Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

Extreme Physiology and Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Taylor, Nigel A S ^a   Machado Moreira, Christiano A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

Author keywords

Eccrine sweat gland; Electrolyte; Glandular density; Insensible perspiration; Sudomotor; Sweat; Thermal sweating; Transepidermal water loss

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BROMOPHENOL BLUE; CHLORIDE; ELECTROLYTE; SODIUM;

AIR TEMPERATURE; BODY SURFACE; BODY TEMPERATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COLORIMETRY; EPIDERMIS; EXERCISE; GRAVIMETRY; HAND; HEAD; HEATING; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL FLUID; LEG; MYOEPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REST; REVIEW; SKIN SURFACE; SKIN WATER LOSS; STRATUM CORNEUM; SWEAT GLAND; SWEAT GLAND FUNCTION; SWEATING; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 84893137825     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20467648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-2-4     Document Type: Review

References (268)

1. Sato K, Leidal R, Sato F. Morphology and development of an apoeccrine sweat gland in human axillae. Am J Physiol 1987, 252:R166-R180.
2. Kuno Y. The Physiology of Human Perspiration 1934, London: J. & A. Churchill.
3. Kuno Y. Human Perspiration 1956, Springfield: C.C. Thomas.
4. List CF. Physiology of sweating. Ann Rev Physiol 1948, 10:387-400.
5. Weiner JS, Hellmann K. The sweat glands. Biol Rev 1960, 35:141-186.
6. Wang GH. The Neural Control of Sweating 1964, Madison: The University Press of Wisconsin.
7. Sato K. The physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of the eccrine sweat gland. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1977, 79:51-131. 10.1007/BFb0037089, 21440.
8. Quinton PM. Sweating and its disorders. Ann Rev Med 1983, 34:429-452. 10.1146/annurev.me.34.020183.002241, 6344770.
9. Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT. Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989, 20:537-563. 10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70063-3, 2654204.
10. Babic M, Lenarcic J, Zlajpah L, Taylor NAS, Mekjavic IB. A device for simulating the thermoregulatory responses of the foot: estimation of footwear insulation and evaporative resistance. J Mech Eng 2008, 54:622-638.
11. Renbourn ET. The natural history of insensible perspiration: a forgotten doctrine of health and disease. Med Hist 1960, 4:135-152. 10.1017/S0025727300025229, 1034547, 14437328.
12. Quincy J. Medicina Statica: Being the Aphorisms of Sanctorius 1712, London: Printed for William Newton.
13. Pinson EA. Evaporation from human skin with sweat glands inactivated. Am J Physiol 1942, 137:492-503.
14. Darrow CW. Neural mechanisms controlling the palmar galvanic skin reflex and palmar sweating. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1937, 37:641-663.
15. Machado-Moreira CA, Taylor NAS. Psychological sweating from glabrous and non-glabrous skin surfaces under thermoneutral conditions. Psychophysiol 2012, 49:369-374.
16. Ladell WSS. Thermal sweating. Brit Med Bull 1945, 3:175-179.
17. Grew N. The description and use of the pores in the skin of the hands and feet. Phil Trans 1684, 14:566-567.
18. van Leeuwenhoek A. Microscopical observations from Mr. Leeuwenhoeck about blood, milk, bones, the brain, spitle, cuticula, sweat, fatt, teares. Phil Trans 1674, 9:121-131.
19. van Leeuwenhoek A. An extract of a letter from Mr. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, to the R. S. containing his observations on the seeds of cotton, palm, or date-stones, cloves, nutmegs, goose-berries, currans, tulips, cassia, lime-tree: on the skin of the hand, and pores, of sweat, the crystalline humour, optic nerves, gall, and scales of fish: and the figures of several salt particles, etcetera. Phil Trans 1693, 17:949-960.
20. Machado-Moreira CA, Taylor NAS. Sudomotor responses from glabrous and non-glabrous skin during cognitive and painful stimulations following passive heating. Acta Physiol 2012, 204:571-581.
21. Machado-Moreira CA, McLennan PL, Lillioja S, van Dijk W, Caldwell JN, Taylor NAS. The cholinergic blockade of both thermally and non-thermally induced human eccrine sweating. Exp Physiol 2012, 97:930-942. 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.065037, 22496503.
22. Wendt A. Über die menschliche Epidermis. Müller Arch 1834, 278-291.
23. Krause KFT. Die Haut. Handwörterbuch der Physiologie 1844, 108-186. Germany: F. Vieweg and Sohn, Braunschweig WR, 2.
24. Ranvier L-A. Le mécanisme de la sécrétion. Schwalbe Jahresber 1887, 16:388-392.
25. Schiefferdecker P. Die Hautdrüsen des Menschen und der Säugetiere, ihre biologische und rassenanatomische Bedeutung, sowie die Muscularis sexualis. Biol Zentralblatt 1917, 37:534-562.
26. Schiefferdecker P. Die Hautdrüsen des Menschen und der Säugetiere, ihre biologische und rassenanatomische Bedeutung, sowie die Muscularis sexualis. Zoologica 1922, 27:1-154.
27. Scheuplein RJ, Blank IH. Permeability of the skin. Physiol Rev 1971, 51:702-747.
28. Landmann L. The epidermal permeability barrier. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1988, 178:1-13.
29. Rougier A, Lotte C, Corcuff P, Maibach HI. Relationship between skin permeability and corneocyte size according to anatomic site, age, and sex in man. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1988, 39:15-26.
30. Sanctorius S. De statica medicina 1614,
31. Hancock W, Whitehouse AGR, Haldane JS. The loss of water and salts through the skin and the corresponding physiological adjustments. Proc Roy Soc B 1929, 105:43-59.
32. MacPherson RK, Newling PSB. Salt concentration and rate of evaporation of sweat. J Physiol 1954, 123:74P.
33. Benedict FG, Wardlaw HSH. Some factors determining the insensible perspiration of man. Arch Intern Med 1932, 49:1019-1031.
