New insights on the trophic ecology of bathyal communities from the methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S)

Marine Ecology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-21

  Zapata Hernández, Germán ^a   Sellanes, Javier ^a,b   Thurber, Andrew R ^c   Levin, Lisa A ^d   Chazalon, Frédéric ^e   Linke, Peter ^f  

^a Universidad Católica del Norte   (Chile)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONCEPCIÓN   (Chile)

^c OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d CENTER FOR MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION   (United States)

^e SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^f GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Dissostichus eleginoides; Food web; Isotopic niche width; Methane seeps; Stable isotopes; Trophic level

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BATHYAL ZONE; DEEP SEA; ECHINODERM; GASTROPOD; METHANE; METHANOTROPHY; NICHE; ORGANIC MATTER; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM; PHOTOAUTOTROPHY; POLYCHAETE; STABLE ISOTOPE; TROPHIC LEVEL; TROPHIC STRUCTURE;

BIO BIO; CHILE; CONCEPCION [BIO BIO]; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (SOUTHEAST);

ANTIMORA ROSTRATA; CENTROSCYLLIUM NIGRUM; CHONDRICHTHYES; DISSOSTICHUS ELEGINOIDES; ECHINODERMATA; GASTROPODA; PISCES; POLYCHAETA; SCYLIORHINIDAE; SIPUNCULA; SQUALUS ACANTHIAS;

EID: 84892892680     PISSN: 01739565     EISSN: 14390485     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/maec.12051     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Ambrose W.G. Jr (1993) Effects of predation and disturbance by ophiuroids on soft-bottom community structure in Oslofjord: resuts of a mesocosm study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 97, 225-236.
2. Anderson R.C., Shimek R.L. (1993) A note on the feeding habits of some uncommon sea stars. Zoo Biology, 12, 499-503.
3. Andrade H. (1986) Observaciones bioecológicas sobre invertebrados demersales de la zona central de Chile. P. Arana (Ed), La Pesca en Chile. Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile: 41-56.
4. Barry J.P., Greene H.G., Orange D.L., Baxter C.H., Robison B.H., Kochevar R.E., Nybakken J.W., Reed D.L., McHugh C.M. (1996) Biologic and geologic characteristics of cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California. Deep-Sea Research I, 43, 1739-1762.
5. Bergquist D.C., Eckner J.T., Urcuyo I.A., Cordes E.E., Hourdez S., Macko S.A., Fisher C.R. (2007) Using stable isotopes and quantitative community characteristics to determine a local hydrothermal vent food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 330, 49-65.
6. Bernardino A.F., Levin L.A., Thurber A.R., Smith C.R. (2012) Comparative composition, diversity and trophic ecology of sediment macrofauna at vents, seeps and organic falls. PLoS ONE, 7, e33515.
7. Bligh E., Dyer W. (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911-917.
8. Brooks J.M., Kennicutt M.C. II, Fisher C.R., Macko S.A., Cole K., Childress J.J., Bidigare R.R., Vetter R.D. (1987) Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources. Science, 238, 1138-1142.
9. Campbell K.A. (2006) Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoenvironments and paleontology: past developments and future research directions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232, 362-407.
10. Carlier A., Ritt B., Rodrigues C.F., Sarrazin J., Olu K., Grall J., Clavier J. (2010) Heterogeneous energetic pathways and carbon sources on deep eastern Mediterranean cold seep communities. Marine Biology, 157, 2545-2556.
11. Carney R.S. (1994) Considering the oasis analogy for chemosynthetic communities at Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon vents. Geo-marine Letters, 14, 149-159.
12. Carney R.S. (2010) Stable isotope trophic patterns in echinoderm megafauna in close proximity to and remote from Gulf of Mexico lower slope hydrocarbon seeps. Deep-Sea Research II, 57, 1965-1971.
13. Cavanaugh C.M., McKiness Z.P., Newton I., Stewart F.J. (2006) Marine chemosynthetic symbioses. Prokaryotes, 1. Dworkin M. (Ed.), Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria. Springer, New York: 475-507.
14. Chevaldonné P., Olu K., (1996) Occurrence of anomuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) in hydrothermal vent and cold-seep communities: a review. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 109, 286-298.
15. Childress J.J., Fisher C.R., Brooks J.M., Kennicutt M.C., Bidigare R., Anderson A.E. (1986) A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: mussels fueled by gas. Science, 233, 1306.
