Oxidative stress in alzheimer's disease: Why did antioxidant therapy fail?

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Persson, Torbjörn ^a   Popescu, Bogdan O ^b,c   Cedazo Minguez, Angel ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b CAROL DAVILA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

^c VICTOR BABES NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY   (Romania)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIOXIDANT THERAPIES; ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT; BENEFICIAL EFFECTS; CLINICAL STUDY; DATA SUPPORT;

ANTIOXIDANTS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

PATIENT TREATMENT;

ANTIOXIDANT;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; ANIMAL; PATHOLOGY; TREATMENT FAILURE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84893171400     PISSN: 19420900     EISSN: 19420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/427318     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Prince M., Bryce R., Albanese E., Wimo A., Ribeiro W., Ferri C. P., The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2013 9, article e2 63 75
2. Selkoe D. J., Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiological Reviews 2001 81 2 741 766 2-s2.0-0035066332 (Pubitemid 32267077)
3. Farrer L. A., Cupples L. A., Haines J. L., Hyman B., Kukull W. A., Mayeux R., Myers R. H., Pericak-Vance M. A., Risch N., Van Duijn C. M., Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997 278 16 1349 1356 2-s2.0-0030823158 (Pubitemid 27449696)
4. Wenk G. L., Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003 64 supplement 9 7 10 2-s2.0-0042508791 (Pubitemid 37040372)
5. Stadelmann C., Deckwerth T. L., Srinivasan A., Bancher C., Brück W., Jellinger K., Lassmann H., Activation of caspase-3 in single neurons and autophagic granules of granulovacuolar degeneration in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for apoptotic cell death. The American Journal of Pathology 1999 155 5 1459 1466 2-s2.0-0032747486
6. Albrecht S., Bogdanovic N., Ghetti B., Winblad B., Leblanc A. C., Caspase-6 activation in familial Alzheimer disease brains carrying amyloid precursor protein or presenilin i or presenilin II mutations. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2009 68 12 1282 1293 2-s2.0-73349135640 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181c1da10
7. Selkoe D. J., The deposition of amyloid proteins in the aging mammalian brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Medicine 1989 21 2 73 76 2-s2.0-0024410266 (Pubitemid 19139216)
8. Grundke-Iqbal I., Iqbal K., Quinlan M., Microtubule-associated protein tau. A component of Alzheimer paired helical filaments. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1986 261 13 6084 6089 2-s2.0-0023009658 (Pubitemid 17207447)
9. Xiang Z., Haroutunian V., Ho L., Purohit D., Pasinetti G. M., Microglia activation in the brain as inflammatory biomarker of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and clinical dementia. Disease Markers 2006 22 1-2 95 102 2-s2.0-29244437580 (Pubitemid 41831608)
10. Nunomura A., Perry G., Aliev G., Hirai K., Takeda A., Balraj E. K., Jones P. K., Ghanbari H., Wataya T., Shimohama S., Chiba S., Atwood C. S., Petersen R. B., Smith M. A., Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2001 60 8 759 767 2-s2.0-0034923434 (Pubitemid 32678256)
11. Koopman W. J., Nijtmans L. G., Dieteren C. E., Roestenberg P., Valsecchi F., Smeitink J. A. M., Willems P. H. G. M., Mammalian mitochondrial complex I: biogenesis, regulation, and reactive oxygen species generation. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2010 12 12 1431 1470 2-s2.0-77951953060 10.1089/ars.2009.2743
12. Doorn J. A., Petersen D. R., Covalent adduction of nucleophilic amino acids by 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-oxononenal. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2003 143-144 93 100 2-s2.0-0037327992 10.1016/S0009-2797(02)00178-3 (Pubitemid 36246435)
13. Zhu X., Su B., Wang X., Smith M. A., Perry G., Causes of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2007 64 17 2202 2210 2-s2.0-34548356689 10.1007/s00018-007-7218-4 (Pubitemid 47347959)
