메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2014, Pages

Converging indications of aldosterone antagonists (Spironolactone and Eplerenone): A narrative review of safety profiles topical collection on antihypertensive agents: Mechanisms of drug action

Author keywords

Aldosterone; Eplerenone; Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; Spironolactone

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; EPLERENONE; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; PLACEBO; SPIRONOLACTONE; DRUG DERIVATIVE;

EID: 84893720936     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0414-8     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 78650399880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXisValuw%3D%3D 21073363 10.1056/NEJMoa1009492 This report established the clinical utility of Eplerenone in patients with heart failure and mild symptoms
    • Zannad F, McMurray JJV, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. New Eng J Med. 2011;364:11-21. This report established the clinical utility of Eplerenone in patients with heart failure and mild symptoms.
    • (2011) New Eng J Med , vol.364 , pp. 11-21
    • Zannad, F.1    McMurray, J.J.V.2    Krum, H.3
  • 2
    • 0033517302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVyrurk%3D 10471456 10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 This paper was the first to establish the efficacy and safety of Spironolactone in patients with heart failure
    • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-17. This paper was the first to establish the efficacy and safety of Spironolactone in patients with heart failure.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 709-717
    • Pitt, B.1    Zannad, F.2    Remme, W.J.3
  • 3
    • 0037417252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis1ehurY%3D 12668699 10.1056/NEJMoa030207
    • Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309-21.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1309-1321
    • Pitt, B.1    Remme, W.2    Zannad, F.3
  • 4
    • 79954692757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of Eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktl2gsLk%3D 21451421 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283455ca5
    • Parthasarathy HK, Menard J, White W, et al. A double blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of Eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2011;29:980-99.
    • (2011) J Hypertens , vol.29 , pp. 980-999
    • Parthasarathy, H.K.1    Menard, J.2    White, W.3
  • 6
    • 17944374924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure
    • for the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure 10.1053/euhj.2001.3041
    • Remme WJ, Swedberg K, for the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:2217-8.
    • (2001) Eur Heart J , vol.22 , pp. 2217-2218
    • Remme, W.J.1    Swedberg, K.2
  • 8
    • 0035870772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Spironolactone: An analysis of 25 cases
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivFegsbg%3D 11331054 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00642-8
    • Schepkens H, Vanholder R, Billiouw JM, Lameire N. Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Spironolactone: an analysis of 25 cases. Am J Med. 2001;110:438-41.
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.110 , pp. 438-441
    • Schepkens, H.1    Vanholder, R.2    Billiouw, J.M.3    Lameire, N.4
  • 9
    • 0042885922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure patients using ACE inhibitors and Spironolactone
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvF2lu7g%3D 12937229 10.1093/ndt/gfg295
    • Cruz CS, Cruz AA, Marcilio de Souza CA. Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure patients using ACE inhibitors and Spironolactone. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:1814-9.
    • (2003) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.18 , pp. 1814-1819
    • Cruz, C.S.1    Cruz, A.A.2    Marcilio De Souza, C.A.3
  • 10
    • 55949112567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the Eplerenone post acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS)
    • on Behalf of the EPHESUS Investigators 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1SntLrL 18824643 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778811
    • Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope L, DiCarlo L, Mukherjee R, on Behalf of the EPHESUS Investigators. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the Eplerenone post acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS). Circulation. 2008;118:1643-50.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.118 , pp. 1643-1650
    • Pitt, B.1    Bakris, G.2    Ruilope, L.3    Dicarlo, L.4    Mukherjee, R.5
  • 11
    • 0035997359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xms1aisLw%3D 12160194 10.1016/S0895-7061(02)02957-6
    • Weinberger MH, Roniker B, Krause SL, Weiss RJ. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:709-16.
    • (2002) Am J Hypertens , vol.15 , pp. 709-716
    • Weinberger, M.H.1    Roniker, B.2    Krause, S.L.3    Weiss, R.J.4
  • 12
    • 0028360454 scopus 로고
    • Increased cardiac types i and III collagen mRNAs in aldosterone-salt hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXltlWgtrk%3D 8021005 10.1161/01.HYP.24.1.30
    • Robert V, VenThiem N, Cheav SL, Mouas CB, Swynghedauw Delcayre C. Increased cardiac types I and III collagen mRNAs in aldosterone-salt hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;24:30-6.