16. Coffin R., Gardner J., Diaz J., Sellanes J. (2006) Gas Hydrate Exploration, Mid Chilean Coast; Geochemical-Geophysical Survey. NRL/MR/6110-06-9006 Technical report. 61 pp. http://handle.dtic.mil/100./ADA461588.
17. Collins M.A., Priede I.G., Bagley P.M. (1999) In situ comparison of activity in two deep-sea scavenging fishes occupying different depth zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 266, 2011-2016.
18. Conway N.M., Kennicutt M.C. II, Van Dover C.L. (1994) Stable isotopes in the study of marine chemosynthetic-based ecosystems. Lajtha K. & Michener R.H. (Eds), Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford: 158-186.
19. Cordes E.E., Cunha M.R., Galeron J., Mora C., Olu-Le Roy K., Sibuet M., Van Gaever S., Vanreusel A., Levin L.A. (2010a) The influence of geological, geochemical, and biogenic habitat heterogeneity on seep biodiversity. Marine Ecology, 31, 51-65.
20. Cordes E.E., Becker E.L., Fisher C.R. (2010b) Temporal shift in nutrient to cold-seep food webs revealed by stable isotope signatures of associated communities. Limnology and Oceanography, 55, 2537-2548.
21. Corselli C., Basso D. (1996) First evidence of benthic communities based on chemosynthesis on the Napoli mud volcano (Eastern Mediterranean). Marine Geology, 132, 227-239.
22. Cortés E. (1999) Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56, 707-717.
23. Dando P.R., Spiro B. (1993) Varying nutritional dependence of the thyasirid bivalves Thyasira sarsi and T. equalis on chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria, demonstrated by isotope ratios of tissue carbon and shell carbonate. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 151-158.
24. Dando P.R., Southward A.J., Southward E.C. (2004) Rates of sediment sulphide oxidation by the bivalve mollusc Thyasira sarsi. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 280, 181-187.
25. DeNiro M., Epstein S. (1978) Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 495-506.
26. Drazen J.C., Popp B.N., Choy C.A., Clemente T., De Forest L., Smith K.L. (2008) Bypassing the abyssal benthic food web: Macrourid diet in the eastern North Pacific inferred from stomach content and stable isotopes analyses. Limnology and Oceanography, 53, 2644-2654.
27. Eernisse D.J., Clark R.N., Draeger A. (2007) Polyplacophora. Carlton J.T. (Ed.), Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates From Central California to Oregon, 4th edn. University of California Press, Berkeley: 701-713.
28. Elvert M., Boetius A., Knittel K., Jørgensen B.B. (2003) Characterization of specific membrane fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers for sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in anaerobic oxidation of methane. Geomicrobiology Journal, 20, 403-419.
29. Fanelli E., Cartes J.E. (2010) Temporal variations in the feeding habits and trophic levels of three deep-sea demersal fishes from the western Mediterranean Sea, based on stomach contents and stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 402, 213-232.
30. Fanelli E., Cartes J.E., Rumolo P., Sprovieri M. (2009) Food web structure and trophodynamics of mesopelagic-suprabenthic bathyal macrofauna of the Algerian Basin based on stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Deep-Sea Research I, 56, 1504-1520.
31. 15N analysis. Deep-Sea Research II, 58, 98-109.
32. Fauchald K., Jumars P. (1979) The diet of worms: A study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 17, 193-284.
33. Fisher C.R., Childress J.J., Oremland R.S., Bidigare R.R. (1987) The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels. Marine Biology, 96, 59-71.
34. Fisher C.R., Childress J.J., Macko S.A., Brooks J.M. (1994) Nutritional interactions at Galapagos hydrothermal vents: Inferences from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 103, 45-55.
35. Fisher C.R., Urcuyo I.A., Simpkins M.A., Nix E. (1997) Life in the slow lane: growth and longevity of cold-seep vestimentiferans. Marine Ecology, 18, 83-94.
36. Flores H.G., Rojas P.Z. (1987) Contenido gástrico de Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt, 1898 capturado frente a Valparaíso (Perciformes-Nototheniidae). Investigaciones Marinas, Valparaíso, 15, 33-40.
37. Folch J., Lees M., Sloane-Stanley G. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
38. 13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Contributions in Marine Science, 27, 13-47.
39. Gallardo V.A (1977) Large benthic microbial communities in sulfide biota under Perú-Chile subsurface countercurrent. Nature, 268, 331-332.