14. Valavanidis A., Vlachogianni T., Fiotakis C., 8-hydroxy-2′- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Journal of Environmental Science and Health C 2009 27 2 120 139 2-s2.0-66149088854
15. Poulsen H. E., Specht E., Broedbaek K., Henriksen T., Ellervik C., Mandrup-Poulsen T., Tonnesen M., Nielsen P. E., Andersen H. U., Weimann A., RNA modifications by oxidation: a novel disease mechanism? Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2012 52 8 1353 1361 2-s2.0-84858998993 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01. 009
16. Ding Q., Markesbery W. R., Chen Q., Li F., Keller J. N., Ribosome dysfunction is an early event in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25 40 9171 9175 2-s2.0-27144494994 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3040-05.2005 (Pubitemid 41500825)
17. Milne G. L., Musiek E. S., Morrow J. D., F2-isoprostanes as markers of oxidative stress in vivo: an overview. Biomarkers 2005 10 supplement 1 S10 S23 2-s2.0-33645569222
18. Liu T., Stern A., Roberts L. J., Morrow J. D., The isoprostanes: novel prostaglandin-like products of the free radical- catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. Journal of Biomedical Science 1999 6 4 226 235 2-s2.0-0032778931 (Pubitemid 29339738)
19. Headlam H. A., Davies M. J., Markers of protein oxidation: different oxidants give rise to variable yields of bound and released carbonyl products. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2004 36 9 1175 1184 2-s2.0-1842685103 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.017 (Pubitemid 38479871)
20. Alderson N. L., Wang Y., Blatnik M., Frizzell N., Walla M. D., Lyons T. J., Alt N., Carson J. A., Nagai R., Thorpe S. R., Baynes J. W., S-(2-Succinyl)cysteine: a novel chemical modification of tissue proteins by a Krebs cycle intermediate. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2006 450 1 1 8 2-s2.0-33646875238 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.005 (Pubitemid 43782733)
21. Zeng J., Davies M. J., Evidence for the formation of adducts and S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine on reaction of -dicarbonyl compounds with thiol groups on amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2005 18 8 1232 1241 2-s2.0-23844502010 10.1021/tx050074u (Pubitemid 41170247)
22. Berlett B. S., Stadtman E. R., Protein oxidation in aging, disease, and oxidative stress. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997 272 33 20313 20316 2-s2.0-0030841350 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20313 (Pubitemid 27355575)
23. Ricci C., Pastukh V., Leonard J., Turrens J., Wilson G., Schaffer D., Schaffer S. W., Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers mitochondrial-superoxide generation and apoptosis. The American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2008 294 2 C413 C422 2-s2.0-39349111970 10.1152/ajpcell.00362.2007 (Pubitemid 351264418)
24. Saitoh M., Nishitoh H., Fujii M., Takeda K., Tobiume K., Sawada Y., Kawabata M., Miyazono K., Ichijo H., Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO Journal 1998 17 9 2596 2606 2-s2.0-0032080283 10.1093/emboj/17.9.2596 (Pubitemid 28221195)
25. 2-terminal kinase activation and apoptosis. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2007 18 10 3903 3913 2-s2.0-34948845017 10.1091/mbc.E07-05-0491 (Pubitemid 47519483)
26. Yamamoto H., Ozaki T., Nakanishi M., Kikuchi H., Yoshida K., Horie H., Kuwano H., Nakagawara A., Oxidative stress induces p53-dependent apoptosis in hepatoblastoma cell through its nuclear translocation. Genes to Cells 2007 12 4 461 471 2-s2.0-33947622196 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01065.x (Pubitemid 46488582)
27. Bradley M. A., Xiong-Fister S., Markesbery W. R., Lovell M. A., Elevated 4-hydroxyhexenal in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Neurobiology of Aging 2012 33 6 1034 1044 2-s2.0-84859510372 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.016
