Character confidence based on N-best list for keyword spotting in online Chinese handwritten documents

Pattern Recognition

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1880-1890

  Zhang, Heng ^a   Wang, Da Han ^a   Liu, Cheng Lin ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF AUTOMATION   (China)

Author keywords

Confidence measure; Confusion network; Keyword spotting; N best list; Online Chinese handwritten documents; Posterior probability

Indexed keywords

PROBABILITY; QUERY PROCESSING; STRING SEARCHING ALGORITHMS;

CONFIDENCE MEASURE; CONFUSION NETWORKS; HANDWRITTEN DOCUMENT; KEYWORD SPOTTING; N-BEST LIST; POSTERIOR PROBABILITY;

CHARACTER RECOGNITION;

EID: 84893638118     PISSN: 00313203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2013.12.001     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. C.-L. Liu, M. Koga, and H. Fujisawa Lexicon-driven segmentation and recognition of handwritten character strings for Japanese address reading IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24 11 2002 1425 1437
2. P.-P. Xiu, and H.-S. Baird Whole-book recognition IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34 12 2012 2467 2480
3. D. Damm, C. Fremerey, V. Thomas, M. Clausen, F. Kurth, and M. Müller A digital library framework for heterogeneous music collections from document acquisition to cross-modal interaction Int. J. Digit. Libr. 12 2-3 2012 53 71
4. T.-M. Rath, and R. Manmatha Word spotting for historical documents Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 9 2 2007 139 152
5. R. Manmatha, C. Han, E.M. Riseman, Word spotting: a new approach to indexing handwriting, in: IEEE CVPR 1996, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1996, pp. 631-637.
6. H. Zhang, D.-H. Wang, C.-L. Liu, and H. Bunke Keyword spotting from online Chinese handwritten documents using one-versus-all character classification model Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell. 27 3 2013
7. H. Cao, A. Bhardwaj, and V. Govindaraju A probabilistic method for keyword retrieval in handwritten document images Pattern Recognit. 42 12 2009 3374 3382
8. A. Kołcz, J. Alspector, M.-F. Augusteijn, R. Carlson, and G.-V. Popescu A line-oriented approach to word spotting in handwritten documents Pattern Anal. Appl. 3 2 2000 153 168
9. A. Fischer, A. Keller, V. Frinken, H. Bunke, HMM-based word spotting in handwritten documents using subword models, in: Proceedings of the 20th ICPR, Istanbul, Turkey, 2010, pp. 3416-3419.
10. V. Frinken, A. Fischer, R. Manmatha, and H. Bunke A novel word spotting method based on recurrent neural networks IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34 2 2012 211 224
11. M. Wollmer, F. Eyben, J. Keshet, A. Graves, B. Schuller, G. Rigoll, Robust discriminative keyword spotting for emotionally colored spontaneous speech using bidirectional LSTM networks, in: IEEE ICASSP 2009, Taipei, Taiwan, 2009, pp. 3949-3952.
12. F. Wessel, R. Schluter, K. Macherey, and H. Ney Confidence measures for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 9 3 2001 288 298
13. S. Quiniou, E. Anquetil, Use of a confusion network to detect and correct errors in an on-line handwritten sentence recognition system, in: Proceedings of the 9th ICDAR, Parana, Brazil, 2007, pp. 382-386.
14. Q.-F. Wang, F. Yin, and C.-L. Liu Handwritten Chinese text recognition by integrating multiple contexts IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34 8 2012 1469 1481
15. D.-H. Wang, C.-L. Liu, and X.-D. Zhou An approach for real-time recognition of online Chinese handwritten sentences Pattern Recognit. 45 10 2012 3661 3675
16. T.-H. Su, T.-W. Zhang, D.-J. Guan, and H.-J. Huang Off-line recognition of realistic Chinese handwriting using segmentation-free strategy Pattern Recognit. 42 1 2009 167 182
17. J.S. Bridle Probabilistic interpretation of feedforward classification network outputs with relationships to statistical pattern recognition F. Fogelman-Soulie, J. Herault, Neurocomputing Algorithms, Architectures and Applications 1990 Springer 227 236
18. C.-L. Liu, F. Yin, D.-H. Wang, Q.-F. Wang, CASIA online and offline Chinese handwriting databases, in: Proceedings of the 11th ICDAR, Beijing, China, 2011, pp. 37-41.
