The Near-Earth asteroids on the pathway to Earth's future in space

AAPG Memoir

Volumn , Issue 101, 2013, Pages 75-97

  Cutright, Bruce L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASTEROID; MARS; SOLAR SYSTEM; VENUS;

EID: 84893551961     PISSN: 02718529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1306/13361574M1013543     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Asphaug, E., 2009, Growth and evolution of asteroids: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 37, p. 413-448, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36. 031207.124214.
2. Bakhtian, N. M., A. H. Zorn, and M. P. Maniscalco, 2009, The eighth continent: A vision for exploration of the Moon and beyond: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Space 2009 Conference and Exposition, AIAA Paper 2009-6489, 41 p.
3. Binzel, R. P., E. Perozzi, A. S. Rivkin, A. Rossi, A. W. Harris, S. J. Bus, G. B. Balsecchi, and S. M. Slivan, 2004, Dynamical and compositional assessment of near-Earth object mission targets: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 39, no. 3, p. 351-366, doi:10.1111/j.l945 -5100.2004.tb00098.x.
4. Blair, B. R., 2000, The role of near-Earth asteroids in longterm platinum supply: Proceedings, National Space Society Space Resources Roundtable II, 15 p.
5. Borowski, S. K., 1995, Human lunar mission capabilities using SST, ISRU and LOX-augmented NTR technologies: A preliminary assessment: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Memorandum No. 107095, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Paper AIAA-95-2631, 13 p.
6. Borowski, S. K., R. R. Corban, D. W. Culver, M. J. Bulman, and M. C. Mcllwain, 1994, A revolutionary lunar space transportation system architecture using extraterrestrial LOX-augmented NTR propulsion: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Memorandum No. 106726, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Paper AIAA-94-3343, 20 p.
7. Bottke Jr., W. F., D. P. Rubincam, and J. A. Burns, 2000, Dynamical evolution of main belt meteoroids: Numerical simulations incorporating planetary perturbations and Yarkovsky thermal forces: Icarus, v. 145, no. 2, p. 301-331.
8. Burke, S., 2009, Natural Security, Center for a New American Security Working Paper, 20 p., http://www. spearheadresearch.org/pages/documents/CNAS -Working-Paper-Natural-Security-SBurke-June2009 -Web-l.pdf (accessed March 1, 2011).
9. Burns, J. A., 2010, The four hundred years of planetary science since Galileo and Kepler: Nature, v. 466, p. 575-584, doi:10.1038/nature09215.
10. Campbell, M. D., and W. A. Ambrose, 2010, Moon uranium has intriguing implications: AAPG Explorer, 2p.
11. Campbell, M. D., B. Handley, H. M. Wise, J. D. King, and M. David Campbell, 2009, Developing industrial minerals, nuclear minerals and commodities of interest via off-world exploration and mining: AAPG Energy Minerals Division Uranium Committee Annual Report, June 9, 2009, 29 p.
12. Campbell, M. D., J. D. King, H. M. Wise, B. Handley, J. L. Conca, and M. David Campbell, 2013, Nuclear power and associated environmental issues in the transition of exploration and mining on Earth to the development of off-world natural resources in the 21st century, in W. A. Ambrose, J. F. Reilly II, and D. C. Peters, eds., Energy resources for human settlement in the solar system and Earth's future in space: AAPG Memoir 101, p. 163-213.
13. Catalina Sky Survey, 2011: http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css /css-mission.html (accessed February 1, 2011).
14. Chapman, C. R., D. D. Durda, and R. E. Gold, 2001, The comet/asteroid impact hazard: A systems approach: Southwest Research Institute White Paper, 18 p.: www .swri.edu/clark/neowp.html (accessed February 1, 2011).
15. Chesley, S. R., S.J. Ostro, D. Vokrouhlicky, D. Capek, J. D. Giorgini, M. C. Nolan, J. Margot, A. A. Hiñe, L. A. M. Benner, and A. B. Chamberlin, 2003, Direct detection of the Yarkovsky effect by radar ranging to Asteroid 6489 Golevka: Science, v. 302, p. 1739-1742, doi:10 . 1126/science. 1091452.
