH, Graham EM, Blomström M, eds. Does foreign direct investment promote development? Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, Institute for International Economics, 2005.
183. Anand S, Sen A. The income component of the Human Development Index. J Hum Dev 2000; 1: 83-106.
184. CorpWatch. Barrick's dirty secrets: communities respond to gold mining's impacts worldwide. Oakland: CorpWatch, 2007.
185. Oxfam America. Investing in destruction. Oxfam America, 2003.
186. Bench Marks Foundation. What Government needs to do to prevent another "Marikana". Johannesburg: Bench Marks Foundations, 2012.
187. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Guiding principles on business and human rights. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2011. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR-EN.pdf (accessed Jan 3, 2014).
188. Ruggie J. Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. United Nations Human Right Council, 2011.
189. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Basel Convention, 2011. http://www.basel.int/Portals/ 4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf (accessed June 18, 2013).
190. Minamata Convention on Mercury. http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Portals/ 11/documents/conventionText/Minamata%20 Convention%20on%20Mercury-e.pdf (accessed Jan 9, 2014).
191. Beyond the Alien Tort Claims Act: alternative approaches to attributing liability to corporations for extraterritorial abuses. Northwest J Int Law Bus 2005; 26 (43).
192. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Corporate legal accountability annual briefing. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, 2012.
193. Publish What You Pay. About us. http://www.publishwhatyoupay.org/about (accessed June 18, 2013).
194. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. What is the EITI? http://eiti.org/eiti (accessed Nov 25, 2013).
195. International Council on Human Rights Policy. Irregular migration, migrant smuggling and human rights: towards coherence. Geneva: International Council on Human Rights Policy, 2010.
196. Betts A. Towards a 'soft law' framework for the protection of vulnerable irregular migrants. Int J Refugee Law 2010; 22: 209-36.
197. Dauvergne C. Making people illegal: what globalization means for migration and law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
198. Hilden PK, Stålseth S. "Other by law": migration, exclusion and naturalizing discourses of citizenship in Norway. Diaconia 2012; 3: 128-38.
199. Rechel B, Mladovsky P, Devillé W, Rijks B, Petrova-Benedict R, McKee M. Migration and health in the European Union. Berkshire: Open University Press, 2011.
200. Kristiansen M, Mygind A, Krasnik A. Health effects of migration. Dan Med Bull 2007; 54: 46-47.
201. Huber M, Stanciole A, Wahlbeck K., et al Quality in and equality of access to healthcare services. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2008.
202. Øien C, Sønsterudbråten S. No way in, no way out? A study of living conditions of irregular migrants in Norway. Oslo: Fafo, 2011.
203. Ingleby D. European research on migration and health. Brussels: International Organization for Migration, 2009.
204. Davies AA, Basten A, Frattini C. Migration: a social determinants of migrants health Eurohealth 2010; 16: 10-12.
205. Taran P, Geronimi E. Globalization, labour and migration: protection is paramount. Geneva: International Migration Programme, International Labour Office, 2003.
206. Oslo Church City Mission. Undocumented migration, human trafficking, and the Roma: manifestations of irregular migration and exclusion in Norway, shortcomings in governance, and implications for health, well-being and dignity. Background Paper for The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, 2013. https://www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/research/ global-governance-health/background-papers/oslo-church-city-mission.pdf (accessed Feb 11, 2014).
207. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. International Migration Report 2009: a global assessment. New York: United Nations, 2011.
208. Düvell F. Irregular migration. In: Betts A, ed. Global migration governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
209. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Trends in total migration stock: the 2003 revision. New York: United Nations, 2003.
210. ILO. Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2004.
211. Abella MI. Mondialisation, marchés du travail et mobilité. Migrations et avenir 2002; 14: 181-94.
212. Biswas D, Toebes B, Hjern A., Ascher H, Norredam M. Access to health care for undocumented migrants from a human rights perspective: a comparative study of Denmark, Sweden, and The Netherlands. Health Hum Rights 2012; 14: 49-60.
213. WHO. Nygren-Krug H. International migration, health and human rights. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
214. Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and health: a framework for 21st century policy-making. PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1001034.
215. Grover A. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (A/HRC/23/41). United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; May 15, 2013.
216. UN General Assembly. International convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families (A/RES/45/158). United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; Dec 18, 1990.
217. Leitenberg M. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2006.
218. Kaldor M. New & old wars. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
219. Leaning J, Arie S, Holleufer G., Bruderlein C. Human security and conflict: a comprehensive approach. In: Chen LC, Leaning J, Narasimhan V, eds. Global health challenges for human security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003: 13-30.
220. Slim H. Killing civilians: method, madness, and morality in war. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
221. Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy J.A., Zwi AB, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
222. Levy BS, Sidel VW, eds. War and public health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
223. Jonnalagadda Haar R., Rubenstein LS Health in post-conflict and fragile states. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2012.
224. Dardagan H, Salama H. Stolen futures: the hidden toll of child casualties in Syria. London: Oxford Research Group, 2013.
225. UNHCR. 2013 UNHCR country operations profile-Democratic Republic of the Congo. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2013. http://www.unhcr. org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e45c366&submit=GO (accessed May 15, 2013).
226. ICRC. DR Congo: humanitarian situation deteriorates in the Kivus. Operational update no 01/12. International Committee of the Red Cross, 2012. http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/update/2012/dr-congo-update-2012-05- 25.htm (accessed May 6, 2013).
227. Ertürk Y. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. Addendum. Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/7/6/Add.4). United Nations General Assembly; New York, NY, USA; Feb 28, 2013.
228. Global Witness. Coming clean: how supply chain controls can stop Congo's minerals trade fuelling conflict. London: Global Witness, 2012.