    • (1994) Hypertension , vol.24 , pp. 30-36
    • Robert, V.1    Venthiem, N.2    Cheav, S.L.3    Mouas, C.B.4    Swynghedauw Delcayre, C.5
  • 13
    • 0033602819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of cardiac aldosterone production in rat myocardial infarction: Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade and role in cardiac fibrosis
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjvVKmtrY%3D 10338465 10.1161/01.CIR.99.20.2694
    • Silvestre J, Heymes C, Abdesalam O, Valerie R, Delcayre C, et al. Activation of cardiac aldosterone production in rat myocardial infarction: effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade and role in cardiac fibrosis. Circulation. 1999;99(20):2694-701.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , Issue.20 , pp. 2694-2701
    • Silvestre, J.1    Heymes, C.2    Abdesalam, O.3    Valerie, R.4    Delcayre, C.5
  • 14
    • 31944432456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non genomic effects of aldosterone in the human heart: Interaction with angiotensin II
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtV2htr%2FM 16144984 10.1161/01.HYP.0000182661.98259. 4f
    • Chai W, Garrelds IM, de Vries R, Batenburg WW, van Kats JP, et al. Non genomic effects of aldosterone in the human heart: interaction with angiotensin II. Hypertension. 2005;46:701-6.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.46 , pp. 701-706
    • Chai, W.1    Garrelds, I.M.2    De Vries, R.3    Batenburg, W.W.4    Van Kats, J.P.5
  • 15
    • 0027174837 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12 % incidence among antihypertensive drug trail volunteers
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXksVKmsLw%3D 8324912 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01687.x
    • Gordon RD, Ziesak MD, Tunny TJ, Stowasser M, Klemm SA. Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12 % incidence among antihypertensive drug trail volunteers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993;20:296-8.
    • (1993) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.20 , pp. 296-298
    • Gordon, R.D.1    Ziesak, M.D.2    Tunny, T.J.3    Stowasser, M.4    Klemm, S.A.5
  • 17
    • 0034069789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvitlWitA%3D%3D 10957926
    • Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000;90:394-400.
    • (2000) S Afr Med J , vol.90 , pp. 394-400
    • Rayner, B.L.1    Opie, L.H.2    Davidson, J.S.3
  • 18
    • 0026638123 scopus 로고
    • Reactive and reparative myocardial fibrosis in arterial hypertension in the rat
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XmsV2gtLc%3D 1423431 10.1093/cvr/26.7.671
    • Brilla C, Weber K. Reactive and reparative myocardial fibrosis in arterial hypertension in the rat. Cardiovasc Res. 1992;26:671-7.
    • (1992) Cardiovasc Res , vol.26 , pp. 671-677
    • Brilla, C.1    Weber, K.2
  • 19
    • 78649370678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Eplerenone versus spironolactone on cortisol and hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with chronic heart failure
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVGitbnI 21095280 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.04.024
    • Yamaji M, Tsutamoto T, Kawahara C, Nishiyama K. Effect of Eplerenone versus spironolactone on cortisol and hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2010;160(5):915-21.
    • (2010) Am Heart J , vol.160 , Issue.5 , pp. 915-921
    • Yamaji, M.1    Tsutamoto, T.2    Kawahara, C.3    Nishiyama, K.4
  • 22
    • 16444375794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin II and aldosterone regulate gene transcription via functional mineralocorticoid receptors in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1elsL0%3D 15718497 10.1161/01.RES.0000159937.05502. d1
    • Jaffe IZ, Mendelsohn ME. Angiotensin II and aldosterone regulate gene transcription via functional mineralocorticoid receptors in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 2005;96:643-50.
    • (2005) Circ Res , vol.96 , pp. 643-650
    • Jaffe, I.Z.1    Mendelsohn, M.E.2
  • 23
    • 0023117413 scopus 로고
    • Three new epoxy-spirolactone derivatives: Characterization in vivo and in vitro
    • 2949071
    • de Gasparo M, Joss U, Ramjoue HP, et al. Three new epoxy-spirolactone derivatives: characterization in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;240(2):650-6.