16. Compston, W., B. W. Chappel, P. A. Arriens, and M. J. Vernon 1970, The chemistry and age of Apollo 11 lunar material: Proceedings of the Apollo Lunar Science Conference, v. 2, p. 1007-1027.
17. Cucinotta, F. A., F. K. Manuel, G. Iszard, J. Murrey, B. Djojonegro, and M. Wear, 2001, Space radiation and cataracts in astronauts: Radiation Research, v. 156, p. 460-466, doi: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001) 156[0460 :SRACIA]2.0.CO;2.
18. Davis, E. W., 2004, Advanced propulsion study: Special report AFRL-PR-ED-TR-2004-0024, Warp Drive Metrics, Las Vegas, Nevada: California, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Material Command Edwards Air Force Base, 103 p.
19. Eggert, R. G., 2008, Minerals, critical minerals, and the U.S. economy, Committee on Critical Mineral Impacts of the U.S. Economy, Committee on Earth Resources, National Research Council: Washington, D. C., National Academies Press, 264 p.
20. Evans, J., F. C. Shelly, and G. H. Stokes, 2003, Detection and discovery of near-Earth asteroids by the linear program: Lincoln Laboratory Journal, v. 14, no. 2,22 p.: http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/space/linear/ (accessed December 1, 2010).
21. Fujiwara, A., et al., 2006, The rubble-pile Asteroid Itokawa as observed by Hayabusa: Science, v. 312, p. 1330-1334, doi:10.1126/science. 1125841.
22. Gerlach, C. L., 2005, Profitably exploiting near-Earth object resources: International Space Development Conference, National Space Society, p. 1-56.
23. Gertsch, L. S., J. L. Remo, and R. Gertsch, 2006, Asteroid/ comet classification for mining purposes: Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Aerospace Division International Conference on Engineering, Construction and Operation in Challenging Environments, ASCE Earth and Space Conference Proceedings, 8 p., doi:10.1061/40830(188)50.
24. Glaser, P. E., 1968, Power from the Sun: Its future: Science, v. 162, p. 856-861, doi:10.1126/science.l62.3856.857.
25. Glaser, P. E., 1977, Solar power from satellites: Physics Today, v. 30, no. 2, p. 30-38, doi:10.1063/1.3037410.
26. Grayson, M., and D. Eckroth, eds., 1982, Petroleum: Survey of refinery process-Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 3d ed.: New York, Wiley, v. 17, 189 p.
27. Hayes, J. M., 1967, Organic constituents of meteorites: A review: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 31, p. 1395-1440, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(67) 90019-1.
28. Humphries, M., 2010, Rare earth elements: The global supply chain: Congressional Research Service 7-5700: www.crs.gov R41347 (accessed February 1, 2011).
29. Jackson, W. D., and G. Christiansen, 1993, International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report: Rareearth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 930-N, 68 p.
30. Jarosewich, E., 1990, Chemical analyses of meteorites: A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses: Meteoritics, v. 25, p. 323-337.
31. Jokic, M. D., and J. M. Longuski, 2005, Artificial gravity and abort scenarios via tethers for human missions to Mars: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, v. 42, no. 5, p. 883-889, doi: 10.2514/1.6121. (Pubitemid 41549619)
32. Jones, T. D., et al., 2002, The next giant leap: Human exploration and utilization of near-Earth objects, in M. V. Sykes, ed., The future of solar system exploration 2003-2013: Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 272, p. 141-154.
33. Kargei, J. S., 1994, Metalliferous asteroids as potential sources of precious metals: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. E10, p. 21129-21141, doi:10 .1029/94JE02141.
34. Kargei, J. S., 1996, Market value of asteroidal precious metals in an age of diminishing terrestrial resources, in S. W. Johnson, ed., Engineering, construction, and operations in Space V: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Space '96, American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 821-829, doi:10.1061/40177(207)lll.