28. Markesbery W. R., Kryscio R. J., Lovell M. A., Morrow J. D., Lipid peroxidation is an early event in the brain in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Annals of Neurology 2005 58 5 730 735 2-s2.0-27644446857 10.1002/ana.20629 (Pubitemid 41552548)
29. Praticò D., Lee V. M., Trojanowski J. Q., Rokach J., Fitzgerald G. A., Increased F2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo. The FASEB Journal 1998 12 15 1777 1783 2-s2.0-0032238783 (Pubitemid 28553673)
30. Lovell M. A., Xie C., Markesbery W. R., Acrolein is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain and is toxic to primary hippocampal cultures. Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 2 187 194 2-s2.0-0035112495 10.1016/S0197-4580(00) 00235-9 (Pubitemid 32162967)
31. Kuhla B., Haase C., Flach K., Lüth H.-J., Arendt T., Münch G., Effect of pseudophosphorylation and cross-linking by lipid peroxidation and advanced glycation end product precursors on tau aggregation and filament formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007 282 10 6984 6991 2-s2.0-34147135482 10.1074/jbc.M609521200 (Pubitemid 47093635)
32. Lovell M. A., Soman S., Bradley M. A., Oxidatively modified nucleic acids in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (PCAD) brain. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2011 132 8-9 443 448 2-s2.0-80053110019 10.1016/j.mad.2011.08.003
33. Mecocci P., MacGarvey U., Beal M. F., Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 1994 36 5 747 751 2-s2.0-0028152717 10.1002/ana.410360510 (Pubitemid 24337634)
34. Wang J., Xiong S., Xie C., Markesbery W. R., Lovell M. A., Increased oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005 93 4 953 962 2-s2.0-18844462415 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03053.x (Pubitemid 40695754)
35. Hensley K., Hall N., Subramaniam R., Cole P., Harris M., Aksenov M., Aksenova M., Gabbita S. P., Wu J. F., Carney J. M., Lovell M., Markesbery W. R., Butterfield D. A., Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer's disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation. Journal of Neurochemistry 1995 65 5 2146 2156 2-s2.0-0028807137
36. Ansari M. A., Scheff S. W., Oxidative stress in the progression of alzheimer disease in the frontal cortex. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2010 69 2 155 167 2-s2.0-75949121583 10.1097/NEN. 0b013e3181cb5af4
37. Montine T. J., Beal M. F., Cudkowicz M. E., O'Donnell H., Margolin R. A., McFarland L., Bachrach A. F., Zackert W. E., Roberts L. J., Morrow J. D., Increased CSF F2-isoprostane concentration in probable AD. Neurology 1999 52 3 562 565 2-s2.0-0032588611 (Pubitemid 29075604)
38. Lovell M. A., Gabbita S. P., Markesbery W. R., Increased DNA oxidation and decreased levels of repair products in Alzheimer's disease ventricular CSF. Journal of Neurochemistry 1999 72 2 771 776 2-s2.0-0032933750 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720771.x (Pubitemid 29055242)
39. Ahmed N., Ahmed U., Thornalley P. J., Hager K., Fleischer G., Münch G., Protein glycation, oxidation and nitration adduct residues and free adducts of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease and link to cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005 92 2 255 263 2-s2.0-13244270042 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02864.x (Pubitemid 40194017)
40. Greilberger J., Koidl C., Greilberger M., Lamprecht M., Schroecksnadel K., Leblhuber F., Fuchs D., Oettl K., Malondialdehyde, carbonyl proteins and albumin-disulphide as useful oxidative markers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Research 2008 42 7 633 638 2-s2.0-48449092905 10.1080/10715760802255764
41. Sinem F., Dildar K., Gökhan E., Melda B., Orhan Y., Filiz M., The serum protein and lipid oxidation marker levels in Alzheimer's disease and effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and antipsychotic drugs therapy. Current Alzheimer Research 2010 7 5 463 469 2-s2.0-78549239223 10.2174/ 156720510791383822
42. Irizarry M. C., Yao Y., Hyman B. T., Growdon J. H., Praticò D., Plasma F2A isoprostane levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative Diseases 2007 4 6 403 405 2-s2.0-35048845219 10.1159/000107699 (Pubitemid 47557280)