    • (1987) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.240 , Issue.2 , pp. 650-656
    • De Gasparo, M.1    Joss, U.2    Ramjoue, H.P.3
  • 24
    • 73349119698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids activate cardiac mineralocorticoid receptors during experimental myocardial infarction
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtl2qurrO 19841288 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.136242
    • Mihailidou AS, Le Loan TY, Mardini M, Funder JW. Glucocorticoids activate cardiac mineralocorticoid receptors during experimental myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 2009;54(6):1306-12.
    • (2009) Hypertension , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 1306-1312
    • Mihailidou, A.S.1    Le Loan, T.Y.2    Mardini, M.3    Funder, J.W.4
  • 25
    • 0024477650 scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone metabolism: Steady-state serum levels of the sulfur-containing metabolites
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktFOru7g%3D 2723123 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03339.x
    • Gardiner P, Schrode K, Quinlan D, et al. Spironolactone metabolism: steady-state serum levels of the sulfur-containing metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29(4):342-7.
    • (1989) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 342-347
    • Gardiner, P.1    Schrode, K.2    Quinlan, D.3
  • 26
    • 84893716664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceuticals P. Eplerenone package insert
    • Pharmaceuticals P. Eplerenone package insert
  • 27
    • 84893780376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceuticals M. Spironolactone package insert
    • Pharmaceuticals M. Spironolactone package insert
  • 28
    • 0038179527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone: Cardiovascular protection
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjs1antbo%3D 12756192 10.1161/01.CIR.0000071081.35693. 9A
    • Brown NJ. Eplerenone: cardiovascular protection. Circulation. 2003;107(19):2512-8.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.19 , pp. 2512-2518
    • Brown, N.J.1
  • 29
    • 21244485814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mineralocorticoid blocking agents and their effects on potassium homeostasis
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltFGqsr0%3D 15947888 10.1007/s10741-005-2345-1
    • Sica DA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mineralocorticoid blocking agents and their effects on potassium homeostasis. Heart Fail Rev. 2005;10(1):23.
    • (2005) Heart Fail Rev , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 23
    • Sica, D.A.1
  • 30
    • 0036893488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of CYP3A in the metabolism of Eplerenone in humans and dogs: Differential metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XptVyis7w%3D 12433801 10.1124/dmd.30.12.1344
    • Cook CS, Berry LM, Kim DH, Burton EG, Hribar JD, Zhang L. Involvement of CYP3A in the metabolism of Eplerenone in humans and dogs: differential metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30(12):1344-51.
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 1344-1351
    • Cook, C.S.1    Berry, L.M.2    Kim, D.H.3    Burton, E.G.4    Hribar, J.D.5    Zhang, L.6
  • 31
    • 0024502383 scopus 로고
    • Antialdosterones: Incidence and prevention of sexual side effects
    • 2913412 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90169-6
    • De Gasparo M, Whitebread SE, Preiswerk G, et al. Antialdosterones: incidence and prevention of sexual side effects. J Steroid Biochem. 1989;32(1B):223-7.
    • (1989) J Steroid Biochem , vol.32 , Issue.1 B , pp. 223-227
    • De Gasparo, M.1    Whitebread, S.E.2    Preiswerk, G.3
  • 32
    • 77953403414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review and economic evaluation of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of aldosterone antagonists for post-myocardial infarction heart failure
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3czlsFGrug%3D%3D
    • McKenna C, Burch J, Suekarran S, Walker S, Palmer S. A systematic review and economic evaluation of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of aldosterone antagonists for post-myocardial infarction heart failure. Health Tech Assess. 2010;14(24):1-162.
    • (2010) Health Tech Assess , vol.14 , Issue.24 , pp. 1-162
    • McKenna, C.1    Burch, J.2    Suekarran, S.3    Walker, S.4    Palmer, S.5
  • 33
    • 69749100645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVensLjN 19738369 10.1159/000237742
    • Khosla N, Kalaitzidis R, Bakris GL. Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade. Am J Nephrol. 2009;30:418-24.
