The social and political implications of moral conviction

Political Psychology

Volumn 35, Issue SUPPL.1, 2014, Pages 95-110

  Skitka, Linda J ^a   Morgan, G Scott ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b DREW UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conflict management; Intolerance; Moral conviction; Morality; Political engagement

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892863847     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pops.12166     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Aramovich, N. P., Lytle, B. L., & Skitka, L. J. (2012). Opposing torture: Moral conviction and resistance to majority influence. Social Influence, 7, 21-34.
2. Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70(9), 1-70.
3. Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perception of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193-209.
4. Bauman, C. W., & Skitka, L. J. (2009). Moral disagreement and procedural justice: Moral mandates as constraints to voice effects. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61, 40-49.
5. Besley, J. C. (2012). Does fairness matter in the context of anger about nuclear energy decision making? Risk Analysis, 32, 25-38.
6. Bloom, P. B. N. (2013). The public's compass: Moral conviction and political attitudes. American Politics Research. Forthcoming.
7. Brandt, M. J., & Wetherell, G. A. (2012). What attitudes are moral attitudes? The case of attitude heritability. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 172-179.
8. Chafee, L. (2013, May 1). Why I am signing marriage equality into law. New York Times. May 11. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/opinion/why-i-am-signing-marriage-equality-into-law-in-rhode-island.html?pagewanted=all).
9. Chaiken, S., & Stangor, C. (1987). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 575-630.
10. Cohn, J. (2010, October, 17). The moral case for soaking the rich. New Republic. http://www.newrepublic.com/blog/jonathan-cohn/78459/moral-argument-soaking-the-rich.
11. Conway, P., Cheung, I., Maxwell-Smith, M., & Seligman, C. (under review). Does moral conviction always override procedural justice when people judge outcomes? Evidence from the 2008 Canadian election.
12. Darwell, S. (1998). Philosophical ethics. Boulder, CO: Westview.
13. Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636.
14. Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., & Tannenbaum, D. (2009). Motivated moral reasoning. In D. M. Bartels, C. W. Bauman, L. J. Skitka, & D. Medin (Eds.) Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 307-338). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
15. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Janovich.
16. Earle, T. C., & Siegrist, M. (2008). On the relation between trust and fairness in environmental risk management. Risk Analysis, 28, 1395-1413.
17. Frank, T. (2005). What's the matter with Kansas? How conservatives won the heart of America. New York, NY: Holt.
18. Gailey, P. (1984). Reagan, at prayer breakfast, calls politics and religion inseparable. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/24/us/reagan-at-prayer-breakfast-calls-politics-and-religion-nseparable.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fChurch-State%20Relations
19. Garguilo, S. P. (2010). Moral conviction as a moderator of framing effects. Master's thesis. Rutgers University.
20. Haider-Markel, D. P. (1998). The politics of social regulatory policy: State and Federal hate crime policy and implementation effort. Political Research Quarterly, 51, 69-88.
21. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814-834.
22. Haidt, J., Koller, S. H., & Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(4), 613.
23. Hare, R. M. (1981). Moral thinking. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
24. Hillygus, D. S., & Shields, T. G. (2005). Moral issues and voter decision making in the 2004 presidential election. PS: Political Science, & Politics, 38, 201-209.
25. Hornsey, M. J., Majkut, L., Terry, D. J., & McKimmie, B. M. (2003). On being loud and proud: Non-conformity and counter-conformity to group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 319-335.
26. Hornsey, M. J., Smith, J. R., & Begg, D. I. (2007). Effects of norms among those with moral conviction: Counter-conformity emerges on intentions but not behaviors. Social Influence, 2, 244-268.
27. Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2013). Surveying the moral landscape moral motives and group-based moralities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 237-241.
28. Janoff-Bulman, R., Sheikh, S., & Hepp, S. (2009). Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: two faces of moral regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(3), 521.
29. Kant, I. (1786/1947). Fundamentals of the metaphysics of morals. New York, NY: Longmans.
30. Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research and social issues (pp. 31-53). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
31. Kohlberg, L. T. (1981). Essays on moral development: The philosophy of moral development (Vol. 1). San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
32. Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1-24). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Lavine, H., Huff, J. W., Wagner, S. H., & Sweeney, D. (1998). The moderating influence of attitude strength on the susceptibility to context effects in attitude surveys. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 359-373.
34. Levy, R. A. (2010, July 7). The moral and constitutional case for a right to gay marriage. New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/moral-constitutional-case-gay-marriage-article-1.461657
35. Liu, B. S., & Ditto, P. H. (2012). What dilemma? Moral evaluation shapes factual belief. Social Psychological and Personality Science.
36. Mackie, J. L. (1977). Ethics: Inventing right and wrong. New York, NY: Penguin.
37. McBride, M. (2013, January 14). The moral mandates around gun control. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/the-moral-mandates-around-gun-control/2013/01/14/d981882a-5e55-11e2-90a0-73c8343c6d61_blog.html
38. McFarland, A. (2013, May 7). Abortion: Is it ever right? The Christian Post. http://www.christianpost.com/news/abortion-is-it-ever-right-95436/ on May 11, 2013).
39. Mooney, C. Z. (2001). The public clash of private values: The politics of morality policy. In C. Z. Mooney (Ed.), The public clash of private values: The politics of morality policy (pp. 3-20). New York, NY: Seven Bridges Press.
40. Mooney, C. Z., Transue, J., & Schuldt, R. G. (2009). Because the bible tells me so: Explaining the propensity to moralize on policy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science, Association 67th Annual National Conference, Chicago, IL.
41. Mooney, C. Z., & Schuldt, R. G. (2008). Does morality policy exist? Testing a basic assumption. Policy Studies Journal, 36, 199-218
42. Morgan, G. S. (2011). Toward a model of morally motivated behavior: Investigating mediators of the moral conviction-action link. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago.