34. Benedict FG, Benedict CG. Perspiratio insensibilis: ihr Wesen und ihre Ursachen. Biochem Ztschr 1927, 186:278-312.
35. Buettner KJK, Odland GF. Physical factors of the skin barrier layer and water diffusion into human skin. Fed Proc 1957, 16:18.
36. Fallon RH, Moyer CA. Rates of insensible perspiration through normal, burned, tape stripped, and epidermally denuded living human skin. Ann Surg 1963, 158:915-923. 10.1097/00000658-196312000-00001, 1408325, 14081544.
37. Thiele FA, van Senden KG. Relationship between skin temperature and the insensible perspiration of the human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1966, 47:307-312.
38. Huheey MJ, Adams T. Local effect of temperature on skin evaporative water loss. J Appl Physiol 1967, 22:939-942.
39. Spencer TS, Linamen CE, Akers WA, Jones HE. Temperature dependence of water content of stratum corneum. Brit J Dermatol 1975, 93:159-164.
40. Goodman AB, Wolf AV. Insensible water loss from human skin as a function of ambient vapor concentration. J Appl Physiol 1969, 26:203-207.
41. Rushmer RF, Buettner KJK, Short JM, Odland GF. The skin. Sci 1966, 154:343-348.
42. Galeotti G, Macri NM. Über die Perspiratio insensibilis unter normalen und pathologischen Bedingungen. Biochem Z 1914, 67:472-482.
43. Ikeuchi K, Kuno Y. On the regional differences of the perspiration on the surface of the human body. J Orient Med 1927, 7:106-107.
44. Burch GE, Sodeman WA. Regional relationships of rate of water loss in normal adults in a subtropical climate. Am J Physiol 1943, 138:603-609.
45. Park SJ, Tamura T. Distribution of evaporation rate on human body surface. Ann Physiol Anthrop 1992, 11:593-609.
46. Neumann C, Cohn AE, Burgh GE. A quantitative method for the measurement of the rate of water loss from small areas, with results for finger tip, toe tip and postero-superior portion of the pinna of normal resting adults. Am J Physiol 1941, 132:748-756.
47. Sodeman WA, Burch GE. Regional variations in water loss from the skin of diseased subjects living in a subtropical climate. J Clin Invest 1944, 23:37-43. 10.1172/JCI101470, 435314, 16695081.
48. Machado M, Salgado TM, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. The relationship between transepidermal water loss and skin permeability. Int J Pharm 2010, 384:73-77. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.044, 19799976.
49. Hashimoto K, Gross BG, Lever WF. The ultrastructure of the skin of human embryos. I. The intraepidermal eccrine sweat duct. J Invest Dermatol 1965, 45:139-151.
50. Hashimoto K, Gross BG, Lever WF. The ultrastructure of human embryo skin. II. The formation of intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct and of the secretory segment during the first half of embryonic life. J Invest Dermatol 1966, 46:513-529.
51. Blair C. Morphology and thickness of the human stratum corneum. Brit J Dermatol 1968, 80:430-436.
52. Johnson C, Dawber R, Shuster S. Surface appearance of the eccrine sweat duct by scanning electron microscopy. Brit J Dermatol 1970, 83:655-660.
53. Groscurth P. Anatomy of sweat glands. Cur Prob Dermatol 2002, 30:1-9.
54. Sato K, Sato F. Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland. Am J Physiol 1983, 245:R203-R208.
55. Ellis RA. Fine structure of the myoepithelium of the eccrine sweat glands of man. J Cell Biol 1965, 27:551-563. 10.1083/jcb.27.3.551, 2106772, 5885430.
56. Renaut J. Dispositif anatomique et mécanisme de l'excrétion des glandes sudoripares. Ann Dermatol 1894, 5:1101-1104.
57. Sato K, Nishiyama A, Kobayashi M. Mechanical properties and functions of the myoepithelium in the eccrine sweat gland. Am J Physiol 1979, 237:C177-C184.
58. Sato F, Owen M, Mattes R, Sato K, Gisolfi CV. Functional and morphological changes in the eccrine sweat with heat acclimation. J Appl Physiol 1990, 69:232-236.
59. Yamamoto O. Three-dimensional architecture of the microvasculature in the rat foot-pad, with special reference to vasculature around the eccrine sweat gland. Cell Tissue Res 1990, 262:225-232. 10.1007/BF00309877, 2076531.
60. Clark E, Lhamon RH. Observations on the sweat glands of tropical and northern races. Anat Rec 1917, 12:139-147.
61. Taylor NAS, Caldwell JN, Mekjavic IB. The sweating foot: local differences in sweat secretion during exercise-induced hyperthermia. Aviat Space Environ Med 2006, 77:1020-1027.
62. Machado-Moreira CA, Caldwell JN, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS. Sweat secretion from palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hands during passive and active heating. Aviat Space Environ Med 2008, 79:1034-1040. 10.3357/ASEM.2354.2008, 18998484.
63. Ogata K. Functional variations in human sweat glands, with remarks upon the regional differences of the amount of sweat. J Oriental Med 1935, 23:98-101.
64. Randall WC. Quantitation and regional distribution of sweat glands in man. J Clin Invest 1946, 25:761-767. 10.1172/JCI101760, 435616, 16695370.
65. Thompson ML. A comparison between the number and distribution of functioning eccrine glands in Europeans and Africans. J Physiol 1954, 123:225-233. 1366196, 13143505.
66. Willis I, Harris DR, Moretz W. Normal and abnormal variations in eccrine sweat gland distribution. J Invest Dermatol 1973, 60:98-103. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12724393, 4692324.
67. Szabo G. The regional anatomy of the human integument with special reference to the distribution of hair follicles, sweat glands and melanocytes. Phil Trans Royal Soc Lond Ser B 1967, 252:447-485.
68. Garcia RI, Mitchell RE, Bloom J, Szabo G. Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders. Am J Physical Anthrop 1977, 47:427-434.