43. Montine T. J., Quinn J. F., Milatovic D., Silbert L. C., Dang T., Sanchez S., Terry E., Roberts L. J. II, Kaye J. A., Morrow J. D., Peripheral F2-isoprostanes and F4-neuroprostanes are not increased in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 2002 52 2 175 179 2-s2.0-0035984342 10.1002/ana.10272 (Pubitemid 34810597)
44. Kadioglu E., Sardas S., Aslan S., Isik E., Karakaya A. E., Detection of oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Biomarkers 2004 9 2 203 209 2-s2.0-4544225426 10.1080/13547500410001728390 (Pubitemid 39255641)
45. Migliore L., Fontana I., Trippi F., Colognato R., Coppedè F., Tognoni G., Nucciarone B., Siciliano G., Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes of mild cognitive impairment and AD patients. Neurobiology of Aging 2005 26 5 567 573 2-s2.0-13644270565 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.016 (Pubitemid 40228745)
46. Abe T., Tohgi H., Isobe C., Murata T., Sato C., Remarkable increase in the concentration of 8-hydroxyguanosine in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2002 70 3 447 450 2-s2.0-0037010314 10.1002/jnr.10349 (Pubitemid 35222381)
47. Resende R., Moreira P. I., Proença T., Deshpande A., Busciglio J., Pereira C., Oliveira C. R., Brain oxidative stress in a triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2008 44 12 2051 2057 2-s2.0-43849096294 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.012
48. Bélanger M., Allaman I., Magistretti P. J., Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Cell Metabolism 2011 14 6 724 738 2-s2.0-82955168362 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.016
49. Marszalek J. R., Lodish H. F., Docosahexaenoic acid, fatty acid-interacting proteins, and neuronal function: breastmilk and fish are good for you. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2005 21 633 657 2-s2.0-28444434796 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.120624 (Pubitemid 41740649)
50. Karuppagounder S. S., Xu H., Shi Q., Chen L. H., Pedrini S., Pechman D., Baker H., Beal M. F., Gandy S. E., Gibson G. E., Thiamine deficiency induces oxidative stress and exacerbates the plaque pathology in Alzheimer's mouse model. Neurobiology of Aging 2009 30 10 1587 1600 2-s2.0-69249206779 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.013
51. Lustbader J. W., Cirilli M., Lin C., Xu H. W., Takuma K., Wang N., Caspersen C., Chen X., Pollak S., Chaney M., Trinchese F., Liu S., Gunn-Moore F., Lue L.-F., Walker D. G., Kappasamy P., Zewier Z. L., Arancio O., Stern D., Yan S. S., Wu H., ABAD directly links A β to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Science 2004 304 5669 448 452 2-s2.0-11144353586 10.1126/science.1091230 (Pubitemid 38495942)
52. Takuma K., Yao J., Huang J., Xu H., Chen X., Luddy J., Trillat A.-C., Stern D. M., Arancio O., Yan S. S., ABAD enhances A β -induced cell stress via mitochondrial dysfunction. The FASEB Journal 2005 19 6 597 598 2-s2.0-20144388830 10.1096/fj.04-2582fje (Pubitemid 40471256)
53. Akterin S., Cowburn R. F., Miranda-Vizuete A., Jiménez A., Bogdanovic N., Winblad B., Cedazo-Minguez A., Involvement of glutaredoxin-1 and thioredoxin-1 in β -amyloid toxicity and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death and Differentiation 2006 13 9 1454 1465 2-s2.0-33747046123 10.1038/sj.cdd. 4401818 (Pubitemid 44210349)
54. Cenini G., Sultana R., Memo M., Butterfield D. A., Elevated levels of pro-apoptotic p53 and its oxidative modification by the lipid peroxidation product, HNE,in brain from subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2008 12 3 987 994 2-s2.0-44149095262 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00163.x (Pubitemid 351718076)
55. Sharma A., Sharma R., Chaudhary P., Vatsyayan R., Pearce V., Jeyabal P. V. S., Zimniak P., Awasthi S., Awasthi Y. C., 4-Hydroxynonenal induces p53-mediated apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2008 480 2 85 94 2-s2.0-55849108107 10.1016/j.abb.2008.09.016
