Immunodeficiency at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle-, and high-income countries

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Egger, Matthias ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Asia Pacific; Carribean; CD4 cell count; Central and South America; Europe; North America; Sub Saharan Africa

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA; ARTICLE; ASIA; AUSTRALIA; BENIN; BOTSWANA; BRAZIL; BURUNDI; CANADA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CENTRAL AFRICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO; FEMALE; FRANCE; HIGH INCOME GROUP; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCOME; ITALY; JAPAN; KENYA; LOWER MIDDLE INCOME GROUP; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; MALI; MIDDLE AGED; NIGERIA; PHILIPPINES; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RWANDA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; TAIWAN; TANZANIA; UNITED STATES; UPPER MIDDLE INCOME GROUP; ZAMBIA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; SEX FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84893767814     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: 10779450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182a39979     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, et al. Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. BMJ. 1997;315:1194-1199.
2. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853-860.
3. Nash D, Katyal M, Brinkhof MW, et al. Long-term immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy in low-income countries: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. AIDS. 2008;22:2291-2302.
4. Moore RD, Keruly JC. CD4+ cell count 6 years after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with sustained virologic suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:441-446.
5. World Health Organization; UNAIDS; UNICEF. Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic Update and Health Sector Progress Towards Universal Access: Progress Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2011.
6. Phillips AN, Gazzard BG, Clumeck N, et al. When should antiretroviral therapy for HIV be started? BMJ. 2007;334:76-78.
7. Egger M, May M, Chene G, et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:119-129.
8. Emery S, Neuhaus JA, Phillips AN, et al. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1133-1144.
9. Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1815-1826.
10. Sterne JA, May M, Costagliola D, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1352-1363.
11. HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration; Cain LE, Logan R, et al. When to initiate combined antiretroviral therapy to reduce mortality and AIDS-defining illness in HIV-infected persons in developed countries: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:509-515.
12. Keiser O, Anastos K, Schechter M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings 1996 to 2006: patient characteristics, treatment regimens and monitoring in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:870-879.
13. Althoff KN, Gange SJ, Klein MB, et al. Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1512-1520.
14. Crabtree-Ramirez B, Caro-Vega Y, Shepherd BE, et al. Cross-sectional analysis of late HAART initiation in Latin America and the Caribbean: late testers and late presenters. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20272.
15. HIV Modelling Consortium Treatment as Prevention Editorial Writing Group. HIV treatment as prevention: models, data, and questions-towards evidence-based decision-making. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001259.
16. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493-505.
17. Fauci AS, Folkers GK. Toward an AIDS-free generation. JAMA. 2012; 308:343-344.
18. Egger M, Ekouevi DK, Williams C, et al. Cohort profile: the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1256-1264.
19. Gange SJ, Kitahata MM, Saag MS, et al. Cohort profile: the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NAACCORD). Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:294-301.
20. McGowan CC, Cahn P, Gotuzzo E, et al. Cohort profile: Caribbean, Central and South America Network for HIV research (CCASAnet) collaboration within the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) programme. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:969-976.
21. Zhou J, Kumarasamy N, Ditangco R, et al. The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database: baseline and retrospective data. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:174-179.
22. Bofill M, Janossy G, Lee CA, et al. Laboratory control values for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Implications for HIV-1 diagnosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1992;88:243-252.
23. The World Bank. How we classify countries. Available at: http://data. worldbank.org/about/country-classifications. Accessed June 15, 2013.
24. World Health Organization. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents in Resource-Limited Settings: Towards Universal Access. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006.
25. World Health Organization. Towards Universal Access. Scaling up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector. Progress Report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2010.
26. World Health Organization. Scaling up Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings. Guidelines for a Public Health Approach. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
27. World Health Organization. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2010 Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
28. Beck EJ, Vitoria M, Mandalia S, et al. National adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines in resource-limited countries: concordance with 2003 WHO guidelines? AIDS. 2006;20:1497-1502.
29. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adult and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.
30. Thompson MA, Aberg JA, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2012;308:387-402.
31. Nash D, Wu Y, Elul B, Hoos D, El Sadr W, et al; International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs. Program-level and contextual-level determinants of low-median CD4+ cell count in cohorts of persons initiating ART in eight sub-Saharan African countries. AIDS. 2011;25:1523-1533.
32. Marum E, Taegtmeyer M, Parekh B, et al. What took you so long? The impact of PEPFAR on the expansion of HIV testing and counseling services in Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(suppl 3): S63-S69.
33. Wanyenze RK, Kamya MR, Fatch R, et al. Missed opportunities for HIV testing and late-stage diagnosis among HIV-infected patients in Uganda. PLoS One. 2011;6:e21794.
34. Luo C, Akwara P, Ngongo N, et al. Global progress in PMTCT and paediatric HIV care and treatment in low-and middle-income countries in 2004-2005. Reprod Health Matters. 2007;15:179-189.
35. Wettstein C, Mugglin C, Egger M, et al. Missed opportunities to prevent mother-to-child-transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2012;26:2361-2373.
36. Mugglin C, Estill J, Wandeler G, et al. Loss to programme between HIV diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17:1509-1520.