40. Garcia de la Rosa S.B., Sánchez F., Figueroa D. (1997) Comparative feeding ecology of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the southwestern Atlantic. CCAMLR Science, 4, 105-124.
41. Gebruk A.V., Krylova E.M., Lein A.L., Vinagradov G.M., Anderson E., Pimenov N.V., Cherkashev G.A., Crane K. (2003) Methane seep community of the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (the Norwegian Sea): composition and trophic aspects. Sarsia, 88, 394-403.
42. Govenar B. (2010) Shaping vent and seep communities: habitat provision and modification by foundation species. Kiel S. (Ed.). The Vent and Seep Biota: Aspects From Microbes to Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht: 403-432.
43. Gracia A., Díaz J.M., Ardila N.E. (2005) Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) del Mar Caribe Colombiano. Biota Colombiana, 6, 117-125.
44. Gracia A., Ranguel-Buitrago N., Sellanes J. (2011) Methane seep molluscs from the Sinú-San Jacinto fold belt in the Caribbean Sea of Colombia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1, 1, 1.
45. Grémare A., Amouroux J.-M., Charles F., Dinet A., Riaux-Gobin C., Baudart J., Medernach L., Bodiou J.Y., Vétion G., Colomines J.C., Albert P. (1997) Temporal changes in the biochemical composition and nutritional value of the particulate organic matter available to surface deposit-feeders: a two year study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 150, 195-206.
46. Holmes A., Oliver P.G., Sellanes J. (2005) A new species of Lucinoma (Bivalvia: Lucinoidea) from a methane gas seep off the southwest coast of Chile. Journal of Conchology, 38, 673-682.
47. Houston K.A., Haedrich R.L. (1986) Food habits and intestinal parasites of deep demersal fishes from the upper continental slope east of Newfoundland, northwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology, 92, 563-574.
48. Hoyoux C., Zbinden M., Samadi S., Gaill F., Compére P. (2009) Wood-based diet and gut microflora of a galatheid crab associated with Pacific deep-sea wood falls. Marine Biology, 156, 2421-2439.
49. Iken K., Brey T., Wand U., Voigt J., Junghans P. (2001) Food web structure of the benthic community at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic): a stable isotope analysis. Progress in Oceanography, 50, 383-405.
50. 15N analysis. Polar Biology, 28, 238-249.
51. Iken K., Bluhm B., Dunton K. (2010) Benthic food-web structure under differing water mass properties in the southern Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 57, 71-85.
52. Jackson A.L., Parnell A.C., Inger R., Bearhop S. (2011) Comparing isotopic niche widths among and within communities: SIBER - Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 595-602.
53. Jeffreys R.M., Lavaleye M.S.S., Bergman M.J.N., Duineveld G.C.A, Witbaard R., Linley T. (2010) Deep-sea macrourid fishes scavenge on plant material: Evidence from in situ observations. Deep-Sea Research I, 57, 621-627.
54. Julian D., Gaill F., Wood E., Arp A.J., Fisher C.R. (1999) Roots as a site of hydrogen sulfide uptake in the hydrocarbon seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 2245-2257.
55. Kemp K.M., Jamieson A.J., Bagley P.M., McGrath H., Bailey D.M., Collins M.A., Priede I.G. (2006) Consumption of large bathyal food fall, a six month study in the NE Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress series, 310, 65-76.
56. Klaucke I., Weinrebe W., Linke P., Kläschen D., Bialas J. (2012) Sidescan sonar imagery of widespread fossil and active cold seeps along the central Chilean continental margin. Geo-Marine Letters, 32, 489-499. DOI: 10.1007/s00367-012-1283-1.
57. Kondoh M., Ninomiya K. (2009) Food-chain length and adaptive foraging. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 3113-3121.
58. Kornicker L.S. (1978) Ostracoda (Myodocopina) of Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 173, 1-20.
59. Laptikhovsky V., Arkhipkin A., Brickle P. (2006) Distribution and reproduction of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt around the Falkland Islands. Journal of Fish Biology, 68, 849-861.
60. Layman C., Arrington D.A., Montaña C.G., Post D.M. (2007) Can stable isotope ratios provide for community- wide measures of trophic structure? Ecology, 88, 42-48.
61. Levin L.A. (2005) Ecology of cold seep sediments: interactions of fauna with flow, chemistry and microbes. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 43, 1-46.