69. Hwang K, Baik SH. Distribution of hairs and sweat glands on the bodies of Korean adults: a morphometric study. Acta Anat 1997, 158:112-120. 10.1159/000147920, 9311420.
70. Minor V. Ein neues Verfahren zu der klinischen Untersuchung der Schweißabsonderung. Zentralblatt fur Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1927, 47:800-803.
71. Sarkany I, Gaylarde P. A method for demonstration of sweat gland activity. Brit J Dermatol 1968, 80:601-605.
72. Sato KT, Richardson A, Timm DE, Sato K. One-step iodine starch method for direct visualization of sweating. Am J Med Sci 1988, 295:528-531. 10.1097/00000441-198806000-00006, 3389391.
73. Sutarman, Thomson ML. A new technique for enumerating active sweat glands in man. J Physiol 1952, 117:51-52.
74. Herrmann F, Prose PH, Sulzberger MB. Studies on sweating. V. Studies of quantity and distribution of thermogenic sweat delivery to the skin. J Invest Dermatol 1952, 18:71-86. 10.1038/jid.1952.9, 14908181.
75. Gagnon D, Ganio MS, Lucas RA, Pearson J, Crandall CG, Kenny GP. Modified iodine-paper technique for the standardized determination of sweat gland activation. J Appl Physiol 2012, 112:1419-1425.
76. Harris DR, Polk BF, Willis I. Evaluating sweat gland activity with imprint techniques. J Invest Dermatol 1972, 58:78-84. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12551676, 5060300.
77. Bullard RW. Studies of human sweat duct filling and skin hydration. J Physiol (Paris) 1971, 63:218-221.
78. Roberts DF, Salzano FM, Willson JOC. Active sweat gland distribution in Caingang Indians. Am J Physical Anthrop 1970, 32:395-400.
79. Sato K, Feibleman C, Dobson RL. The electrolyte composition of pharmacologically and thermally stimulated sweat: a comparative study. J Invest Dermatol 1970, 55:433-438. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12260581, 5489084.
80. Weiner JS, Lourie JA. Human Biology: A Guide to Field Methods 1969, Oxford: International Biological Programme Handbook no. 9, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
81. Szabo G. The number of eccrine sweat glands in human skin. Adv Biol Skin 1962, 3:1-5.
82. Amano T, Kato Y, Machado-Moreira CA, Taylor NAS, Inoue Y, Nishiyasu T, Kondo N. Changes in eccrine sweating on the glabrous skin of the palm and finger during isometric exercise. Acta Physiol 2011, 202:649-655.
83. Glaser S. Sweat glands in the Negro and the European. Am J Phys Anthrop 1934, 18:371-376.
84. Cauna N. Fine morphological characteristics and microtopography of the free nerve endings of the human digital skin. Anat Rec 1980, 198:643-656. 10.1002/ar.1091980409, 7212314.
85. Sato K, Dobson RL. Regional and individual variations in the function of the human eccrine sweat gland. J Invest Dermatol 1970, 54:443-449. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12259272, 5446389.
86. Inoue Y, Nakao M, Araki T, Murakami H. Regional differences in the sweating responses of older and younger men. J Appl Physiol 1991, 71:2453-2459.
87. Kondo N, Takano S, Aoki K, Shibasaki M, Tominaga H, Inoue Y. Regional difference in the effect of exercise intensity on thermoregulatory sweating and cutaneous vasodilation. Acta Physiol Scand 1998, 164:71-78. 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.00407.x, 9777027.
88. Peter J, Wyndham CH. Activity of the human eccrine sweat gland during exercise in a hot humid environment before and after acclimatization. J Physiol 1966, 187:583-594. 1395954, 16783913.
89. Buono MJ. Limb vs trunk sweat gland recruitment patterns during exercise in humans. J Therm Biol 2000, 25:263-266. 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00095-9, 10745121.
90. Gibson TE, Shelley WB. Sexual and racial differences in the response of sweat glands to acetylcholine and pilocarpine. J Invest Dermatol 1948, 11:137-142.
91. MacKinnon PCB. Variations with age in the number of active palmar digital sweat glands. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1954, 17:124-126. 10.1136/jnnp.17.2.124, 503169, 13163702.
92. Collins KJ, Sargent F, Weiner JS. Excitation and depression of eccrine sweat glands by acetylcholine, acetyl-ß-methylcholine and adrenaline. J Physiol 1959, 148:592-614. 1363131, 13849429.
93. Hellon RF, Lind AR. Observations on the activity of sweat glands with special reference to the influence of ageing. J Physiol 1956, 133:132-144. 1359142, 13346639.
94. Silver A, Montagna W, Karacan I. Age and sex differences in spontaneous, adrenergic and cholinergic human sweating. J Invest Dermatol 1964, 43:255-265.
95. Ojikutu RO. Die Rolle von Hautpigment und Schweissdrusen in der Klima-anpassung des Menschen. Homo 1965, 16:77-95.
96. Sargent F, Weinman KP. Eccrine sweat gland activity during the menstrual cycle. J Appl Physiol 1966, 21:1685-1687.
97. Juniper K, Dykman RA. Skin resistance, sweat-gland counts, salivary flow, and gastric secretion: age, race, and sex differences, and intercorrelations. Psychophysiol 1967, 4:216-222.
98. Toda Y. Measurement and regional distribution of active sweat glands in Indonesians. Kobe J Med Sci 1967, 13:157-164.
99. Bar-Or O, Lundegren HM, Magnusson LI, Buskirk ER. Distribution of heat-activated sweat glands in obese and lean men and women. Human Biol 1968, 40:235-248.
100. Knip AS. Measurement and regional distribution of functioning eccrine sweat glands in male and female Caucasians. Human Biol 1969, 41:380-387.
101. Knip AS. Quantitative considerations on functioning eccrine sweat glands in male and female migrant Hindus from Surinam. Proc Kon Ned Akad Wet Series C 1972, 75:44-54.
