The metabolic syndrome entanglement: Cutting the Gordian knot

Cardiology Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-5

  Fisman, Enrique Z ^a,b   Tenenbaum, Alexander ^a,b,c  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Foundation   (Israel)

^c SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Dyslipidemia; Hypertension; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; STOMACH BYPASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; META ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84893489528     PISSN: 18975593     EISSN: 1898018X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5603/CJ.a2013.0054     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Reaven GM. Banting Lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 1988; 37:1595-1607.
2. Simmons RK, Alberti KG, Gale EA et al. The metabolic syndrome: Useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Diabetologia, 2010; 53: 600-605.
3. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999, pp. 1-59.
4. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation, 2004; 109:433-438.
5. Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med, 1999; 16: 442-443.
6. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome: A new worldwide definition. Lancet, 2005; 366:1059-1062.
7. Lee IT, Chiu YF, Hwu CM et al. Central obesity is important but not essential component of the metabolicsyndrome for predicting diabetes mellitus in a hypertensive family-based cohort. Results from the Stanford Asia-pacific program for hypertension and insulin resistance (SAPPHIRe) Taiwan follow-up study. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2012; 11: 43.
8. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome. A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, 2009; 120: 1640-1645.
9. Reaven GM, The individual components of the metabolic syndrome: is there a raison d'etre? J Am Coll Nutr, 2007; 26: 191-195.
10. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2005; 28: 2289-2304.
11. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al. American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation, 2005; 112: 2735-2752.
12. Abbasi F, Brown BWB, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 40: 937-943.
13. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C et al. Differentiation between obesity and insulin resistance in the association with C-reactive protein. Circulation, 2002; 106: 2908-2912.
14. Meigs JB, Wilson PWF, Fox CS et al. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and risk of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006; 91: 2906-2912.
15. Olefsky JM, Farquhar JW, Reaven GM. Reappraisal of the role of insulin in hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Med, 1974; 57: 551-560.
16. Jeppesen J, Hollenbeck CB, Zhou M-Y et al. Relation between insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity, and postprandial lipemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1995; 15: 320-324.
17. Karpe F, Bard JM, Steiner G, Carlson LA, Fruchart JC, Hamsten A. HDLs and alimentary lipemia: studies in men with previous myocardial infarction at young age. Arterioscler Thromb, 1993; 13: 11-22.
18. Swislocki ALM, Hoffman BB, Reaven GM, Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 1989; 2: 419-423.
19. Allemann Y, Horber FF, Colombo M et al. Insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Lancet, 1993; 341: 327-331.
20. Taittonen L, Uhari M, Nuutinen M, Turtinen J, Pokka T, Åkerblom HK. Insulin and blood pressure among healthy children. Am J Hypertens, 1996; 9:193-199.
21. Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Dall'Aglio E, Gasparini P, Passeri M, Reaven GM. Prevalence of hyperinsulinaemia in patients with high blood pressure. J Intern Med, 1992; 231: 235-240.
22. Himsworth HP, Kerr RB. Insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types of diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci, 1939; 4: 119-152.
23. Reaven GM. Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Does it exist and can it be measured? Am J Med, 1983; 74: 3-17.
24. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M et al. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 1993; 329: 1988-1992.
25. Tenenbaum A, Fisman EZ. "The metabolic syndrome... is dead": These reports are an exaggeration. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2011; 10: 11.
26. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 49: 403-414.
27. Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Am J Med, 2006; 119: 812-819.
28. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010; 56: 1113-1132.
29. Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Kasai T et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome on 10-year clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J, 2009; 73: 1454-1458.
30. Feinberg MS, Schwartz R, Tanne D et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on the clinical outcomes of non-clinically diagnosed diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol, 2007; 99: 667-672.
31. Herder M, Arntzen KA, Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB. The metabolic syndrome and progression of carotid atherosclerosis over 13 years. The Tromso study. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2012; 11: 77.
32. Leguisamo NM, Lehnen AM, Machado UF et al. GLUT4 content decreases along with insulin resistance and high levels of inflammatory markers in rats with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2012; 11: 100.
33. Hiuge A, Tenenbaum A, Maeda N et al. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, bezafibrate and fenofibrate, on adiponectin level. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007; 27: 635-641.
34. Ramli J, Calderon Artero P, Block RC, Mousa SA. Novel therapeutic targets for preserving a healthy endothelium: Strategies for reducing the risk of vascular and cardiovascular disease. Cardiol J, 2011; 18: 352-363.
35. Del Ben M, Baratta F, Polimeni L, Angelico F. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological, clinical and pathophysiological evidences. Intern Emerg Med, 2012; 7 (suppl. 3): 291-296.
36. Borges RL, Ribeiro AB, Zanella MT, Batista MC. Uric acid as a factor in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2010; 12: 113-119.
37. Garaulet M, Madrid JA. Chronobiology, genetics and metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol, 2009; 20: 127-134.
38. Kong AP, Chan NN, Chan JC. The role of adipocytokines and neurohormonal dysregulation in metabolic syndrome. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2006; 2: 397-407.
39. Brady EM, Davies MJ, Hall AP, Talbot DC, Dick JL, Khunti K. An investigation into the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing, the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk profiles, and inflammation between South Asians and Caucasians residing in the United Kingdom. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2012; 10: 152-158.
40. Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Fisman EZ et al. Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome. Arch Intern Med, 2005; 165: 1154-1160.
41. Erdem A, Uenishi M, Kukukdurmaz Z et al. The effect of metabolic syndrome on heart rate turbulence in non-diabetic patients. Cardiol J, 2012; 19: 507-512.
42. Altuncu ME, Baspinar O, Keskin M. The use of short-term analysis of heart rate variability to assess autonomic function in obese children and its relationship with metabolic syndrome. Cardiol J, 2012; 19: 501-506.
43. Gurka MJ, Ice CL, Sun SS, Deboer MD. A confirmatory factor analysis of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: An examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2012; 11: 128.
44. Rasouli M, Nesarhosseini V Kiasari AM et al. The multiplicative interactions of leukocyte counts with some other risk factors enhance the prognostic value for coronary artery disease. Cardiol J, 2011; 8: 246-253.
45. Sullivan SD, Ratner RE. Should the metabolic syndrome patient with prediabetes be offered pharmacotherapy? Curr Diab Rep, 2011; 11: 91-98.
46. Rizzello M, De Angelis F, Campanile FC, Silecchia G. Effect of gastrointestinal surgical manipulation on metabolic syndrome: a focus on metabolic surgery. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2012; 2012: 670418. doi: 10.1155/2012/670418. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
47. Navarese EP, Koziński M, Pafundi T et al. Practical and updated guidelines on performing meta-analyses of non-randomized studies in interventional cardiology. Cardiol J, 2011; 18: 3-7.
48. Grundy SM. Does the metabolic syndrome exist? Diabetes Care, 2006; 29: 1689-1692.
49. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: A case-control study. Lancet, 2005; 366: 1640-1649.