Application of staged factor analysis and logistic function to create a fuzzy stream sediment geochemical evidence layer for mineral prospectivity mapping

Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 45-58

  Yousefi, Mahyar ^a   Kamkar Rouhani, Abolghasem ^b   Carranza, Emmanuel John M ^c,d  

^a MALAYER UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^b SHAHROOD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Iran)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^d JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Fuzzy weights; Geochemical evidence map; Logistic function; Mineral prospectivity mapping; Staged factor analysis

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY; DATA STREAMS; DEPOSITS; FLUORSPAR; FUZZY LOGIC; MAPPING; MINERAL RESOURCES; MINERALS; MULTIVARIANT ANALYSIS; SEDIMENTS;

FUZZY WEIGHT; GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE; GEOCHEMICAL SIGNATURES; LOGISTIC FUNCTIONS; MAZANDARAN PROVINCES; MINERAL PROSPECTIVITY MAPPINGS; MULTI VARIATE ANALYSIS; THEORY OF FUZZY SETS;

FACTOR ANALYSIS;

FACTOR ANALYSIS; FLUORITE; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; FUZZY MATHEMATICS; MAPPING; MINERAL DEPOSIT; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY;

IRAN; MAZANDARAN;

EID: 84893584884     PISSN: 14677873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/geochem2012-144     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aitchison, J. & Egozcue, J.J. 2005. Compositional data analysis: Where are we and where should we be heading? Mathematical Geology, 37, 829-850.
2. Ali, K., Cheng, Q., Li, W. & Chen, Y. 2006. Multi-element association analysis of stream sediment geochemistry data for predicting gold deposits in south-central Yunnan Province, China. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 6, 341-348.
3. Alirezaee, S. 1988. Stratigraphic study of F-Pb-Ba mineralization in eastern district of central Alborz. Unpublished MSc thesis. Tehran University (in Persian).
4. Alpaydm, E. 2004. Introduction to Machine Learning. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
5. Berthold, M. & Hand, D.J. 2002. Intelligent Data Analysis. 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
6. Bishop, C.M. 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer Science+Business Media. LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA.
7. Bonham-Carter, G.F. 1994. Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS. Pergamon. Oxford.
8. Bonham-Carter, G.F. & Goodfellow, D.J. 1986. Background corrections to stream geochemical data using digitized drainage and geological maps: Application to Selwyn Basin, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 25, 139-155.
9. Bonham-Carter, G.F., Rogers, P.J. & Ellwood, D.J. 1987. Catchment basin analysis applied to surficial geochemical data, Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 29, 259-278.
10. Borovec, Z. 1996. Evaluation of the concentrations of trace elements in stream sediments by factor and cluster analysis and the sequential extraction procedure. The Science of the Total Environment, 177, 237-250.
11. Bouch, J.E., Naden, J., Shepherd, T.J., Mckervey, J.A., Young, B., Benham, A.J. & Sloane, H.J. 2006. Direct evidence of fluid mixing in the formation of stratabound Pb-Zn-Ba-F mineralisation in the Alston Block, North Pennine Orefield (England). Mineralium Deposita, 41, 821-835.
12. Cardellach, E., Canals, A. & Grandia, F. 2002. Recurrent hydrothermal activity induced by successive extensional episodes: The case of the Berta F-(Pb-Zn) vein system (NE Spain). Ore Geology Reviews, 22, 133-141.
13. Carranza, E.J.M. 2002. Geologically-Constrained Mineral Potential Mapping (Examples from the Philippines). Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, ITC (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation) Publication No. 86, Enschede.
14. Carranza, E.J.M. 2004. Usefulness of stream order to detect stream sediment geo-chemical anomalies. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 4, 341-352.
15. Carranza, E.J.M. 2008. Geochemical Anomaly and Mineral Prospectivity Mapping in GIS. Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry. Vol. 11, Elsevier. Amsterdam.
16. Carranza, E.J.M. 2010. Catchment basin modeling of stream sediment anomalies revisited: Incorporation of EDA and fractal analysis. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 10, 365-381.
17. Carranza, E.J.M. 2010. Improved wildcat modelling of mineral prospectiv-ity. Resource Geology, 60, 129-149.