102. Schaefer O, Hildes JA, Greidanus P, Leung D. Regional sweating in Eskimos compared to Caucasians. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1974, 52:960-965. 10.1139/y74-125, 4425995.
103. Catania JJ, Thompson LW, Michalewski HA, Bowman TE. Comparisons of sweat gland counts, electrodermal activity, and habituation behavior in young and old groups of subjects. Psychophysiol 1980, 17:146-152.
104. Behm JK, Hagiwara G, Lewiston NJ, Quinton PM, Wine JJ. Hyposecretion of ß-adrenergically induced sweating in cystic fibrosis heterozygotes. Pediatr Res 1987, 22:271-276. 10.1203/00006450-198709000-00007, 2889182.
105. Inoue Y, Havenith G, Kenney WL, Loomis JL, Buskirk ER. Exercise- and methylcholine-induced sweating responses in older and younger men: effect of heat acclimation and aerobic fitness. Int J Biometeorol 1999, 42:210-216. 10.1007/s004840050107, 10232057.
106. Kondo N, Shibasaki M, Aoki K, Koga S, Inoue Y, Crandall CG. Function of human eccrine sweat glands during dynamic exercise and passive heat stress. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:1877-1881.
107. Inoue Y, Tanaka Y, Omori K, Kuwahara T, Ogura Y, Ueda H. Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005, 91:323-332.
108. Welch G, Foote KM, Hansen C, Mack GW. Nonselective NOS inhibition blunts the sweat response to exercise in a warm environment. J Appl Physiol 2009, 106:796-803. 10.1152/japplphysiol.90809.2008, 2660248, 19131481.
109. Madeira LG, da Fonseca MA, Fonseca IA, de Oliveira KP, Passos RL, Machado-Moreira CA, Rodrigues LO. Sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist irrespective of differences in aerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 109:93-100. 10.1007/s00421-009-1262-8, 19902243.
110. Yu C-Y, Lin C-H, Yang Y-H. Human body surface area database and estimation formula. Burns 2010, 36:616-629. 10.1016/j.burns.2009.05.013, 19900761.
111. Allen JA, Armstrong JE, Roddie IC. The regional distribution of emotional sweating in man. J Physiol 1973, 235:749-759. 1350790, 4772406.
112. Katz D. Der Aufbau der Tastwelt 1925, Leipzig: Barth.
113. Edelberg R. The relationship between galvanic skin response, vasoconstriction, and tactile sensitivity. J Exp Psychol 1961, 62:187-195.
114. Adelman S, Taylor CR, Heglund NC. Sweating on paws and palms: what is its function?. Am J Physiol 1975, 229:1400-1402.
115. Wilcott RC. Adaptive value of arousal sweating and the epidermal mechanism related to skin potential and skin resistance. Psychophysiol 1966, 2:249-262.
116. Miller R, Ross WD, Rapp A, Roede M. Sex chromosome aneuploidy and anthropometry: a new proportionality assessment using the phantom stratagem. Am J Med Genet 1980, 5:125-135. 10.1002/ajmg.1320050204, 7395907.
117. Yu C-Y, Tu H-H. Foot surface area database and estimation formula. Appl Ergon 2009, 40:767-774. 10.1016/j.apergo.2008.08.004, 18937935.
118. Hsu Y-W, Yu C-Y. Hand surface area estimation formula using 3D anthropometry. J Occup Environ Hyg 2010, 7:633-639. 10.1080/15459624.2010.514259, 20865628.
119. Kawahata A, Sakamoto H. Some observations on sweating of the Aino. Jap J Physiol 1951, 2:166-169.
120. Landis SC. Target regulation of neurotransmitter phenotype. Trends Neurosci 1990, 13:344-350. 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90147-3, 1699321.
121. Guidry G, Willison BD, Blakely RD, Landis SC, Habecker BA. Developmental expression of the high affinity choline transporter in cholinergic sympathetic neurons. Auton Neurosci 2005, 123:54-61. 10.1016/j.autneu.2005.10.001, 1407245, 16278103.
122. Schotzinger RJ, Landis SC. Cholinergic phenotype developed by noradrenergic sympathetic neurons after innervation of a novel cholinergic target in vivo. Nature 1988, 335:637-639. 10.1038/335637a0, 3262829.
123. Hardy JD, Hellon RF, Sutherland K. Temperature-sensitive neurones in the dog's hypothalamus. J Physiol 1964, 175:242-253. 1357116, 14241166.
124. Boulant JA, Curras MC, Dean JB. Neurophysiological aspects of thermoregulation. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 1989, 117-160. Berlin: Springer, Wang LCH.
125. Hashimoto K. The eccrine sweat gland. The Physiology and Pharmacology of the Skin 1978, 1543-1573. London: Academic Press, Jarrett A.
126. Morimoto T. Sweat secretion. The Physiology and Pharmacology of the Skin 1978, 1611-1621. London: Academic Press, Jarrett A.
127. Schulz IJ. Micropuncture studies of the sweat formation in cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Invest 1969, 48:1470-1477. 10.1172/JCI106113, 322374, 5796359.
128. Harrison J, MacKinnon PC. Physiological role of the adrenal medulla in the palmar anhidrotic response to stress. J Appl Physiol 1966, 21:88-92.
129. Homma S, Matsunami K, Han XY, Deguchi KX. Hippocampus in relation to mental sweating response evoked by memory recall and mental calculation: a human electroencephalography study with dipole tracing. Neurosci Lett 2001, 305:1-4. 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01759-1, 11356293.
130. Kobayashi M, Tomioka N, Ushiyama Y, Ohhashi T. Arithmetic calculation, deep inspiration or handgrip exercise-mediated pre-operational active palmar sweating responses in humans. Autonom Neurosci 2003, 104:58-65.
131. Ogawa T. Thermal influence on palmar sweating and mental influence on generalized sweating in man. Jap J Physiol 1975, 25:525-536.