    • (2009) Am J Nephrol , vol.30 , pp. 418-424
    • Khosla, N.1    Kalaitzidis, R.2    Bakris, G.L.3
  • 34
    • 3442886513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of hyperkalaemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtF2rtb0%3D 15295047 10.1056/NEJMoa040135
    • Juurlink DN, Mamdani M, Lee DS, Kopp A, Austin PC, Laupacis A, et al. Rates of hyperkalaemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:543-51.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 543-551
    • Juurlink, D.N.1    Mamdani, M.2    Lee, D.S.3    Kopp, A.4    Austin, P.C.5    Laupacis, A.6    Redelmeier, D.A.7
  • 35
    • 0037438820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications of inappropriate use of Spironolactone in heart failure: When an old medicine spirals out of new guidelines
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1Srs7w%3D 12535810 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02694-3
    • Bozkurt B, Agoston I, Knowlton AA. Complications of inappropriate use of Spironolactone in heart failure: when an old medicine spirals out of new guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:211-4.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 211-214
    • Bozkurt, B.1    Agoston, I.2    Knowlton, A.A.3
  • 36
    • 33646484997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: A population-based study
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xjs1Kjurk%3D 16624686 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.01.003
    • Ko DT, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, You JJ, Wang JT, Donovan LR, et al. Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: a population-based study. J Card Fail. 2006;12:205-10.
    • (2006) J Card Fail , vol.12 , pp. 205-210
    • Ko, D.T.1    Juurlink, D.N.2    Mamdani, M.M.3    You, J.J.4    Wang, J.T.5    Donovan, L.R.6    Tu, J.V.7
  • 37
    • 10644242516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone-induced renal insufficiency and hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVKltrbN 15632880 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.10.005
    • Tamirisa KP, Aaronson KD, Koelling TM. Spironolactone-induced renal insufficiency and hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2004;148:971-8.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.148 , pp. 971-978
    • Tamirisa, K.P.1    Aaronson, K.D.2    Koelling, T.M.3
  • 38
    • 9144220832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerability of spironolactone in patients with chronic heart failure: A cautionary message
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFahur7L 15521905 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02187.x
    • Witham MD, Gillespie ND, Struthers AD. Tolerability of spironolactone in patients with chronic heart failure: a cautionary message. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:554-7.
    • (2004) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.58 , pp. 554-557
    • Witham, M.D.1    Gillespie, N.D.2    Struthers, A.D.3
  • 39
    • 0015912489 scopus 로고
    • Adverse reactions to spironolactone. A report from the Boston collaborative drug surveillance program
    • 1:STN:280:DyaE3s3gs1ajsg%3D%3D 4740303 10.1001/jama.1973.03220280028007
    • Greenblatt DJ, Koch-Weser J. Adverse reactions to spironolactone. A report from the Boston collaborative drug surveillance program. JAMA. 1973;225:40-3.
    • (1973) JAMA , vol.225 , pp. 40-43
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Koch-Weser, J.2
  • 41
    • 84886023778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of Eplerenone in patients at high risk for hyperkalemia and/or worsening renal function. Analyses of the EMPHASIS-HF study subgroups (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and SurvIval Study in Heart Failure)
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVahu77E 23810881 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.086 This is a potentially practice changing report as it has established the safety of Eplerenone in a population physicians have hitherto been reluctant to prescribe; i.e. cohorts with CKD or at high risk of hyperkalaemia
    • Eschalier R, McMurray JJV, Swedberg K, van Veldhuisen DJ, Pitt B, et al. Safety and efficacy of Eplerenone in patients at high risk for hyperkalemia and/or worsening renal function. Analyses of the EMPHASIS-HF study subgroups (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(17):1585-93. This is a potentially practice changing report as it has established the safety of Eplerenone in a population physicians have hitherto been reluctant to prescribe; i.e. cohorts with CKD or at high risk of hyperkalaemia.
    • (2013) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.62 , Issue.17 , pp. 1585-1593
    • Eschalier, R.1    McMurray, J.J.V.2    Swedberg, K.3    Van Veldhuisen, D.J.4    Pitt, B.5
  • 42
    • 30344431825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of heart failure
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntVClsg%3D%3D 16373465 10.2146/ajhp050041
    • Marcy TR, Ripley TL. Aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of heart failure. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(1):49-58.
    • (2006) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-58
    • Marcy, T.R.1    Ripley, T.L.2
  • 43
    • 0002700941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone (SC 66110), a highly selective aldosterone antagonist
    • 10.1016/S0895-7061(97)91056-6
    • Delyani J, Myles K, Funder J. Eplerenone (SC 66110), a highly selective aldosterone antagonist. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:94A.
