Head injuries among FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders: A 7-year cohort study

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 41-45

  Steenstrup, Sophie E ^a   Bere, Tone ^a,b   Bahr, Roald ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b ASPETAR ORTHOPAEDIC AND SPORTS MEDICINE HOSPITAL   (Qatar)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONCUSSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FACE INJURY; FEMALE; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INJURY; INJURY SCALE; MALE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SKI INJURIES; SKIING; SPORTING INJURIES; STATISTICS;

CONCUSSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEAD INJURIES; SKI INJURIES; SPORTING INJURIES;

ADULT; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COHORT STUDIES; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; FACIAL INJURIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; MALE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SKIING;

EID: 84893435886     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: 14730480     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093145     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Bere T, Florenes TW, Nordsletten L, et al. Sex differences in the risk of injury in World Cup alpine skiers: a 6-year cohort study. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:40-4.
2. Florenes TW, Heir S, Nordsletten L, et al. Injuries among World Cup freestyle skiers. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:803-8.
3. Major DH, Steenstrup SE, Bere T, et al. Injury rate and injury pattern among elite World Cup snowboarders: a 6-year cohort study. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:19-24.
4. Ackery A, Hagel BE, Provvidenza C, et al. An international review of head and spinal cord injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding. Inj Prev 2007;13:368-75.
5. Russell K, Meeuwisse W, Nettel-Aguirre A, et al. Characteristics of injuries sustained by snowboarders in a terrain park. Clin J Sport Med 2013;23:172-7.
6. Brooks MA, Evans MD, Rivara FP. Evaluation of skiing and snowboarding injuries sustained in terrain parks versus traditional slopes. Inj Prev 2010;16:119-22.
7. Fukuda O, Takaba M, Saito T, et al. Head injuries in snowboarders compared with head injuries in skiers. A prospective analysis of 1076 patients from 1994 to 1999 in Niigata, Japan. Am J Sports Med 2001;29:437-40.
8. Dick RW. Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? Br J Sports Med 2009;43(Suppl 1):i46-50.
9. Harmon KG, Drezner J, Gammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Clin J Sport Med 2013;23:1-18.
10. Lincoln AE, Caswell SV, Almquist JL, et al. Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: a prospective 11-year study. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:958-63.
11. Florenes TW, Nordsletten L, Heir S, et al. Recording injuries among World Cup skiers and snowboarders: a methodological study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:196-205.
12. Fuller CW, Ekstrand J, Junge A, et al. Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006;16:83-92.
13. International Ski federation (FIS) official website. http://www.fis-ski. com (accessed 15 Aug. 2013)
14. Mecham MD, Greenwald RM, Macintyre JG, et al. Incidence and severity of head impact during freestyle aerial ski jumping. J Appl Biomech 1999;15:27-35.
15. Canadian Freestyle Ski Association Official Website 2013. http://freestyleski.com/about/freestyle-101/disciplines/ (accessed 15 Aug. 2013).
16. Steenstrup SE, Bere T, Florenes TW, et al. Injury incidence in qualification runs versus final runs in FIS World Cup snowboard cross and ski cross. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:1310-14.
17. Bakken A, Bere T, Bahr R, et al. Mechanisms of injuries in World Cup Snowboard Cross: a systematic video analysis of 19 cases. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:1315-22.
18. Randjelovic S, Heir S, Nordsletten L, et al. Injury situations in Freestyle Ski Cross (SX): a video analysis of 33 cases. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:31-9.
19. Marar M, McIlvain NM, Fields SK, et al. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:747-55.
20. Ski Cross and Snowboard Cross times, speeds and percentage differences Vancouver. 2010. http://wiki.fisski.com/index.php/Ski-Cross-vs.-Snowboard-Cross- times,-speeds-and-percentage-differences-Vancouver-2010 (accessed 16 Sep. 2013).
21. Levy AS, Smith RH. Neurologic injuries in skiers and snowboarders. Semin Neurol 2000;20:233-45.
22. Ruedl G, Bilek H, Ebner H, et al. Fatalities on Austrian ski slopes during a 5-year period. Wilderness Environ Med 2011;22:326-8.
23. Hagel BE, Goulet C, Platt RW, et al. Injuries among skiers and snowboarders in Quebec. Epidemiology 2004;15:279-86.
24. Haider AH, Saleem T, Bilaniuk JW, et al. An evidence-based review: efficacy of safety helmets in the reduction of head injuries in recreational skiers and snowboarders. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73:1340-7.
25. Russell K, Christie J, Hagel BE. The effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries among skiers and snowboarders: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2010;182:333-40.
26. Sulheim S, Holme I, Ekeland A, et al. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA 2006;295:919-24.
27. FIS competition equipment rule. http://www.fis-ski.com/data/document/ competitionequipment-1213-aug12.pdf (accessed 15 Aug. 2013)
28. FIS helmet rule 2013/14. http://www.fis-ski.com/data/document/121107- helmetrulefinal.pdf (accessed 15 Aug. 2013).
29. Snell Certification and enforcement testing. http://www.smf.org/docs/ articles/pdf/SnellTestingPolicy.pdf (accessed 23 Sep. 2013).
30. Central European Norm: Helmets for alpine skiers and snowboarders (CEN 1077). http://wiki.fis-ski.com/index.php/CEN-1077 (accessed 23 Sep. 2013).
31. Standard Specification for Helmets Used for Recreational Snow Sports: ASTM F2040-11. http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2040.htm (accessed 23 Sep. 2013).
32. Helmets for alpine skiers and snowboarders: EN 1077. https://law. resource.org/pub/rs/ibr/srps.en.1077.2011.pdf (accessed 23 Sep. 2013).
33. McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012. J Athl Train 2013;48:554-75.
34. Bere T, Florenes TW, Krosshaug T, et al. A systematic video analysis of 69 injury cases in World Cup alpine skiing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013 Jan 10. doi: 10.1111/sms.12038. Published Online First: 10 Jan 2013.
35. Bere T, Florenes TW, Krosshaug T, et al. Events leading to anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup Alpine Skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:1294-302.
36. Bere T, Florenes TW, Krosshaug T, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup alpine skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:1421-9.
37. Bere T, Mok KM, Koga H, et al. Kinematics of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in World Cup alpine skiing: 2 case reports of the slip-catch mechanism. Am J Sports Med 2013;41:1067-73.
38. Greenwald RM, Chu JJ, Beckwith JG, et al. A proposed method to reduce underreporting of brain injury in sports. Clin J Sport Med 2012;22:83-5.
39. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the Third International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Phys Sports Med 2009;37:141-59.
40. Williamson IJ, Goodman D. Converging evidence for the under-reporting of concussions in youth ice hockey. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:128-32.
41. McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, et al. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14:13-17.