18. Carranza, E.J.M. 2010. Mapping of anomalies in continuous and discrete fields of stream sediment geochemical landscapes. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 10, 171-187.
19. Carranza, E.J.M. 2011. Analysis and mapping of geochemical anomalies using logratio-transformed stream sediment data with censored values. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 110, 167-185.
20. Carranza, E.J.M. & Hale, M. 1997. A catchment basin approach to the analysis of reconnaissance geochemical-geological data from Albay Province, Philippines. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 60, 157-171.
21. Carranza, E.J.M. & Hale, M. 2001. Geologically-constrained fuzzy mapping of gold mineralization potential, Baguio district, Philippines. Natural Resources Research, 10, 125-136.
22. Carranza, E.J.M. & Hale, M. 2002. Wildcat mapping of gold potential, Baguio district, Philippines. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Section B- Applied Earth Science), 111, 100-105.
23. Chandrajith, R., Dissanayake, C.B. & Tobschall, H.J. 2001. Application of multi-element relationships in stream sediments to mineral exploration: A case study of Walawe Ganga Basin, Sri Lanka. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 339-350.
24. Daneshfar, B., Desrochers, A. & Budkewitsch, P. 2006. Mineral-potential mapping for MVT deposits with Limited data sets using Landsat data and geological evidence in the Borden Basin, Northern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. Natural Resources Research, 15, 129-149.
25. Darwish, M.A.G. & Poellmann, H. 2010. Geochemical exploration for gold in the Nile Valley Block (A) area, Wadi Allaqi, South Egypt. Chemie der Erde, 70, 353-362.
26. D'Ercole, C., Groves, D.I. & Knox-Robinson, C.M. 2000. Using fuzzy logic in a Geographic Information System environment to enhance conceptually based prospectivity analysis of Mississippi Valley-type mineralisation. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47, 913-927.
27. Eddy, B.G., Bonham-Carter, G.F. & Jefferson, C.W. 2006. Mineral potential analyzed and mapped at multiple scales - a modified fuzzy logic method using digital geology. In: hArris, J.R. (ed.) GIS for the Earth Sciences. Geological Association of Canada Special Publication 44, Geological Association of Canada. St. John's, 143-162.
28. Egozcue, J.J., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., Mateu-Figueras, G. & Barceló-Vidal, C. 2003. Isometric logratio transformations for compositional data analysis. Mathematical Geology, 35, 279-300.
29. Filzmoser, P. & Hron, K. 2009. Correlation analysis for compositional data. Mathematical Geosciences, 41, 905-919.
30. Filzmoser, P., Hron, K. & Reimann, C. 2009. Univariate statistical analysis of environmental (compositional) data: Problems and possibilities. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 6100-6108.
31. Filzmoser, P., Hron, K. & Reimann, C. 2009. Principal components analysis for compositional data with outliers. Environmetrics, 20, 621-632.
32. Filzmoser, P., Hron, K., Reimann, C. & Garrett, R. 2009. Robust factor analysis for compositional data. Computers and Geosciences, 35, 1854-1861.
33. Filzmoser, P., Hron, K. & Reimann, C. 2010. The bivariate statistical analysis of environmental (compositional) data. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 4230-4238.
34. Fink, G.A. 2007. Markov Models for Pattern Recognition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
35. Garrett, R.G. & Grunsky, E.C. 2001. Weighted sums - knowledge based empirical indices for use in exploration geochemistry. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 1, 135-141.
36. Ghazban, F. & Moritz, R. 2001. Nature of carbonate-hosted F-BA-Pb deposits in central Alborz Iran: Genetic relationships. XVIECROFI European Current Research on Fluid Inclusion, Porto.
37. Gorjizad, H. 1996. The study of geology, mineralogy and genesis of Pachimiana fluorite mine. Unpublished MSc thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University (in Persian).
38. Grunsky, E.C., Drew, L.J. & Sutphin, D.M. 2009. Process recognition in multi-element soil and stream-sediment geochemical data. Applied Geochemistry, 24, 1602-1616.
39. Helvoort, P.J., Filzmoser, P. & Gaans, P.F.M. 2005. Sequential Factor Analysis as a new approach to multivariate analysis of heterogeneous geochemical datasets: An application to a bulk chemical characterization of fluvial deposits (Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands). Applied Geochemistry, 20, 2233-2251.
40. Hengl, T. 2006. Finding the right pixel size. Computers & Geosciences, 32, 1283-1298.