43. Morgan, G. S., Skitka, L. J., & Lytle, B. L. (under review). Universally and objectively true: Psychological foundations of moral conviction.
44. Morgan, G. S., Skitka, L. J., Tagar, M. R., Halperin, E. (2012). Moral conviction and politics: Does ideology matter? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. San Diego, CA.
45. Morgan, G. S., Skitka, L. J., & Wisneski, D. (2010). Moral and religious convictions and intentions to vote in the 2008 Presidential election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10, 307-320.
46. Mullen, E., & Nadler, J. (2008). Moral spillovers: The effect of moral violations on deviant behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1239-1245.
47. Nucci, L. P. (2001). Education in the moral domain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
48. Nucci, L. P., & Turiel, E. (1978). Social interactions and the development of social concepts in pre-school children. Child Development, 49, 400-407.
49. Pomerantz, E. M., Chaiken, S., & Tordesillas, R. S. (1995). Attitude strength and resistance processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 408-419.
50. Pope, C. (2013). A critique of moral relativism in a Monkees song? http://blog.adw.org/2013/02/a-critique-of-moral-relativism-in-a-monkees-song/
51. Prentice, D. A. (1987). Psychological correspondence of possessions, attitudes, and values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 993-1003.
52. Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Bebeau, M. J., & Thoma, S. J. (1999). Postconventional moral thinking. A neo-Kohlbergian approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
53. Ryan, T. J. (2013). Which issues are moral? A psychological approach to conception, measurement, and significance. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science, Association, Chicago, IL.
54. Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., & Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1096-1109.
55. Siegrist, M., Connor, M., & Keller, C. (2012). Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments. Risk Analysis, 32, 1394-1403.
56. Simpson, E. L. (1974). Moral development research: A case of scientific cultural bias. Human Development, 17, 81-106.
57. Skitka, L. J. (in press). The psychological foundations of moral conviction. In J. Wright & H. Sarkissian (Eds.), Advances in Moral Psychology, New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic Press.
58. Skitka, L. J. (2002). Do the means always justify the ends or do the ends sometimes justify the means? A value protection model of justice reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 588-597.
59. Skitka, L. J. (2010). The psychology of moral conviction. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 267-281.
60. Skitka, L. J., & Bauman, C. W. (2008). Moral conviction and political engagement. Political Psychology, 29, 29-54.
61. Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Lytle, B. L. (2009). The limits of legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 567-578.
62. Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Mullen, E. (2008). Morality and justice: An expanded theoretical perspective and review. In K. A. Hedgvedt & J. Clay-Warner (Eds.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 25, pp. 1-27). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.
63. Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Sargis, E. G. (2005). Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 895-917.
64. Skitka, L. J., & Houston, D. (2001). When due process is of no consequence: Moral mandates and presumed defendant guilt or innocence. Social Justice Research, 14, 305-326.
65. Skitka, L. J., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Chen, H., Liu, L. & Xu, L. (2012). Exploring the cross-cultural generalizability and scope of morally motivated intolerance. Social Psychological and Personality and Science, 4, 324-331.
66. Skitka, L. J., & Morgan, G. S. (2009). The double-edged sword of a moral state of mind. In D. Narvaez & D. K. Lapsley (Eds.), Moral self, identity, and character: Prospects for new field of study (pp. 355-374), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
67. Skitka, L. J., & Mullen, E. (2002a). Understanding judgments of fairness in a real-world political context: A test of the value protection model of justice reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1419-1429.
68. Skitka, L. J., & Mullen, E. (2002b). The dark side of moral conviction. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2, 35-41.
69. Skitka, L. J., & Wisneski, D. C. (2011). Moral conviction and emotion. Emotion Review, 3, 328-330.
70. Smith, M. (1994). The moral problem. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. CedarEthics Online. Paper 36. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cedar_ethics_online/36/.
71. Swink, N. (2011). Dogmatism and moral conviction in individuals: Injustice for all. Ph.D. dissertation. Wichita State University.
72. Tatalovich, R., & Daynes, B. W. (2011). Moral controversies in politics. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
73. Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
74. United States, House of Representatives. (1996, July). Defense of Marriage Act. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt664/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt664.pdf
75. van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2012). On conviction's collective consequences: Integrating moral conviction with the social identity model of collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 52-71.
76. van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Bettache, K. (2011). Can moral convictions motivate the advantaged to challenge social inequality? Extending the social identity model of collective action. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(5), 735-753.
77. Wheatley, T., & Haidt, J. (2005). Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe. Psychological Science, 16, 780-784.
78. Wisneski, D. C., Lytle, B. L., & Skitka, L. J. (2009). Gut reactions: Moral conviction, religiosity, and trust in authority. Psychological Science, 20, 1059-1063.
79. Wisneski, D. C., & Skitka, L. J. (2013). Flipping the moralization switch: Exploring possible routes to moral conviction. Emotion Pre-Conference, Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
80. Wright, J. C., Cullum, J., & Schwab, N. (2008). The cognitive and affective dimensions of moral conviction: Implications for attitudinal and behavioral measures of interpersonal tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1461-1476.
81. Zaal, M. P., Van Laar, C., Ståhl, T., Ellemers, N., & Derks, B. (2011). By any means necessary: The effects of regulatory focus and moral conviction on hostile and benevolent forms of collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 670-689.
82. Zeleny, J., & Hulse, C. (2009, August, 19). Obama calls health plan a moral obligation. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/us/politics/20obama.html