229. International Crisis Group. Eastern Congo: why stabilization failed. Africa briefing no 91. Kinshasa, Nairobi, and Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2012.
230. WHO. Response to the crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
231. Paley AR. Iraqi hospitals are war's new 'killing fields'. Washington Post, Aug 30, 2006.
232. UN Human Rights Council. Assault on medical care in Syria (A/HRC/24/CRP.2). United Nations Human Rights Council, 2013.
233. UNHCR. A year of crises-UNCHR global trends 2011. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2012.
234. Loescher G, Milner J. Understanding the challenge. Forced Migr Rev 2009; 33: 9-11.
235. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional protocols. http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions/ (accessed Jan 3, 2014).
236. OECD. Think global, act global: confronting global factors that influence conflict and fragility. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012.
237. International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect. A toolkit on the responsibility to protect. International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, 2013.
238. Harff B. How to use risk assessment and early warning in the prevention and de-escalation of genocide and other mass atrocities. Glob Responsib Prot 2009; 1: 506-31.
239. Brinkman HJ, Hendrix CS Food insecurity and violent conflict: causes, consequences and addressing the challenge. Rome: World Food Programme, 2011.
240. O'Neill WG. (Re)Building the rule of law after identity-based conflict: What responsibility to protect practitioners will confront. Glob Responsib Prot 2009; 1: 478-505.
241. Lewis P, Pelter Z. UK arms exports: getting it right at home. OpenDemocracy, July 20, 2012. http://www.opendemocracy.net/patricia-lewis-and- zo%C3%AB-pelter/uk-arms-exports-getting-it-right-at-home (accessed March 10, 2013).
242. Holtom P. The UN Conference on an Arms Trade Treaty: no Treaty⋯ yet? Global Observatory. Aug 16, 2012. http://theglobalobservatory.org/analysis/ 339-the-un-conference-on-an-arms-trade-treaty-no-treaty-yet-.html (accessed March 10, 2013).
243. Greene O, Marsh N. Conclusions and priorities for further research. In: Greene O, Marsh N, eds. Small arms, crime and conflict: global governance and the threat of armed violence. London: Routledge, 2011: 248-62.
244. Efrat A. Toward internationally regulated goods: controlling the trade in small arms and light weapons. Int Organ 2010; 64: 97-131.
245. Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. About. http://www. kimberleyprocess.com/en/about (accessed Jan 3, 2014).
246. Natural Resource Charter. The twelve precepts. http:// naturalresourcecharter.org/precepts (accessed Jan 3, 2014).
247. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict (S/2012/376). New York: United Nations Security Council, 2012.
248. Holt V, Taylor G, Kelly M. Protecting civilians in the context of UN peacekeeping operations. New York: United Nations, 2009.
249. ICRC. Convention (III) relative to the treatment of prisoners of war. Geneva, Aug 12, 1949. Commentary on Article 3, Part I: General Provisions. http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreaties1949.xsp (accessed Oct 7, 2013).
250. Pelic J. The protective scope of Common Article 3: more than meets the eye. Int Rev Red Cross 2011; 93: 189-225.
251. UNDP. The changing nature of conflict: priorities for UNDP response. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2013.
252. Scholte JA, ed. Building global democracy? Civil society and accountable global governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
253. Weiss TG. Thinking about global governance: why people and ideas matter. London: Routledge, 2011.
254. WTO. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs): WTO and NGOs. Relations with non-governmental organizations/civil society. http://www.wto.org/english/forums- e/ngo-e/intro-e.htm (accessed Aug 10, 2013).
255. Steffek J, Ehling U. Civil society participation at the margins: the case of WTO. In: Steffek J, Kissling C, Nanz P, eds. Civil society participation in European and global governance: a cure for the democratic deficit? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008: 95-115.
256. Legge D. Trade and health: an enquiry into the role of the World Health Organisation in promoting policy coherence across the fields of trade and health and, in particular, the origins, implementation and effectiveness of World Health Assembly Resolution 59.26 on international trade and health. Background Paper for The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for Health, 2013. https://www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/research/global-governance- health/background-papers/who-trade.pdf (accessed Feb 11, 2014).
257. Bernauer T, Gampfer R. Effects of civil society involvement on popular legitimacy of global environmental governance. Glob Environ Chang 2013; 23: 439-49.
258. Leval PN. The long arm of international law: giving victims of human rights abuses their day in court. Foreign Aff 2013; 92: 19-21.
259. Watson N, Younis M, Spratt S. What next for the BRICS Bank? Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2013.
260. Alter KJ, Meunier S. The politics of international regime complexity. Perspect Polit 2009; 7: 13-24.
261. Ståhl T., Wismar M, Ollila E., Lahtinen E, Leppo K (eds). Health in all policies-prospects and potentials. Helsinki: Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2006.
262. Tuncak B, Ditz D. Paths to global chemical safety: the 2020 goal and beyond. Washington, DC, and Geneva: Center for International Environmental Law, 2013.
263. Lee K, Ingram A, Lock K., McInnes C. Bridging health and foreign policy: the role of health impact assessments. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85: 207-11.
264. UN. A new global partnership: eradicate poverty and transform economics through sustainable development. Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. New York: United Nations, 2013.
265. African Union. Roadmap on shared responsibility and global solidarity for AIDS, TB and malaria response in Africa. Addis Ababa: African Union, 2012. http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/Shared-Res-Roadmap-Rev-F%5B1%5D.pdf (accessed Jan 16, 2014).
266. WHO. Report of the Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination (A65/24). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
267. Carrin G, Evans D, Xu K. Designing health financing policy towards universal coverage. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85: 652.