"Toughness" in association with mental health symptoms among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans seeking veterans affairs health care

Psychology of Men and Masculinity

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 100-104

  Jakupcak, Matthew ^a,b   Blais, Rebecca K ^a,c   Grossbard, Joel ^a,b   Garcia, Hector ^d   Okiishi, John ^e  

^a VA PUGET SOUND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^e National Center for Telehealth and Technology   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotional toughness; Gender norms; Iraq Afghanistan Veterans

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893150279     PISSN: 15249220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0031508     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5-14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Barrett, F. (1996). The organizational construction of hegemonic masculinity: The case of the U.S. Navy. Gender, Work, and Organization, 3, 129-142. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.1996.tb00054.x
4. Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., Cabrera, O., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2008). Validating the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist with soldiers returning from combat. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 272-281. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.272
5. Brooks, G. (1990). Post-Vietnam gender role strain: A needed concept? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 18-25. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.21.1.18
6. Brooks, G. (2001). Counseling and psychotherapy for male military veterans. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Ed.), The new handbook of pyschotherapy and counseling with men: A comprehensive guide to settings, problems, and treatment approaches (Vols. 1 & 2, pp. 206-225). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
7. Cochran, S. V., & Rabinowitz, F. E. (2000). Men and depression: Clinical and empirical perspectives. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Eisler, R. M., & Skidmore, J. (1987). Masculine Gender-Role Stress: Scale development and components factors in the appraisal of stressful situations. Behavior Modification, 11, 123-136. doi:10.1177/01454455870112001
9. Garcia, H. A., Finley, E. P., Lorber, W., & Jakupcak, M. (2011). A preliminary study of the association between traditional masculine behavioral norms and PTSD symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12, 55-63. doi:10.1037/a0020577
10. Good, G. E., Schoop, L. H., Thompson, D., Hathaway, S., Sanford-Martens, T., Mazurek, M., & Mintz, L. B. (2006). Masculine roles and rehabilitation outcomes among men recovering from serious injuries. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7, 165-176. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.7.3.165
11. Groeschel, B. L., Wester, S. R., & Sedivy, S. K. (2010). Gender role conflict, alcohol, and help-seeking among college men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11, 123-139. doi:10.1037/a0018365
12. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 970-986. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.970
13. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95-103. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.95
14. Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040603
15. Isenhart, C. E. (1993). Masculine gender role stress in an inpatient sample of alcohol abusers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7, 177-184. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.7.3.177
16. Jakupcak, M., Osborne, T., Cook, J. W., Michael, S. T., & McFall, M. (2006). Implications of masculine gender role stress in male veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7, 203-211. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.7.4.203
17. Jakupcak, M., & Varra, E. M. (2011). Treating Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans with PTSD who are at high risk for suicide. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 85-97. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.08.007
18. Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998). Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 185-192. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.185
19. Johnson, E. (2009). Suck it up and drive on. Retrieved from http://www.army.mil/article/21255/suck-it-up-and-drive-on/
20. Kuhn, E., Blanchard, E. B., Fuse, T., Hickling, E. J., & Broderick, J. (2006). Heart rate of motor vehicle accident survivors in the emergency department, peritraumatic psychological reactions, ASD, and PTSD severity: a 6-month prospective study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 735-740. doi:10.1002/jts.20150
21. Lorber, W., & Garcia, H. A. (2010). Not supposed to feel this: Traditional masculinity in psychotherapy with male Veterans returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. Psychotherapy Theory Research Practice and Training, 47, 296-305. doi:2010-20923-00410.1037/a0021161
22. Mahalik, J. R., Burns, S. M., & Szydek, M. (2007). Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2201-2209. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.035
23. O'Loughlin, R. E., Duberstein, P. R., Veazie, P. J., Bell, R. A., Rochlen, A. B., Fernendez y Garcia, E.,.. Kravits, R. L. (2011). Role of the gender-linked norm of toughness in the decision to engage in treatment for depression. Psychiatric Services, 62, 740-746. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.7.740
24. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. W. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD-The PHQ primary care study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1737-1744. doi:joc90770
25. Street, A. E., Vogt, D., & Dutra, L. (2009). A new generation of women veterans: Stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 685-694. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.007
26. Thompson, E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 531-543. doi:10.1177/000276486029005003
27. Vogt, D., Vaughn, R., Glickman, M. E., Schultz, M., Drainoni, M. L., Elwy, R., & Eisen, S. (2011). Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with postdeployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 797-806. doi:10.1037/a0023452
28. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the 9th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, Texas.