35. Kobayashi, S., et al., 2010, Determining the absolute abundances of natural radioactive elements on the lunar surface by the Kaguya gamma-ray spectrometer: Space Science Reviews, v. 154, p. 193-218, doi:10.1007 /s 11214-010-9650-2.
36. Komerath, N., 2009, The space power grid: Synergy between space, energy and security policies: Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy, 7 p., doi: 10.1109/ACSIP.2009.5367831.
37. Krasinsky, G. A., E. V. Pitjeva, M. V. Vasilyev, and E. I. Yagudina, 2002, Hidden mass in the asteroid belt: Icarus, v. 158, no. 1, p. 98-105, doi:10.1006/icar.2002 .6837.
38. Lewis, J. S., 1992, Asteroid resources, in M. F. McKay, D. S. McKay, and M. B. Duke, eds., Space resources materials: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Special Publication 509, v. 3, p. 59-77.
39. Lewis, J. S., 1996, Mining the sky: Untold riches from the asteroids, comets and planets: Reading, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 274 p.
40. Lewis, J. S., D. S. McKay, and B. C. Clark, 1993, Using resources from near-Earth space: Resources of near earth space: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 3-14.
41. Matzel, J. E. P., et al., 2010, Constraints on the formation age of cometary material from the NASA Stardust Mission: Science, v. 328, p. 483-486, doi:10.1126/science .1184741.
42. McMillan, R. S., 2010, University of Arizona Spacewatch Program: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu (accessed December 1, 2010).
43. Michel, P., A. Morbidelli, and W. F. Bottke, 2005, Origin and dynamics of near-Earth objects: Comptes Rendus Physique, v. 6, p. 291-301, doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2004.12.013.
44. Montagnon, E., and P. Ferri, 2006, Rosetta on its way to the outer solar system: Acta Astronautica, v. 59, p. 301-309, doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.02. 024. (Pubitemid 43816004)
45. Mudd, G. M., 2009, The sustainability of mining in Australia: Key trends and their environmental implications for the future: Research Report, Monash University Department of Civil Engineering and Mineral Policy Institute, 277 p.
46. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Near-Earth Object Program Discovery Statistics, 2010: http://neo. jpl.nasa.gov/stats/ (accessed November 8, 2010).
47. Nichols, C. R., 1993, Volatile products from carbonaceous asteroids: Resources of near-Earth space: Tucson, Arizona, University of Arizona Press, p. 543-568.
48. O'Leary, B., 1988, Asteroid mining and the moons of Mars: Acta Astronáutica, v. 17, no. 4, p. 457-462.
49. O'Leary, B., M. J. Gaffey, D. J. Ross, and R. Salkeld, 1979, Retrieval of asteroidal materials, in J. Billingham, W. Gilbreath, and B. O'Leary, eds., Space resources and space settlements IV-2: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Special Publication 428, p. 173-189.
50. Perozzi, E., A. Rossi, and G. B. Valsecchi, 2001, Basic targeting strategies for rendezvous and flyby missions to the near-Earth asteroids: Planetary and Space Science, v. 49, p. 3-21, doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00124-0.
51. Perry, R. H., and C. H. Chilton, 1973, Chemical engineers' handbook, 5th ed.: New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 8-11.
52. Platts Inside Energy Newsletter, 2010, DOE seeks to break China's grip on key metals: New York, McGraw-Hill Companies, p. 1-2, 19, 20.
53. Prior, T., D. Giurco, G. Mudd, L. Mason, and J. Behrisch, 2010, Resource depletion, peak minerals and the implications for sustainable resource management: International Society for Ecological Economics 11th Biennial Conference, Oldenburg/Bremen, Germany, 20 p.
54. Rabinowitz, D., E. Helin, K. Lawrence, and S. Pravdo, 2000, A reduced estimate of the number of kilometersize near-Earth asteroids: Nature, v. 403, p. 165-166, doi:10.1038/35003128. (Pubitemid 30050952)
55. Rayman, M., 2001, NASA bids farewell to Deep Space-1: http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/dsl/images.html (accessed March 1, 2011).