132. List CF, Peet MM. Sweat secretion in man. I. Sweating responses in normal persons. Arch Neurol & Psychiat 1938, 38:1228-1237.
133. Chalmers TM, Keele CA. The nervous and chemical control of sweating. Brit J Dermat 1952, 64:43-54.
134. Iwase S, Ikeda T, Kitazawa H, Hakusui S, Sugenoya J, Mano T. Altered response in cutaneous sympathetic outflow to mental and thermal stimuli in primary palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. J Auton Nerv Sys 1997, 64:65-73.
135. Robertshaw D. Neuroendocrine control of sweat glands. J Invest Dermat 1977, 69:121-129.
136. Noppen M, Sevens C, Vincken WG. Effects of non-pharmacological sympathetic sudomotor denervation on sweating in humans with essential palmar hyperhidrosis. Clin Biochem 1997, 30:171-175. 10.1016/S0009-9120(96)00165-8, 9127700.
137. Nakazato Y, Tamura N, Ohkuma A, Yoshimaru K, Shimazu K. Idiopathic pure sudomotor failure: anhidrosis due to deficits in cholinergic transmission. Neurol 2004, 63:1476-1480.
138. Wilke K, Martin A, Terstegen L, Biel SS. A short history of sweat gland biology. Int J Cosmet Sci 2007, 29:169-179. 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x, 18489347.
139. Machado-Moreira CA, McLennan PL, Lillioja S, van Dijk W, Caldwell JN, Taylor NAS. Do non-cholinergic efferent pathways have a functional relevance during the thermal and non-thermal stimulation of human eccrine sweat glands?. Proc Aust Physiol Soc 2010, 41:83P.
140. Sato K, Sato F. Defective beta adrenergic response of cystic fibrosis sweat glands in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Invest 1984, 73:1763-1771. 10.1172/JCI111385, 437089, 6327771.
141. Sato K. Sweat induction from an isolated eccrine sweat gland. Am J Physiol 1973, 225:1147-1152.
142. Berglund LG, McNall PE. Human sweat film area and composition during prolonged sweating. J Appl Physiol 1973, 35:714-718.
143. Mangos J. Transductal fluxes of Na, K, and water in the human eccrine sweat gland. Am J Physiol 1973, 224:1235-1240.
144. Schwartz IL, Thaysen JH. Excretion of sodium and potassium in human sweat. J Clin Invest 1956, 35:114-120. 10.1172/JCI103245, 438784, 13278407.
145. Slegers JF. The influx and outflux of sodium in the sweat-gland. Dermatol 1966, 132:152-174.
146. Ohara K, Sato H, Takaba S. Correlative relationships of response patterns between body temperature, sweat rate and sodium concentration in sweat during heat exposure in man. Jap J Physiol 1974, 24:19-34.
147. Ohmi M, Tanigawa M, Yamada A, Ueda Y, Haruna M. Dynamic analysis of internal and external mental sweating by optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2009, 41:014026.
148. Rehrer NJ, Burke LM. Sweat losses during various sports. Aust J Nutr & Dietetics 1996, 53:S13-S16.
149. Eichna LW, Bean WB, Ashe WF, Nelson N. Performance in relation to environmental temperature. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1945, 76:25-58.
150. Armstrong LE, Hubbard RW, Jones BH, Daniels JT. Preparing Alberto Salazar for the heat of the 1984 Olympic Games. Physician & Sportsmed 1986, 14:73-81.
151. Latzka WA, Montain SJ. Water and electrolyte requirements for exercise. Clin Sports Med 1999, 18:513-524. 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70165-4, 10410838.
152. Kahn D, Rothman S. Sweat responses to acetylcholine. J Invest Dermatol 1942, 5:431-444.
153. Janowitz HD, Grossman MI. The response of the sweat glands to some locally acting agents in human subjects. J Invest Dermatol 1950, 14:453-458.
154. Kenney WL, Fowler SR. Methylcholine-activated eccrine sweat gland density and output as a function of age. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:1082-1086.
155. Bass DE, Kleeman CR, Quinn M, Henschel A, Hegnauer AH. Mechanisms of acclimatization to heat in man. Med 1955, 34:323-380.
156. Patterson MJ, Stocks JM, Taylor NAS. Humid heat acclimation does not elicit a preferential sweat redistribution towards the limbs. Am J Physiol 2004, 286:R512-R518.
157. Hori S. Adaptation to heat. Jap J Physiol 1995, 45:921-946.
158. Bae J-S, Lee J-B. Matsumoto T, Othman T, Min Y-K, Yang H-M: Prolonged residence of temperate natives in the tropics produces a suppression of sweating. Pflugers Arch 2006, 453:67-72. 10.1007/s00424-006-0098-x, 16736205.
159. Taylor NAS. Ethnic differences in thermoregulation: genotypic versus phenotypic heat adaptation. J Therm Biol 2006, 31:90-104.
160. Kerslake DMK, Brebner DF. Maximum sweating at rest. Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation 1970, 139-151. Springfield: C.C. Thomas, Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ.
161. Timbal J, Colin J, Boutelier C. Circadian variations in the sweating mechanism. J Appl Physiol 1975, 39:226-230.
162. Waterhouse J, Aizawa S, Nevill A, Edwards B, Weinert D, Atkinson G, Reilly T. Rectal temperature, distal sweat rate, and forearm blood flow following mild exercise at two phases of the circadian cycle. Chronobiol Int 2007, 24:63-85. 10.1080/07420520601142551, 17364580.
163. Aoki K, Kondo N, Shibasaki M, Takano S, Tominaga H, Katsuura T. Circadian variation of sweating responses to passive heat stress. Acta Physiol Scand 1997, 161:397-402. 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.d01-1981.x, 9401593.
164. Weiner JS. The regional distribution of sweating. J Physiol 1945, 104:32-40. 1393529, 16991664.
165. Taylor NAS, Machado-Moreira CA. Regional differences in human eccrine sweat secretion following thermal and non-thermal stimulation. Environmental Ergonomics XII 2007, 266-269. Slovenia: Biomed d.o.o, Ljubljana, Mekjavic IB, Kounalakis SN, Taylor NAS.