56. Ramassamy C., Averill D., Beffert U., Theroux L., Lussier-Cacan S., Cohn J. S., Christen Y., Schoofs A., Davignon J., Poirier J., Oxidative insults are associated with apolipoprotein E genotype in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiology of Disease 2000 7 1 23 37 2-s2.0-0034052607 10.1006/nbdi.1999.0273 (Pubitemid 30141817)
57. Glodzik-Sobanska L., Pirraglia E., Brys M., de Santi S., Mosconi L., Rich K. E., Switalski R., Louis L. S., Sadowski M. J., Martiniuk F., Mehta P., Pratico D., Zinkowski R. P., Blennow K., de Leon M. J., The effects of normal aging and ApoE genotype on the levels of CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2009 30 5 672 681 2-s2.0-62349135758 10.1016/j. neurobiolaging.2007.08.019
58. Miyata M., Smith J. D., Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and β -amyloid peptides. Nature Genetics 1996 14 1 55 61 2-s2.0-0029765553 10.1038/ng0996-55 (Pubitemid 26301547)
59. Benzi G., Moretti A., Age- and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1995 19 1 77 101 2-s2.0-0029012812 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00244-E
60. Calabrese V., Sultana R., Scapagnini G., Guagliano E., Sapienza M., Bella R., Kanski J., Pennisi G., Mancuso C., Stella A. M. G., Butterfield D. A., Nitrosative stress, cellular stress response, and thiol homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2006 8 11-12 1975 1986 2-s2.0-33947606911 (Pubitemid 46489625)
61. Sultana R., Piroddi M., Galli F., Butterfield D. A., Protein levels and activity of some antioxidant enzymes in hippocampus of subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurochemical Research 2008 33 12 2540 2546 2-s2.0-56349091788 10.1007/s11064-008-9593-0
62. Duffy S. L., Lagopoulos J., Hickie I. B., Diamond K., Graeber M. B., Lewis S. J. G., Naismith S. L., Glutathione relates to neuropsychological functioning in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's and Dement 2013 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.01.005
63. Puertas M. C., Martínez-Martos J. M., Cobo M. P., Carrera M. P., Mayas M. D., Ramírez-Expósito M. J., Plasma oxidative stress parameters in men and women with early stage Alzheimer type dementia. Experimental Gerontology 2012 47 8 625 630 10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.019
64. Rinaldi P., Polidori M. C., Metastasio A., Mariani E., Mattioli P., Cherubini A., Catani M., Cecchetti R., Senin U., Mecocci P., Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2003 24 7 915 919 2-s2.0-0042591280 10.1016/S0197- 4580(03)00031-9 (Pubitemid 36962976)
65. Padurariu M., Ciobica A., Hritcu L., Stoica B., Bild W., Stefanescu C., Changes of some oxidative stress markers in the serum of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 2010 469 1 6 10 2-s2.0-72649096229 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.033
66. Berr C., Richard M.-J., Gourlet V., Garrel C., Favier A., Enzymatic antioxidant balance and cognitive decline in aging-the EVA study. European Journal of Epidemiology 2004 19 2 133 138 2-s2.0-1642271237 10.1023/B:EJEP. 0000017830.27594.e9 (Pubitemid 38374563)
67. Loef M., Schrauzer G. N., Walach H., Selenium and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 26 1 81 104 2-s2.0-80052837908 10.3233/JAD-2011-110414
68. Brigelius-Flohé R., Traber M. G., Vitamin E: function and metabolism. The FASEB Journal 1999 13 10 1145 1155 2-s2.0-0033037413 (Pubitemid 29300361)
69. Baldeiras I., Santana I., Proença M. T., Garrucho M. H., Pascoal R., Rodrigues A., Duro D., Oliveira C. R., Peripheral oxidative damage in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2008 15 1 117 128 2-s2.0-52449117220
70. Mangialasche F., Xu W., Kivipelto M., Costanzi E., Ercolani S., Pigliautile M., Cecchetti R., Baglioni M., Simmons A., Soininen H., Tsolaki M., Kloszewska I., Vellas B., Lovestone S., Mecocci P., Tocopherols and tocotrienols plasma levels are associated with cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging 2012 33 10 2282 2290 2-s2.0-83655197550 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.019