56. Robbins, W. H., and H. B. Finger, 1991, A historical perspective of the NERVA Nuclear Rocket Engine Technology Program: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contractor Report 187154, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics-91-3451, 16 p.
57. Ross, S. D., Near-Earth asteroid mining, 2001, Space Industry Report, 24 p.: http://www.nss.org/settlement/asteroids / NearEarthAsteroidMining%28Ross2001%29.pdf (accessed June 18, 2011).
58. Sackheim, R. L., 2006, Overview of United States space propulsion technology and associated space transportation systems: Journal of Propulsion and Power, v. 22, no. 6, p. 1310-1333. (Pubitemid 44905573)
59. Sagan, G, 1994, Pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space: New York, The Random House Publishing Group, 362 p.
60. Sanchez, J. P., and C. R. McInnes, 2010, Assessment on the feasibility of future shepherding of asteroid resources: 61st International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2010, Prague, Czech Republic, 15 p.
61. Sanders, G. B., and M. Duke, 2005, In-situ resource utilization capability roadmap progress review: http ://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar-resources/ documents/13 -OIntegratedISRUPresenta.pdf (accessed March 1, 2011).
62. Smith, J. W., and H. B. Jensen, 1987, Oil shale: Encyclopedia of science and technology, 6th ed.: New York, McGraw-Hill, v. 12, p. 333-340.
63. Smoot, L. G, 1979, General characteristics of coal, in L. Smoot and D. Pratt, eds., Pulverized-coal combustion and gasification: New York, Plenum Press, p. 123-132.
64. Snow, W. R., and R. S. Dunbar, 1982, Mass driver reaction engine characteristics and performance in Earth orbital transfer missions: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Magnetics, v. Mag-18, no. 1, p. 176-189, doi:10.1109/TMAG.1982.1061772.
65. Sonter, M. J., 1997, The technical and economic feasibility of mining the near-Earth asteroids: Acta Astronáutica, v. 41, no. 4-10, p. 637-647, doi:10.1016/S0094-5765 (98)00087-3.
66. Sonter, M. J., 2001, Near-Earth objects as resources for space industrialization: Solar System Development Journal, v. 1, no. 1, p. 1-31.
67. Spahr, T. B., 2011, Latest published data: Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/ (accessed January 19, 2011).
68. Spahr, T. B., 2012, Latest published data: Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/ (accessed June 18, 2012).
69. Stapledon, O., 1930, Last and first men, 1st ed.: New York, St. Martin's Press, 298 p.
70. U.S. Department of Commerce, 2007, Bureau of Economic Analysis industry data 1998-2006: http://www.bea, gov/industry/xls/GDPbylnd-VA-NAICS-1998 -2006.xls (accessed March 1, 2011).
71. U.S. Geological Survey Commodity Statistics and Information, 2011, Element specific information: http ¡//minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/ commodity/ (accessed December 7, 2011).
72. U.S. Geological Survey-Mineral Industry Surveys, 2010: http ://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals (accessed December 1, 2010).
73. Wall Street Journal Market Data Center, 2011: http ://onlinewsj.com/mdc/ public/page/mdc-commodities .html (accessed December 7, 2011).
74. Weissman, P. R., M. F. A'Hearn, H. Rickman, and L. A. McFadden, 1989, Evolution of comets into asteroids, in R. Binzel, T. Gehrels, and M. S. Matthews, eds., Asteroids II: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 442-467.
75. Young, L. R., 2006, Artificial gravity considerations for a Mars exploration mission: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 871, no. 1, p. 367-378.
76. Zinner, E., 1988, Interstellar cloud material in meteorites, in J. F. Kerridge and M. S. Mathews, eds., Meteorites and the early solar system: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 956-983.
77. Zubrin, R., 1996, The case for Mars: The plan to settle the red planet and why we must: New York, Simon & Schuster, Inc., 316 p.