19. H. Zhang, D.-H. Wang, C.-L. Liu, A confidence-based method for keyword spotting in online Chinese handwritten documents, in: Proceedings of the 21st ICPR, Tsukuba, Japan, 2012, pp. 525-528.
20. S. Ortmanns, H. Ney, and X. Aubert A word graph algorithm for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition Comput. Speech Lang. 11 1 1997 43 72
21. T. Kemp, T. Schaaf, Estimating confidence using word lattices, in: Proceedings of the 5th ECSCT, Rhodes, Greece, 1997, pp. 827-830.
22. B. Rueber, Obtaining confidence measures from sentence probabilities, in: Proceedings of the 5th ECSCT, Rhodes, Greece, 1997, pp. 739-742.
23. L. Mangu, E. Brill, and A. Stolcke Finding consensus in speech recognition word error minimization and other applications of confusion networks Comput. Speech Lang. 14 4 2000 373 400
24. D. Gusfield Efficient methods for multiple sequence alignment with guaranteed error bounds Bull. Math. Biol. 55 1993 141 154
25. N.-F. Ayan, J. Zheng, W.-Y. Wang, Improving alignments for better confusion networks for combining machine translation systems, in: Proceedings of the 22nd COLING, Manchester, UK, 2008, pp. 33-40.
26. Y.-S. Fu, Y.-C. Pan, L.-S. Lee, Improved large vocabulary continuous Chinese speech recognition by character-based consensus networks, in: Proceedings of the 5th ISCSLP, Kent-Ridge, Singapore, 2006, pp. 422-434.
27. J.-S. Denker, Y. Le Cun, Transforming neural-net output levels to probability distributions, in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, 1991, pp. 853-859.
28. C.-L. Liu, and M. Nakagawa Precise candidate selection for large character set recognition by confidence evaluation IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22 6 2000 636 642
29. J. Platt Probabilistic outputs for support vector machines and comparisons to regularized likelihood methods A.J. Smola, P. Bartlett, D. Scholkopf, D. Schuurmanns, Advances in Large Margin Classifiers 1999 MIT Press 61 74
30. J.-A. Barnett, Computational methods for a mathematical theory of evidence, in: Proceedings of the 7th IJCAI, B.C., Canada, 1981, pp. 868-875.
31. C.-L. Liu Classifier combination based on confidence transformation Pattern Recognit. 38 1 2005 11 28
32. X.-D. Zhou, D.-H. Wang, and C.-L. Liu A robust approach to text line grouping in online handwritten Japanese documents Pattern Recognit. 42 9 2009 2077 2088
33. X.-D. Zhou, J.-L. Yu, C.-L. Liu, T. Nagasaki, K. Marukawa, Online handwritten Japanese character string recognition incorporating geometric context, in: Proceedings of the 9th ICDAR, Curitiba, Brazil, 2007, pp. 23-26.
34. C.-L. Liu, H. Sako, and H. Fujisawa Effects of classifier structures and training regimes on integrated segmentation and recognition of handwritten numeral strings IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26 11 2004 1395 1407
35. F. Kimura, K. Takashina, S. Tsuruoka, and Y. Miyake Modified quadratic discriminant functions and the application to Chinese character recognition IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 9 1 1987 149 153
36. B.-H. Juang, W. Chou, and C.-H. Lee Minimum classification error rate methods for speech recognition IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 5 3 1997 257 265
37. H. Bunke, and A. Sanfeliu Syntactic and Structural Pattern Recognition - Theory and Applications (Chapter 5) 1994 World Scientific Singapore, New Jersey
38. X. Jin, C.-L. Liu, and X. Hou Regularized margin-based conditional log-likelihood loss for prototype learning Pattern Recognit. 43 7 2010 2428 2438
39. C.-L. Liu, X.-D. Zhou, Online Japanese character recognition using trajectory-based normalization and direction feature extraction, in: Proceedings of the 10th IWFHR, La Baule, France, 2006, pp. 217-222.
40. K. Fukunaga Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition second ed. 1990 Academic Press New York
41. SogouLab: http://www.sogou.com/labs/resources.html.
42. Y.-C. Pan, and L.-S. Lee Performance analysis for lattice-based speech indexing approaches using words and subword units Pattern Recognit. 18 6 2010 1562 1574