    • (1998) Am J Hypertens , vol.11
    • Delyani, J.1    Myles, K.2    Funder, J.3
  • 45
    • 4344600703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of spironolactone in a specialized heart failure clinic
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvFCqsL8%3D 15325926 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.04.059
    • Sligl W, McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Armstrong PW. Usefulness of spironolactone in a specialized heart failure clinic. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(4):443-7.
    • (2004) Am J Cardiol , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 443-447
    • Sligl, W.1    McAlister, F.A.2    Ezekowitz, J.3    Armstrong, P.W.4
  • 46
    • 78650986656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment considerations with aldosterone receptor antagonists
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXislens74%3D 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00377.x
    • Sica D, Flack J. Treatment considerations with aldosterone receptor antagonists. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13:65-9.
    • (2011) J Clin Hypertens , vol.13 , pp. 65-69
    • Sica, D.1    Flack, J.2
  • 47
    • 0037125404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtVSksrg%3D 12106936 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01965-4
    • Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Rossi A, Golia G, Franceschini L, Brighetti G. Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:304-10.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 304-310
    • Cicoira, M.1    Zanolla, L.2    Rossi, A.3    Golia, G.4    Franceschini, L.5    Brighetti, G.6
  • 48
    • 34047197931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXivVamt78%3D 17309946 10.1161/01.HYP.0000259805.18468. 8c
    • Chapman N, Dobson J, Wilson S, Dahlof B, Sever PS, Wedel H, et al. Effect of Spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49:839-45.
    • (2007) Hypertension , vol.49 , pp. 839-845
    • Chapman, N.1    Dobson, J.2    Wilson, S.3    Dahlof, B.4    Sever, P.S.5    Wedel, H.6    Poulter, N.R.7
  • 49
    • 0142231538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1Omsbk%3D 14573330 10.1016/S0895-7061(03)01032-X
    • Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:925-30.
    • (2003) Am J Hypertens , vol.16 , pp. 925-930
    • Nishizaka, M.K.1    Zaman, M.A.2    Calhoun, D.A.3
  • 50
    • 73849140879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of spironolactone therapy in patients with true resistant hypertension
    • 19858405 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140988
    • de Souza F, Muxfeldt E, Fiszman R, Salles G. Efficacy of spironolactone therapy in patients with true resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2010;55(1):147-52.
    • (2010) Hypertension , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 147-152
    • De Souza, F.1    Muxfeldt, E.2    Fiszman, R.3    Salles, G.4
  • 51
    • 0036110762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xktlyktb8%3D 11991219
    • Ouzan J, Pérault C, Lincoff AM, Carré E, Mertes M. The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension. AJH. 2002;15:333-9.
    • (2002) AJH , vol.15 , pp. 333-339
    • Ouzan, J.1    Pérault, C.2    Lincoff, A.M.3    Carré, E.4    Mertes, M.5
  • 52
    • 0019178092 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and biochemical effects of Spironolactone administered once daily in primary hypertension. Multicenter Sweden study
    • 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2FisFGltA%3D%3D 6998872 10.1161/01.HYP.2.5.672
    • Schersten B, Thulin T, Kuylenstierna J, Engstrom M, Nilsson G, et al. Clinical and biochemical effects of Spironolactone administered once daily in primary hypertension. Multicenter Sweden study. Hypertension. 1980;2:672-9.
    • (1980) Hypertension , vol.2 , pp. 672-679
    • Schersten, B.1    Thulin, T.2    Kuylenstierna, J.3    Engstrom, M.4    Nilsson, G.5
  • 54
    • 0037414091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of Eplerenone and Losartan in hypertensive black and white patients
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlKhu70%3D 12679215 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00054-8
    • Flack JM, Oparil S, Pratt JH, Roniker B, Saunders E, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Eplerenone and Losartan in hypertensive black and white patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1148-55.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 1148-1155
    • Flack, J.M.1    Oparil, S.2    Pratt, J.H.3    Roniker, B.4    Saunders, E.5
  • 55
    • 40649118728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone versus Eplerenone for the treatment of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksF2rtLk%3D 18312153 10.1517/14656566.9.4.509
    • Karagiannis A, Tziomalos K, Papageorgiou A, Kakafika A, Mikhailidis D, et al. Spironolactone versus Eplerenone for the treatment of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:509-15.