62. Levin L.A, Dayton P. (2009) Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24, 606-617.
63. Levin L.A., Mendoza G.F. (2007) Community structure and nutrition of deep methane-seep macrobenthos from the North Pacific (Aleutian) Margin and the Gulf of Mexico (Florida Escarpment). Marine Ecology, 28, 131-151.
64. Levin L.A., Michener R. (2002) Isotopic evidence of chemosynthesis-based nutrition of macrobenthos: the lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps. Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 1336-1345.
65. Levin L.A., James D., Martin C., Rathburn A., Harris L., Michener R. (2000) Do methane seeps support distinct infaunal assemblages? Observations on community structure and nutrition from the northern California slope and shelf Marine Ecology Progress Series, 208, 21-39.
66. Levin L.A., Orphan V., Rouse G., Rathburn A., Ussler W. III, Cook G.S., Goffredi S.K., Perez E.M., Waren A., Grupe B.M., Chadwick G., Strickrott B. (2012) A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margmiddle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, 2580-2588.
67. Long B.G., Poiner I.R. (1994) Infaunal benthic community structure and function in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45, 293-316.
68. Lonsdale P. (1979) A deep-sea hydrotermal site on a strike-slip fault. Nature, 281, 531-534.
69. Lopez G.R., Levinton J.S. (1987) Ecology of deposit-feeding animals in marine sediments. Quarterly Review of Biology, 62, 235-260.
70. Lösekann T., Knittel K., Nadalig T., Fuchs B., Niemann H., Boetius A., Amann R. (2007) Biodivesity and abundance of aerobic and anaerobic Methane oxidizers at the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents sea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(10), 3348-3362.
71. Lösekann T., Robador A., Niemann H., Knittel K., Boetius A., Dubilier N. (2008) Endosymbioses between bacteria and deep-sea siboglinid tubeworms from an Arctic Cold Seep (Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea). Environmental Microbiology, 10, 3237-3254.
72. MacAvoy S.E., Carney R.S., Fisher C.R., Macko S.A. (2002) Use of chemosynthetic biomass by large mobile benthic predators in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 225, 65-78.
73. MacAvoy S., Fisher C., Carney R., Macko S. (2005) Nutritional associations among fauna at hydrocarbon seep communities in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 292, 51-60.
74. Mauzey K.P., Birkeland C., Dayton P.K. (1968) Feeding behavior of asteroids and escape response of their prey in the Puget soun region. Ecology, 49, 603-619.
75. McCutchan J.H., Lewis W.M., Kendall C., McGrath C.C. (2003) Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oikos, 102, 378-390.
76. McLean J.H. (1962) Feeding behaviour of the chiton Placiphorella. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 35, 23-26.
77. 15N and animal age. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 1135-1140.
78. Morales E. (2003) Methane hydrates in the Chilean continental margin. Biotechnology Issues for Developing Countries, 6, 80-84.
79. Mortensen T. (1927) Handbook of the Echinoderms of the British Isles. Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press, Edinburgh: 471.
80. Murillo C., Oyarsún C., Fernández I. (2008) Variación latitudinal y estacional en la dieta de Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt, 1898 (Perciformes: Nototheniidae) en ambientes profundos de la costa centro-Sur de Chile. Gayana, 72, 94-101.
81. Murina G.V. (1984) Ecology of Sipuncula. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 17, 1-7.
82. Norkko A., Thrush S.F., Cummings V.J., Gibbs M.M., Andrew N.L., Norkko J., Schwarz A.M. (2007) Trophic structure of coastal Antarctic food webs associated with changes in sea ice and food supply. Ecology, 88, 2810-2820.
83. Oliver P.G., Sellanes J. (2005) Thyasiridae from a methane seepage area off Concepción, Chile. Zootaxa, 1092, 1-20.
84. Olu K., Caprais J.C., Galéron J., Causse R., Von Cosel R., Budzinski H., Le Ménach K., Le Roux C., Levaché D., Khripounoff A., Sibuet M. (2009) Influence of seep emission on the non-symbiont-bearing fauna and vagrant species at an active giant pockmark in the Gulf of Guinea (Congo-Angola margin). Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 2380-2393.
85. Orejas C. (2001) Role of benthic cnidarians in energy transference processes in the Southern ocean marine ecosystem (Antarctica). Berichte Polarforsch Meeresforsch, 395, 1-186.