71. Jiménez-Jiménez F. J., de Bustos F., Molina J. A., Benito-León J., Tallón-Barranco A., Gasalla T., Ortí-Pareja M., Guillamón F., Rubio J. C., Arenas J., Enríquez-de-Salamanca R., Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 1997 104 6-7 703 710 2-s2.0-9844235930 10.1007/BF01291887 (Pubitemid 27474683)
72. Mangialasche F., Kivipelto M., Mecocci P., Rizzuto D., Palmer K., Winblad B., Fratiglioni L., High plasma levels of vitamin E forms and reduced Alzheimer's disease risk in advanced age. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 20 4 1029 1037 2-s2.0-77954559376 10.3233/JAD-2010-091450
73. von Arnim C. A., Herbolsheimer F., Nikolaus T., Peter R., Biesalski H. K., Ludolph A. C., Riepe M., Nagel G., Acti, G F. E. U. S., Dietary antioxidants and dementia in a population-based case-control study among older people in South Germany. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012 31 717 724
74. Akbaraly N. T., Hininger-Favier I., Carrière I., Arnaud J., Gourlet V., Roussel A.-M., Berr C., Plasma selenium over time and cognitive decline in the elderly. Epidemiology 2007 18 1 52 58 2-s2.0-33845760445 10.1097/01.ede.0000248202.83695.4e (Pubitemid 46005909)
75. Schweizer U., Streckfuß F., Pelt P., Carlson B. A., Hatfield D. L., Köhrle J., Schomburg L., Hepatically derived selenoprotein P is a key factor for kidney but not for brain selenium supply. Biochemical Journal 2005 386 2 221 226 2-s2.0-14844311284 10.1042/BJ20041973 (Pubitemid 40343779)
76. Lovell M. A., Xie C. S., Gabbita S. P., Markesbery W. R., Decreased thioredoxin and increased thioredoxin reductase levels in Alzheimer's disease brain. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2000 28 3 418 427 2-s2.0-0033969616 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00258-0 (Pubitemid 30110658)
77. Gil-Bea F., Akterin S., Persson T. R., Mateos L., Sandebring A., Avila-Cari?o J., Gutierrez-Rodriguez A., Sundstr?m E., Holmgren A., Winblad B., Cedazo-Minguez A., Thioredoxin-80 is a product of alpha-secretase cleavage that inhibits amyloid-beta aggregation and is decreased in Alzheimer's disease brain. EMBO Molecular Medicine 2012 4 10 1097 1111 10.1002/emmm.201201462
78. Pekkari K., Holmgren A., Truncated Thioredoxin: hysiological functions and mechanism. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2004 6 1 53 61 2-s2.0-0346340023 (Pubitemid 38063975)
79. Torres L. L., Quaglio N. B., de Souza G. T., Garcia R. T., Dati L. M. M., Moreira W. L., De Melo Loureiro A. P., De Souza-Talarico J. N., Smid J., Porto C. S., De Campos Bottino C. M., Nitrini R., De Moraes Barros S. B., Camarini R., Marcourakis T., Peripheral oxidative stress biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 26 1 59 68 2-s2.0-80052844164 10.3233/JAD-2011-110284
80. Tang M.-X., Jacobs D., Stern Y., Marder K., Schofieid P., Garland B., Andrews H., Mayeux R., Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet 1996 348 9025 429 432 2-s2.0-0030591669 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03356-9 (Pubitemid 26267873)
81. Schönknecht P., Pantel J., Klinga K., Jensen M., Hartmann T., Salbach B., Schröder J., Reduced cerebrospinal fluid estradiol levels are associated with increased β -amyloid levels in female patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 2001 307 2 122 124 2-s2.0-0035854616 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01896-1 (Pubitemid 32568389)
82. Mateos L., Persson T., Katoozi S., Gil-Bea F. J., Cedazo-Minguez A., Estrogen protects against amyloid-beta toxicity by estrogen receptor alpha-mediated inhibition of Daxx translocation. Neuroscience Letters 2012 506 2 245 250 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.016
83. Cedazo-Mínguez A., Cowburn R. F., Apolipoprotein E isoform-specific disruption of phosphoinositide hydrolysis: protection by estrogen and glutathione. FEBS Letters 2001 504 1-2 45 49 2-s2.0-0035943475 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02761-2 (Pubitemid 32777809)
84. Arlt S., Müller-Thomsen T., Beisiegel U., Kontush A., Effect of one-year vitamin C- and E-supplementation on cerebrospinal fluid oxidation parameters and clinical course in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochemical Research 2012 37 12 2706 2714 10.1007/s11064-012-0860-8