166. Machado-Moreira CA, Barry RJ, Vosselman MJ, Taylor NAS. Thermal and non-thermal sweating: what you see is not necessarily what you get. J Physiol Sci 2009, 59(Suppl. 1):167.
167. Elizondo RS. Local control of eccrine sweat gland function. Fed Proc 1973, 32:1583-1587.
168. Ogawa T, Bullard RW. Characteristics of subthreshold sudomotor neural impulses. J Appl Physiol 1972, 33:300-305.
169. Féré C. Note sur des modifications de la résistance électrique sous l'influence des excitations sensorialles et des emotions. CR Séances Soc Biol Fil 1888, 5:217-219.
170. Darrow CW. The significance of skin resistance in the light of its relation to the amount of perspiration. J Gen Psychol 1934, 11:451-452.
171. Veraguth O. Das psycho-galvanische Reflex-Phänomen. Mschr Psychiatr Neurol 1908, 23:204-228.
172. Thomas PE, Korr IM. Relationship between sweat gland activity and electrical resistance of the skin. J Appl Physiol 1957, 10:505-510.
173. Grimnes S. Psychogalvanic reflex and changes in electrical parameters of dry skin. Med Biol Eng Comput 1982, 20:734-740. 10.1007/BF02442528, 7169817.
174. Buley HM. Active sweat glands: a method for their study. Arch Dermat Syphilol 1938, 38:340-348.
175. Kuno Y. Variations in secretory activity of human sweat glands. Lancet 1938, 1:299-303.
176. Yen TJ. A new method for the measurement of the secretion of a single sweat gland. Med J Southern Manchuria 1924, 12:507.
177. Ichihashi T. Method of observing sweat drops on the skin covered with oil, and several observations with this method. J Orient Med 1936, 25:107-108.
178. Krogh A, Trolle C. A balance for the determination of insensible perspiration in man and its use. Skand Archiv Physiol 1936, 73:159-162.
179. Brusilow SW. An anaerobic sweat collection technique. J Lab Clin Med 1965, 65:513-517.
180. Boysen TC, Yanagawa S, Sato F, Sato K. A modified anaerobic method of sweat collection. J Appl Physiol 1984, 56:1302-1307.
181. Brisson GR, Boisvert P, Péronnet F, Perrault H, Boisvert D, Lafond JS. A simple and disposable sweat collector. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991, 63:269-272.
182. van Gasselt HR, Vierhout RR. Registration of the insensible perspiration of small quantities of sweat. Dermatol 1963, 127:255-259.
183. Gluck L. A patch test for chloride in sweat as a simple screening method for detecting cystic fibrosis of the pancreas; preliminary report. Pediat 1959, 23:731-737.
184. Phillips M. An improved adhesive patch for long-term collection of sweat. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs 1980, 8:13-21.
185. Warwick WJ, Hansen LG, Brown IV, Laine WC, Hansen KL. Sweat chloride: quantitative patch for collection and measurement. Clin Lab Sci 2001, 14:155-159.
186. Verde T, Shephard RJ, Corey P, Moore R. Sweat composition in exercise and in heat. J Appl Physiol 1982, 53:1540-1545.
187. Scheuplein RJ, Morgan LJ. " Bound-water" in keratin membranes measured by a microbalance technique. Nature 1967, 214:456-458. 10.1038/214456a0, 6032864.
188. Collins KJ, Weiner JS. Observations on arm-bag suppression of sweating and its relationship to thermal sweat-gland 'fatigue'. J Physiol 1962, 161:538-556. 1359611, 13880598.
189. Brebner DF, Kerslake DMK. The time course of the decline in sweating produced by wetting the skin. J Physiol 1964, 175:295-302. 1357119, 14241169.
190. Candas V, Libert JP, Vogt JJ. Sweating and sweat decline of resting men in hot humid environments. Eur J Appl Physiol 1983, 50:223-234.
191. Patterson MJ, Galloway SDR, Nimmo MA. Variations in regional sweat composition in normal human males. Exp Physiol 2000, 85:869-875. 10.1017/S0958067000020583, 11187982.
192. Havenith G, Fogarty A, Bartlett R, Smith CJ, Ventenat V. Male and female upper body sweat distribution during running measured with technical absorbents. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008, 104:245-255. 10.1007/s00421-007-0636-z, 18064483.
193. Boisvert P, Desruelle AV, Candas V. Comparison of sweat rate measured by a pouch collector and a hygrometric technique during exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 1997, 22:161-170. 10.1139/h97-013, 9140669.
194. Smith CJ, Machado-Moreira CA, Plant G, Hodder S, Havenith G, Taylor NAS. Design data for footwear - sweating distribution on the human foot. Int J Cloth Sci Tech in press.
195. Albert RE, Palmes ED. Evaporative rate patterns from small skin areas as measured by an infrared gas analyzer. J Appl Physiol 1951, 4:208-214.
196. Adams T, Steinmetz MA, Manner DB, Baldwin DM, Heisey SR. An improved method for water vapor detection. Ann Biomed Eng 1983, 11:117-129. 10.1007/BF02367495, 6625257.
197. Nilsson GE. Measurement of water exchange through skin. Med Biol Eng Comput 1977, 15:209-218. 10.1007/BF02441040, 195148.
198. Kakitsuba N, Katsuura T. Development of a new device to measure local heat exchange by evaporation and convection. Aviat Space Environ Med 1992, 63:538-542.
199. Greuer W, Peukert L. Eine Methode zur Messung der Feuchtigkeitsabgabe der menschlichen Haut durch Widerstandsmessung eines Halbleiters. Arch Dermat Syphilol 1939, 179:410-420.
200. Nakayama T, Takagi K. Minute pattern of human perspiration observed by a continuously recording method. Jap J Physiol 1959, 9:359-364.