86. Orphan V.J., Ussler W. III, Naehr T.H., House C.H., Hinrichs K.U., Paull C.K. (2004) Geological, geochemical and microbiological heterogeneity of the seafloor around methane vents in the Eel River Basin, offshore California. Chemical Geology, 205, 265-289.
87. Pakhomov E.A., Perissinotto R., McQuaid C.D. (1996) Prey composition and daily rations of myctophid fishes in the Southern Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 134, 1-14.
88. Peck S.L., Barnes D.K.A., Willmontt J. (2005) Responses to extreme seasonality in food supply: diet plasticity in Antarctic brachiopods. Marine Biology, 147, 453-463.
89. Pohlman J.W., Bauer J.E., Canuel E.A., Grabowski K.S., Knies D.L., Mitchell C.S., Whiticar M.J., Coffin R.B. (2009) Methane sources in gas hydrate-bearing cold seeps: Evidence from radiocarbon and stable isotopes. Marine Chemistry, 115, 102-109.
90. Post D.M. (2002) Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology, 83, 703-718.
91. Punzón A., Herrera M.A. (2000) Feeding of Centroscillium fabriciii and the influence of discards on it diet in Flemish pass (North-West Atlantic). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 755-756.
92. Quiroga E., Sellanes J. (2009) Growth and size-structure of Stegophiura sp (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) on the continental slope off central Chile: a comparison between cold seep and non-seep sites. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89, 421-428.
93. Quiroga E., Sellanes J., Arntz W.E., Gerdes D., Gallardo V.A., Hebbeln D. (2009) Benthic megafaunal and demersal fish assemblages on the Chilean continental margThe influence of the oxygen minimum zone on bathymetric distribution. Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 1112-1123.
94. R Development Core Team (2011) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. See http://www.R-project.org/.
95. Ribes M., Coma R., Gili J.M., (1999) Natural diet and grazing rate of the températe sponge Dysidea avara (Demospongiae, Dendroceratida) throughout an annual cycle. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 176, 179-190.
96. Romero M.C., Lovrich G.A., Tapella F., Thatje S. (2004) Feeding ecology of the crab Munida subrugosa (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheidae) in the Beagle Channel, Argentina. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, 359-365.
97. Sahling H., Galkin S.V., Salyuk A., Greinert J., Foerstel H., Piepenburg D., Suess E. (2003) Depth related structure and ecological significance of cold-seep communities-a case study from the Sea of Okhotsk. Deep-Sea Research I, 50, 1391-1409.
98. Sasaki T., Warén A., Kano Y., Okutani T., Fujikura K. (2010) Gastropods from recent hot vents an cold seeps: Systematics, diversity and life strategies. Topics in Geobiology, 33, 169-254.
99. Schlitzer R. (2012) Ocean Data View. http://odv.awi.de.2012.
100. Sellanes J., Krylova E. (2005) A new species of Calyptogena (Bivalvia, Vesicomyidae) from a recently discovered methane seepage area off Concepción Bay, Chile (~36° S). Journal of the Marine Biological Association United Kingdom, 85, 969-976.
101. Sellanes J., Quiroga E., Gallardo V.A. (2004) First direct evidences of methane seepage and associated chemosynthetic communities in the bathyal zone off Chile. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, 1065-1066.
102. Sellanes J., Quiroga E., Neira C. (2008) Megafauna community structure and trophic relationships at the recently discovered Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 36° S. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65, 1102-1111.
103. Sellanes J., Pedraza M.J., Zapata-Hernández G. (2012) Do methane seep areas constitute aggregation spots for the Patagonian Toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) off central Chile? Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 40, 980-991.
104. Sepers A.B.J. (1977) The utilization of dissolved organic compounds in aquatic environments. Hydrobiologia, 52, 39-54.
105. Sibuet M., Olu K. (1998) Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea cold-seep communities at active and passive margins. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 517-567.
106. Sibuet M., Olu-LeRoy K. (2002) Cold seep communities on continental margins: structure and quantitative distribution relative to geological and fluid venting patterns. Wefer G., Billet D., Hebbeln D., Jorgensen B.B., Schluter M. & Van Weering T. (Eds), Ocean Margin Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berl235-251.
107. Smith C.R., Baco A.R. (2003) Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 41, 311-354.
108. Smith B.D., Cabot E.L., Foreman R.E. (1985) Seaweed detritus versus benthic diatoms as important food resources for two dominant subtidal gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 92, 143-156.