85. Galasko D. R., Peskind E., Clark C. M., Quinn J. F., Ringman J. M., Jicha G. A., Cotman C., Cottrell B., Montine T. J., Thomas R. G., Aisen P., Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. Archives of Neurology 2012 69 7 836 841
86. Tolonen M., Halme M., Sarna S., Vitamin E and selenium supplementation in geriatric patients. Biological Trace Element Research 1985 7 3 161 168 2-s2.0-0021829630
87. Kryscio R. J., Abner E. L., Schmitt F. A., Goodman P. J., Mendiondo M., Caban-Holt A., Dennis B. C., Mathews M., Klein E. A., Crowley J. J., A randomized controlled Alzheimer's disease prevention trial's evolution into an exposure trial: the preadvise Trial. The journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2013 17 1 72 75 10.1007/s12603-013-0004-0
88. Reddy A. C., Lokesh B. R., Studies on spice principles as antioxidants in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 1992 111 1-2 117 124 2-s2.0-0026711273
89. Ono K., Hasegawa K., Naiki H., Yamada M., Curcumin has potent anti-amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's β -amyloid fibrils in vitro. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2004 75 6 742 750 2-s2.0-1542364225 10.1002/jnr.20025 (Pubitemid 38296087)
90. Begum A. N., Jones M. R., Lim G. P., Morihara T., Kim P., Heath D. D., Rock C. L., Pruitt M. A., Yang F., Hudspeth B., Hu S., Faull K. F., Teter B., Cole G. M., Frautschy S. A., Curcumin structure-function, bioavailability, and efficacy in models of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2008 326 1 196 208 2-s2.0-45749089694 10.1124/jpet.108.137455 (Pubitemid 351872144)
91. Ma Q.-L., Yang F., Rosario E. R., Ubeda O. J., Beech W., Gant D. J., Ping P. C., Hudspeth B., Chen C., Zhao Y., Vinters H. V., Frautschy S. A., Cole G. M., β -Amyloid oligomers induce phosphorylation of tau and inactivation of insulin receptor substrate via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling: suppression by omega-3 fatty acids and curcumin. Journal of Neuroscience 2009 29 28 9078 9089 2-s2.0-67650729973 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1071-09.2009
92. Baum L., Lam C. W. K., Cheung S. K.-K., Kwok T., Lui V., Tsoh J., Lam L., Leung V., Hui E., Ng C., Woo J., Chiu H. F. K., Goggins W. B., Zee B. C.-Y., Cheng K. F., Fong C. Y. S., Wong A., Mok H., Chow M. S. S., Ho P. C., Ip S. P., Ho C. S., Yu X. W., Lai C. Y. L., Chan M.-H., Szeto S., Chan I. H. S., Mok V., Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008 28 1 110 113 2-s2.0-38349131641 10.1097/jcp. 0b013e318160862c
93. Ringman J. M., Frautschy S. A., Teng E., Begum A. N., Bardens J., Beigi M., Gylys K. H., Badmaev V., Heath D. D., Apostolova L. G., Porter V., Vanek Z., Marshall G. A., Hellemann G., Sugar C., Masterman D. L., Montine T. J., Cummings J. L., Cole G. M., Oral curcumin for Alzheimer's disease: tolerability and efficacy in a 24-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer's Research and Therapy 2012 4 5 43 10.1186/alzrt146
94. Disilvestro R. A., Joseph E., Zhao S., Bomser J., Diverse effects of a low dose supplement of lipidated curcumin in healthy middle aged people. Nutrition Journal 2012 11, article 79 10.1186/1475-2891-11-79
95. Bridi R., Crossetti F. P., Steffen V. M., Henriques A. T., The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in rats. Phytotherapy Research 2001 15 5 449 451 2-s2.0-0034883315 10.1002/ptr.814 (Pubitemid 32762399)
96. Snitz B. E., O'Meara E. S., Carlson M. C., Arnold A. M., Ives D. G., Rapp S. R., Saxton J., Lopez O. L., Dunn L. O., Sink K. M., DeKosky S. T., Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2009 302 24 2663 2670 2-s2.0-73949086506 10.1001/jama.2009.1913
97. Vellas B., Coley N., Ousset P. J., Long-term use of standardised ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 2012 11 10 851 859 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70206-5