41. Hill, G.T., Campbell, A.R. & Kyle, P.R. 2000. Geochemistry of southwestern New Mexico fluorite occurrences implications for precious metals exploration in fluorite-bearing systems. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 68, 1-20.
42. Kaiser, H.F. 1958. The varimax criteria for analytical rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, 187-200.
43. Knox-Robinson, C.M. 2000. Vectorial fuzzy logic: A novel technique for enhanced mineral prospectivity mapping with reference to the orogenic gold mineralisation potential of the Kalgoorlie Terrane, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47, 929-942.
44. Korehie, M.T. 2002. Regional stream sediment geochemical exploration in, 1, 100000-quadrangle map of Polsefid. Unpublished report, Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) (in Persian).
45. Kumru, M.N. & Bakac, M. 2003. R-mode factor analysis applied to the distribution of elements in soils from the Aydi{dotless}n basin, Turkey. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 77, 81-91.
46. Lepeltier, C. 1969. A simplified statistical treatment of geochemical data by graphical representation. Economic Geology, 64, 538-550.
47. Levinson, A.A. 1974. Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry. Applied Publishing Ltd, Calgary.
48. Micheli-Tzanakou, E. 1999. Supervised and unsupervised Pattern Recognition. CRC Press LLC. Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida.
49. Nykänen, V., Groves, D.I., Ojala, V.J., Eilu, P. & Gardoll, S.J. 2008. Reconnaissance scale conceptual fuzzy-logic prospectivity modelling for iron oxide copper - gold deposits in the northern Fennoscandian Shield, Finland. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55, 25-38.
50. Ohta, A., Imai, N., Terashima, S. & Tachibana, Y. 2005. Influence of surface geology and mineral deposits on the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations in the stream sediments of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 86, 86-103.
51. Pannalal, S.J., Symons, D.T.A. & Misra, K.C. 2003. Sweetwater Ba-F-Zn district, eastern Tennessee: A paleomagnetic age for dolomitisation form fluid flow. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78-79, 235-241.
52. Partida, E.G., Chavez, A.C., Grimmer, J.O.W., Pironon, J., Mutterer, J. & Levress, G. 2003. Fluorite deposits at Encantada-Buenavista, Mexico: Products of Mississippi Valley type processes. Ore Geology Reviews, 23, 107- 124.
53. Porwal, A., Carranza, E.J.M. & Hale, M. 2003. Knowledge-driven and data-driven fuzzy models for predictive mineral potential mapping. Natural Resources Research, 12, 1-25.
54. Porwal, A., Carranza, E.J.M. & Hale, M. 2004. A hybrid neuro-fuzzy model for mineral potential mapping. Mathematical Geology, 36, 803-826.
55. Porwal, A., Carranza, E.J.M. & Hale, M. 2006. A hybrid fuzzy weights-of-evidence model for mineral potential mapping. Natural Resources Research, 15, 1-15.
56. Porwal, A. & Sides, E.J. 2000. A predictive model for base metal exploration in a GIS environment. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, XXXiii(b7), 1178-1184.
57. Ranjbar, H. & Honarmand, M. 2004. Integration and analysis of airborne geophysical and ETM+ data for exploration of porphyry type deposits in the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt using fuzzy classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 4729-4741.
58. R Development Core Team, 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, http://www.r-project.org.
59. Reimann, C. & Filzmoser, P. 2000. Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: Death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data. Environmental Geology, 39, 1001-1014.
60. Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P. & Garrett, R.G. 2002. Factor analysis applied to regional geochemical data: Problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 185-206.
61. Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P. & Garrett, R.G. 2005. Background and threshold: Critical comparison of methods of determination. Science of the Total Environment, 346, 1-16.
62. Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Garrett, R.G. & Dutter, R. 2008. Statistical Data Analysis Explained: Applied Environmental Statistics with R. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
63. Rogge, D.M., Halden, N.M. & Beaumont-Smith, C. 2006. Application of data integration for shear hosted Au potential modelling: Lynn Lake Greenstone Belt, Northwestern Manitoba, Canada. In: hArris, J.R. (ed.) GIS for the Earth Sciences. Geological Association of Canada Special Publication 44, Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, 191-210.
64. Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. & Webb, J.S. 1979. Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. 2nd edn, Academic Press. London.
65. Sánchez, F.G., Camprubí, A., Partida, E.G., Solís, R.P., Canet, C., García, E.C. & Atudorei, V. 2009. Regional stratigraphy and distribution of epige-netic stratabound celestine, fluorite, barite and Pb-Zn deposits in the MVT province of northeastern Mexico. Mineralium Deposita, 44, 343-361.
66. Sasmaz, A., Yavuz, F., Sagiroglu, A. & Akgul, B. 2005. Geochemical patterns of the Akdagmadeni (Yozgat, Central Turkey) fluorite deposits and implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 469-479.
67. Shariatmadar, A. 1999. Geology and genesis of Sheshroudbar fluorite mine. Unpublished MSc thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University (in Persian).
68. Sinclair, A.J. 1974. Selection of thresholds in geochemical data using probability graphs. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 3, 129-149.
69. Sinclair, A.J. 1991. A fundamental approach to threshold estimation in exploration geochemistry: Probability plots revisited. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 41, 1-22.
70. Souissi, F., Souissi, R. & Dandurand, J. 2010. The Mississippi Valley-type fluorite ore at Jebel Stah (Zaghouan district, north-eastern Tunisia): Contribution of REE and Sr isotope geochemistries to the genetic model. Ore Geology Reviews, 37, 15-30.
71. Stanley, C.R. & Sinclair, A.J. 1987. Anomaly recognition for multi-element geochemical data - a background characterization approach. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 29, 333-353.
72. Tangestani, M.H. & Moore, F. 2003. Mapping porphyry copper potential with a fuzzy model, northern Shahr-e-Babak, Iran. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, 311-317.
73. Templ, M., Filzmoser, P. & Reimann, C. 2008. Cluster analysis applied to regional geochemical data: Problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry, 23, 2198-2213.
74. Templ, M., Hron, K. & Filzmoser, P. 2009. Robcompositions: Robust estimation for compositional data, R package version 1.2. http://www.r-project.org.
75. Theodoridis, S. & Koutroumbas, K. 2006. Pattern Recognition. 2nd Ed., Academic Press. Elsevier, USA.
76. Thió-Henestrosa, S. & Martín-Fernández, J.A. 2005. Dealing with compositional data: The freeware codapack. Mathematical Geology, 37, 773-793.
77. Treiblmaier, H. & Filzmoser, P. 2010. Exploratory factor analysis revisited: How robust methods support the detection of hidden multivariate data structures in IS research. Information & Management, 47, 197-207.
78. Tripathi, V.S. 1979. Factor analysis in geochemical exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 11, 263-275.
79. Tukey, J.W. 1977. Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading.
80. Vahabzadeh, Gh. 2008. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Fluorite mineralization in eastern district of central Alborz, Savadkooh area, Iran. Unpublished PhD thesis, Shahidbeheshti University (in Persian).
81. Vahdatidaneshmand, F. 2003. 1: 100,000 scale geological quadrangle map of the Polsefid. Geological Survey of Iran (in Persian).
82. van den Boogaart, K.G. & Tolosana-Delgado, R. 2008. "compositions": A unified R package to analyze compositional data. Computers and Geosciences, 34, 320-338.
83. van den Boogaart, K.G., Tolosana, R. & Bren, M. 2009. "Compositions": Compositional data analysis, R package version 1.01-1. http://www.r-project.org.
84. Venkataraman, G., Babu Madhavan, B., Ratha, D.S., Antony, J.P., Goyal, R.S., Banglani, S. & Sinha Roy, S. 2000. Spatial modeling for base-metal mineral exploration through integration of geological data sets. Natural Resources Research, 9, 27-42.
85. Wilde, A.R., Bierlein, F.P. & Pawlitschek, M. 2004. Lithogeochemistry of orogenic gold deposits in Victoria, SE Australia: A preliminary assessment for undercover exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 84, 35-50.
86. Yousefi, M., Kamkar-Rouhani, A. & Carranza, E.J.M. 2012. Geochemical mineralization probability index (GMPI): A new approach to generate enhanced stream sediment geochemical evidential map for increasing probability of success in mineral potential mapping. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 115, 24-35.
87. Zadeh, L.A. 1965. Fuzzy sets. IEEE Information and Control, 8, 338-353.
88. Zuo, R. 2012. Exploring the effects of cell size in geochemical mapping. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 112, 357-367.