109. Soto L.A. (2009) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of fauna associated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent system Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 1675-1682.
110. Stevens D.W., Dunn M.R. (2011) Different food preferences in four sympatric deep-sea Macrourid fishes. Marine Biology, 158, 59-72.
111. Sutton T.T. (2005) Trophic ecology of the deep-sea fish Malacosteus niger (Pisces: Stomiidae): An enigmatic feeding ecology to facilitate a unique visual system? Deep-Sea Research I, 52, 2065-2076.
112. Thiel M., Gonzalez E.R., Balanda M.J., Haye P., Heard R., Watling L. (2003) Diversity of Chilean peracarids (Crustacea: Malacostraca). Hendrickx M.E. (Ed.), Contribuciones al Estudio de los Crustáceos del Pacífico Este, 2, 177-189. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, Mexico: 303.
113. Thurber A.R., Kröger K., Neira C., Wiklund H., Levin L.A. (2010) Stable isotope signatures and methane use by New Zealand cold seep benthos. Marine Geology, 272, 260-269.
114. Thurber A.R., Levin L.A., Orphan V.J., Marlow J. (2012) Archaea in metazoan diets: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling. ISME Journal, 6(8), 1602-1612.
115. Treude T., Kiel S., Linke P., Peckmann J., Goedert J.L. (2011) Elasmobranch egg capsules associated with modern and ancient cold seeps: A nursery for marine deep-water predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 437, 175-181.
116. Uchikawa R., Yamamura O., Hattori T. (2008) Feeding habits of mesopelagic fish Lampanyctus jordani (Family: Myctophidae) over the continental slope off Tohoku area, northern Japan. Fisheries Science, 74, 69-76.
117. Van Dover C.L., Fry B. (1989) Stable isotopic compositions of hydrothermal vent organisms. Marine Biology, 102, 257-263.
118. Van Dover C.L., Aharon P., Bernhard J.M., Caylor E., Doerries M., Flickinger W., Gilhooly W., Goffredi S.K, Knick K.E., Macko S.A., Rapoport S., Raulfs E.C., Ruppel C., Salerno J.L., Seitz R.D., Sen Gupta B.K., Shank T., Turnipseed M., Vrijenhoek R. (2003) Blake Ridge methane seeps: characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem. Deep-Sea Research I, 50, 281-300.
119. Vander Zanden M.J., Fetzer W.W. (2007) Global pattern of aquatic food chain length. Oikos, 116, 1378-1388.
120. 15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers. Ecology, 80, 1395-1404.
121. 13C trophic fractionation: Implications for aquatic food web studies. Limnology and Oceanography, 46, 2061-2066.
122. Warén A., Bouchet P. (1986) Four new species of Provanna Dall (Prosobranchia, Cerithiacea) from East Pacific Hydrothermal sites. Zoologica Scripta, 15, 157-164.
123. Warén A., Bouchet P. (2001) Gastropoda and Monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps; new taxa and records. Veliger, 44, 116-231.
124. Warén A., Bouchet P. (2009) New gastropods from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps off West Africa. Deep-Sea Research II, 57, 2326-2349.
125. Warén A., Pounder W.F. (1991) New species, anatomy and systematic position of the hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep gastropod family Provannidae fam. N. (Caenograstropoda). Zoologica Scripta, 20, 27-56.
126. Warén A., Bouchet P., Von Cosel R. (2006) Mollusca, Gastropoda. Desbruyères D., Segonzac M., Bright M. (Eds), Handbook of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna. Denisia, 18, 82-137. Biologiezentrum der Oberosterreichischen Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria.
127. Warén A., Nakano T., Sellanes J. (2011) A new species of Iothia (Gastropoda: Lepetidae) from Chilean methane seeps, with comments on the accompanying gastropod fauna. The Nautilus, 145, 1-14.
128. Yau C., Collins M.A., Bagley P.M., Everson I., Priede I.G. (2002) Scavenging by megabenthos and demersal fish on the South Georgia slope. Antarctic Science, 14, 16-24.
129. Ziebis W., Haese R.R. (2005) Interactions between fluid flow, geochemistry, and biogeochemical processes at methane seeps. Kristensen E., Haese R.R. & Kostka J.E. (Eds), Interactions Between Macro- and Microorganisms in Marine Sediments. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 60. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC: 267-298.