98. Chan A., Remington R., Kotyla E., Lepore A., Zemianek J., Shea T. B., A Vitamin/nutriceutical formulation improves memory and cognitive performance in community-dwelling adults without dementia. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2010 14 3 224 230 2-s2.0-77955576741 10.1007/s12603-010-0054-5
99. Dolatabadi H. R. D., Reisi P., Alaei H., Malekabadi H. A., Pilehvarian A. A., Folic acid and coenzyme Q10 ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in the rats with intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2012 15 2 719 724 2-s2.0-84857982946
100. Kwong L. K., Kamzalov S., Rebrin I., Bayne A.-C. V., Jana C. K., Morris P., Forster M. J., Sohal R. S., Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on its tissue concentrations, mitochondrial oxidant generation, and oxidative stress in the rat. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2002 33 5 627 638 2-s2.0-0036710515 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00916-4 (Pubitemid 35245835)
101. Thal L. J., Grundman M., Berg J., Ernstrom K., Margolin R., Pfeiffer E., Weiner M. F., Zamrini E., Thomas R. G., Idebenone treatment fails to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2003 61 11 1498 1502 2-s2.0-0344738681 (Pubitemid 37505568)
102. Lu C., Zhang D., Whiteman M., Armstrong J. S., Is antioxidant potential of the mitochondrial targeted ubiquinone derivative MitoQ conserved in cells lacking mtDNA? Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2008 10 3 651 660 2-s2.0-38349010994 10.1089/ars.2007.1865
103. Mulnard R. A., Cotman C. W., Kawas C., Van Dyck C. H., Sano M., Doody R., Koss E., Pfeiffer E., Jin S., Gamst A., Grundman M., Thomas R., Thal L. J., Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2000 283 8 1007 1015 2-s2.0-0034704547 (Pubitemid 30112214)
104. Janusz M., Lisowski J., Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)-an immunomodulatory peptide from ovine colostrum. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 1993 41 5-6 275 279 2-s2.0-0027792455
105. Boldogh I., Liebenthal D., Hughes T. K., Juelich T. L., Georgiades J. A., Kruzel M. L., Stanton G. J., Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 2003 20 2 125 134 2-s2.0-0038279954 10.1385/JMN:20:2:125 (Pubitemid 36693816)
106. TM on the enzymatic antioxidant system. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 2012 60 5 383 390 10.1007/s00005-012- 0187-9
107. Leszek J., Inglot A. D., Janusz M., Byczkiewicz F., Kiejna A., Georgiades J., Lisowski J., Colostrinin proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum-a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Science Monitor 2002 8 10 PI93 PI96 2-s2.0-0036774346 (Pubitemid 35257340)
108. Bilikiewicz A., Gaus W., Colostrinin1 (a naturally occuring, proline-rich, polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2004 6 1 17 26 2-s2.0-1842427909 (Pubitemid 38418554)
109. Misonou H., Morishima-Kawashima M., Ihara Y., Oxidative stress induces intracellular accumulation of amyloid β-protein (A β) in human neuroblastoma cells. Biochemistry 2000 39 23 6951 6959 2-s2.0-0034643895 10.1021/bi000169p (Pubitemid 30390389)
110. Paola D., Domenicotti C., Nitti M., Vitali A., Borghi R., Cottalasso D., Zaccheo D., Odetti P., Strocchi P., Marinari U. M., Tabaton M., Pronzato M. A., Oxidative stress induces increase in intracellular amyloid β -protein production and selective activation of β I and β II PKCs in NT2 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000 268 2 642 646 2-s2.0-0034673209 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2164 (Pubitemid 30119675)
111. Shen C., Chen Y., Liu H., Zhang K., Zhang T., Lin A., Jing N., Hydrogen peroxide promotes A β production through JNK-dependent activation of γ -secretase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008 283 25 17721 17730 2-s2.0-47749147258 10.1074/jbc.M800013200
112. Terada A., Yoshida M., Seko Y., Kobayashi T., Yoshida K., Nakada M., Nakada K., Echizen H., Ogata H., Rikihisa T., Active oxygen species generation and cellular damage by additives of parenteral preparations: selenium and sulfhydryl compounds. Nutrition 1999 15 9 651 655 2-s2.0-0032842660 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00119-7 (Pubitemid 29385557)