201. Bullard RW. Continuous recording of sweating rate by resistance hygrometry. J Appl Physiol 1962, 17:735-737.
202. Sugenoya J, Ogawa T. Characteristics of central sudomotor mechanism estimated by frequency of sweat expulsions. Jap J Physiol 1985, 35:783-794.
203. Werner J, Graener R, Heising M, Tutughamiarsa TB. A microprocessor-supported device for the measurement of human sweat rate. Med Biol Engin Comp 1985, 23:1037-1038.
204. Brengelmann GL, McKeag M, Rowell LB. Use of dew-point detection for quantitative measurement of sweating rate. J Appl Physiol 1975, 39:498-500.
205. Graichen H, Rascati R, Gonzales RR. Automatic dew-point temperature sensor. J Appl Physiol 1982, 52:1658-1660.
206. Nadel ER, Stolwijk JAJ. Effect of skin wettedness on sweat gland response. J Appl Physiol 1973, 35:689-694.
207. Hertzman AB. Individual differences in regional sweating. J Appl Physiol 1957, 10:242-248.
208. Takano S, Kondo N, Shibasaki M, Aoki K, Inoue Y, Iwata A. The influence of work loads on regional difference in sweating rates. Jap J Physiol 1996, 46:183-186.
209. Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Elliott LD, Ely BR, Sawka MN. Biological and analytical variation of the human sweating response: implications for study design and analysis. Am J Physiol 2012, 302:R252-R258.
210. Nishiyama T, Sugenoya J, Matsumoto T, Iwase S, Mano T. Irregular activation of individual sweat glands in human sole observed by a videomicroscopy. Auton Neurosci 2001, 88:117-126. 10.1016/S1566-0702(01)00229-6, 11474541.
211. Inoue Y. Longitudinal effects of age on heat-activated sweat gland density and output in healthy active older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996, 74:72-77.
212. Oehler J. Über die Hauttemperatur der gesunden Menschen. Deutsches Arch f klin Med 1904, 80:245-262.
213. Hertzman AB, Randall WC, Peiss CN, Seckendorf R. Regional rates of evaporation from the skin at various environmental temperatures. J Appl Physiol 1952, 5:153-161.
214. Randall WC, Hertzman AB. Dermatomal recruitment of sweating. J Appl Physiol 1953, 5:399-409.
215. McCook RD, Wurster RD, Randall WC. Sudomotor and vasomotor responses to changing environmental temperature. J Appl Physiol 1965, 20:371-378.
216. Takahara K. Observations on the discharge of sweat from a single sweat gland. J Oriental Med 1936, 24:4.
217. Nicolaidis S, Sivadjian J. High-frequency pulsatile discharge of human sweat glands: myoepithelial mechanism. J Appl Physiol 1972, 32:86-90.
218. van Beaumont W, Bullard RW, Banerjee MR. Observations on human sweating by resistance hygrometry. Dermatol Digest 1966, 75-87.
219. Hagbarth K-E. Hallin RG, Hongell A, Torebjörk HE, Wallin BG: General characteristics of sympathetic activity in human skin nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 1972, 84:164-176. 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05167.x, 5015184.
220. Bini G, Hagbarth K-E, Hynninen P, Wallin BG. Thermoregulatory and rhythm-generating mechanisms governing the sudomotor and vasoconstrictor outflow in human cutaneous nerves. J Physiol 1980, 306:537-552. 1283022, 7463376.
221. Nilsson AL, Nilsson GE, Öberg P. A note on periodic sweating. Acta Physiol Scand 1980, 108:189-190. 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06518.x, 7376915.
222. Nakayama T. A further investigation on the nature of sweat discharge in man. Tohoku J Exp Med 1969, 98:265-272. 10.1620/tjem.98.265, 5347921.
223. Ogawa T, Asayama M, Ito M. Comparison of sudomotor neural activities between palmar and non-palmar sweating. Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress of Neurovegative Research 1977, 236-238. Tokyo, Japan.
224. Machado-Moreira CA, Smith FM, van den Heuvel AMJ, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS. Sweat secretion from the torso during passively-induced and exercise-related hyperthermia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008, 104:265-270. 10.1007/s00421-007-0646-x, 18157726.
225. Machado-Moreira CA, Wilmink F, Meijer A, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS. Local differences in sweat secretion from the head during rest and exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008, 104:257-264. 10.1007/s00421-007-0645-y, 18157675.
226. Cotter JD. The role of regional skin temperatures in thermoregulatory control during heat stress 1998, PhD thesis. University of Wollongong, Department of Biomedical Science.
227. Gordon CJ. Non-thermoregulatory factors in humans during exercise and rest: influences on thermoeffector function 2010, PhD thesis. University of Wollongong, Department of Biomedical Science.
228. Machado-Moreira CA. The regional distribution of human sudomotor function and its neuropharmacological control 2011, PhD thesis. University of Wollongong, School of Health Sciences.
229. Kenny GP, Journeay WS. Human thermoregulation: separating thermal and nonthermal effects on heat loss. Front Biosci 2010, 15:259-290. 10.2741/3620, 20036820.
230. Kondo N, Nishiyasu T, Inoue Y, Koga S. Non-thermal modification of heat-loss responses during exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 110:447-58. 10.1007/s00421-010-1511-x, 20512585.
231. van Beaumont W, Bullard RW. Sweating: its rapid response to muscular work. Sci 1963, 141:643-646.
232. Christensen EH, Nielsen M. Investigations of the circulation in the skin at the beginning of muscular work. Acta Physiol Scand 1942, 4:162-170.
233. Smith CJ, Havenith G. Body mapping of sweating patterns in males athletes in mild exercise-induced hyperthermia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011, 111:1391-1404.
234. Höfler W. Changes in regional distribution of sweating during acclimatization to heat. J Appl Physiol 1968, 25:503-506.
235. Ayling JH. Regional rates of sweat evaporation during leg and arm cycling. Brit J Sports Med 1986, 20:35-37.
236. Cabanac M, Brinnel H. Beards, baldness, and sweat secretion. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988, 58:39-46.