    • (2008) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.9 , pp. 509-515
    • Karagiannis, A.1    Tziomalos, K.2    Papageorgiou, A.3    Kakafika, A.4    Mikhailidis, D.5
  • 56
    • 0036394942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotlGisbg%3D 10.2165/00003088-200241120-00002
    • Desta Z, Zhao X, Shin JG, Flockhart DA. Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism. Clin Pharmaco Kinet. 2002;41(12):913-58.
    • (2002) Clin Pharmaco Kinet , vol.41 , Issue.12 , pp. 913-958
    • Desta, Z.1    Zhao, X.2    Shin, J.G.3    Flockhart, D.A.4
  • 58
    • 0019977705 scopus 로고
    • Drug attributed alterations in potassium handling in congestive cardiac failure
    • 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2FislCrtQ%3D%3D 7128669 10.1007/BF01061372
    • Lawson DH, O'Connor PC, Jick H. Drug attributed alterations in potassium handling in congestive cardiac failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;23:21-5.
    • (1982) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.23 , pp. 21-25
    • Lawson, D.H.1    O'Connor, P.C.2    Jick, H.3
  • 59
    • 33745222086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory monitoring for spironolactone in congestive heart failure
    • Shah KB, Gottlieb SS. Laboratory monitoring for spironolactone in congestive heart failure. Cardiol Rev. 2006;23:35-7.
    • (2006) Cardiol Rev , vol.23 , pp. 35-37
    • Shah, K.B.1    Gottlieb, S.S.2
  • 60
    • 29244460053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerability and efficacy of aldosterone inhibition with canrenone in heart failure: The real-world experience of an outpatient heart failure clinic
    • 15945300
    • Nassiacos D, Meloni S. Tolerability and efficacy of aldosterone inhibition with canrenone in heart failure: the real-world experience of an outpatient heart failure clinic. Ital Heart J. 2005;6 Suppl 1:51S-65S.
    • (2005) Ital Heart J , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Nassiacos, D.1    Meloni, S.2
  • 61
    • 80052388712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone treatment (JET) study: Efficacy of Eplerenone added to renin-angiotensin blockade in elderly hypertensive patients
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVCnsb7K 21393354 10.1177/1470320310390404
    • Yano Y, Hoshide S, Tamaki N, Nagata M, Sasaki K. Eplerenone treatment (JET) study: efficacy of Eplerenone added to renin-angiotensin blockade in elderly hypertensive patients. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst. 2011;12(3):340-7.
    • (2011) J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 340-347
    • Yano, Y.1    Hoshide, S.2    Tamaki, N.3    Nagata, M.4    Sasaki, K.5
  • 62
    • 77952425215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical effects of Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker in Japanese patients with essential hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtVSnsLo%3D 19865106 10.1038/jhh.2009.81
    • Sato A, Fukuda S. Clinical effects of Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:387-94.
    • (2010) J Hum Hypertens , vol.24 , pp. 387-394
    • Sato, A.1    Fukuda, S.2
  • 63
    • 0142085752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Eplerenone, Enalapril, and Eplerenone/Enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The 4E-left ventricular hypertrophy study
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvVajur8%3D 14517164 10.1161/01.CIR.0000091405.00772. 6E
    • Pitt B, Reichek N, Willenbrock R, Zannad F, Phillips R, Roniker B, et al. Effects of Eplerenone, Enalapril, and Eplerenone/Enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the 4E-left ventricular hypertrophy study. Circulation. 2003;108:1831-8.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1831-1838
    • Pitt, B.1    Reichek, N.2    Willenbrock, R.3    Zannad, F.4    Phillips, R.5    Roniker, B.6
  • 64
    • 0038673178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker Eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist Amlodipine in systolic hypertension
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtFWqtb8%3D 12682082 10.1161/01.HYP.0000067463.13172. EA
    • White W, Duprez D, St Hillaire R, Krause S, Roniker B. Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker Eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist Amlodipine in systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2003;41:1021-6.
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.41 , pp. 1021-1026
    • White, W.1    Duprez, D.2    St Hillaire, R.3    Krause, S.4    Roniker, B.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.