237. Libert J-P, Candas V, Amoros C, Sagot J-C, Kahn J-M. Local sweating responses of different body areas in dehydration-hydration experiments. J Physiol (Paris) 1988, 83:19-25.
238. Cotter JD, Patterson MJ, Taylor NAS. Topography of eccrine sweating in humans during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995, 71:549-554.
239. Cotter JD, Patterson MJ, Taylor NAS. Sweat distribution before and after repeated heat exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997, 76:181-186.
240. Kerassidis S. Is palmar and plantar sweating thermoregulatory?. Acta Physiol Scand 1994, 152:259-263. 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09805.x, 7872003.
241. Tronstad C, Gjein GE, Grimnes S, Martinsen T, Krogstad A-L, Fosse E. Electrical measurement of sweat activity. Physiol Meas 2008, 29:S407-S415. 10.1088/0967-3334/29/6/S34, 18544832.
242. Robinson S, Robinson AH. Chemical composition of sweat. Physiol Rev 1954, 34:202-220.
243. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Fluid and electrolyte loss and replacement in exercise. Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine 1998, 97-113. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Harries M, Williams C, Stanish WD, Micheli LJ.
244. Mishra A, Greaves R, Massie J. The limitations of sweat electrolyte reference intervals for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: a systematic review. Clin Biochem Rev 2007, 28:60-76. 1904422, 17687417.
245. Dill DB, Hall FG, Edwards HT. Changes in composition of sweat during acclimatization to heat. Am J Physiol 1938, 123:412-419.
246. Allan JR, Wilson CG. Influence of acclimatization on sweat sodium concentration. J Appl Physiol 1971, 30:708-712.
247. Costill DL. Sweating: its composition and effects on body fluids. Ann NY Acad Sci 1977, 301:160-174. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38195.x, 270913.
248. van den Heuvel AMJ, van den Wijngaart L, Taylor NAS. Absence of a gender affect on the flow-dependent nature of sweat sodium loss. Environmental Ergonomics XII 2007, 298-300. Ljubljana: Biomed d.o.o, Mekjavic IB, Kounalakis SN, Taylor NAS.
249. van Heyningen R, Weiner JS. A comparison of arm-bag sweat and body sweat. J Physiol 1952, 116:395-403. 1392221, 14946709.
250. Dill DB, Hall FG, van Beaumont W. Sweat chloride concentration: sweat rate, metabolic rate, skin temperature, and age. J Appl Physiol 1966, 21:99-106.
251. Yousef MK, Dill DB. Sweat rate and concentration of chloride in hand and body sweat in desert walks: male and female. J Appl Physiol 1974, 38:82-85.
252. Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Whole body sweat collection in humans: an improved method with preliminary data on electrolyte content. J Appl Physiol 1997, 82:336-341.
253. Dill DB, Horvath SM, van Beaumont W, Gehlsen G, Burrus K. Sweat electrolytes in desert walks. J Appl Physiol 1967, 23:746-751.
254. Baker LB, Stofan JR, Hamilton AA, Horswill CA. Comparison of regional patch collection vs. whole body washdown for measuring sweat sodium and potassium loss during exercise. J Appl Physiol 2009, 107:887-895. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2009, 19541738.
255. Hayden G, Milne HC, Patterson MJ, Nimmo MA. The reproducibility of closed-pouch sweat collection and thermoregulatory responses to exercise-heat stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004, 91:748-751. 10.1007/s00421-004-1057-x, 14985998.
256. Collins KJ. Composition of palmar and forearm sweat. J Appl Physiol 1962, 17:99-102.
257. Locke W, Talbot NB, Jones HS, Worcester J. Studies on the combined use of measurements of sweat electrolyte composition and rate of sweating as an index of adrenal cortical activity. J Clin Invest 1951, 30:325-337. 10.1172/JCI102448, 436264, 14824284.
258. Emrich HM, Stoll E, Friolet B, Colombo JP, Richterich R, Rossi E. Sweat composition in relation to rate of sweating in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Pediat Res 1968, 2:464-478. 10.1203/00006450-196811000-00004, 5727917.
259. Costa F, Calloway DH, Margen S. Regional and total body sweat composition of men fed controlled diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1969, 22:52-58.
260. Cage GW, Wolfe SM, Thompson RH, Gordon RS. Effects of water intake on composition of thermal sweat in normal human volunteers. J Appl Physiol 1970, 29:687-690.
261. Boisvert P, Nakamura K, Shimai S, Brisson GR, Tanaka M. A modified, local sweat collector for warm and humid conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993, 66:547-551.
262. Fukumoto T, Tanaka T, Fujioka H, Yoshihara S, Ochi T, Kuroiwa A. Differences in composition of sweat induced by thermal exposure and by running exercise. Clin Cardiol 1988, 11:707-709. 10.1002/clc.4960111010, 3224454.
263. Saat M, Sirisinghe RG, Singh R, Tochihara Y. Effects of short-term exercise in the heat on thermoregulation, blood parameters, sweat secretion and sweat composition of tropic-dwelling subjects. J Physiol Anthropol 2005, 24:541-549.
264. Weschler LB. Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytes. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1376-1377. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2007, 18292300.
265. Åstrand PO, Ryhming I. A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during sub-maximal work. J Appl Physiol 1954, 7:218-221.
266. Saltin B, Hermansen L. Esophageal, rectal and muscle temperature during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1966, 21:1757-1762.
267. Wyndham CH. The physiology of exercise under heat stress. Ann Rev Physiol 1973, 35:193-220.
268. Taylor NAS, van den Heuvel AMJ, van den Wijngaart L. The sweat secretion and sodium loss quadrant: a concept for predicting hydration requirements. Environmental Ergonomics XII 2007, 301-304. Ljubljana: Biomed d.o.o, Mekjavic IB, Kounalakis SN, Taylor NAS.