Recall of Threat and Submissiveness in Childhood and Psychopathology: The Mediator Effect of Self-Criticism

Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 73-81

  Castilho, Paula ^a   Pinto Gouveia, José ^a   Amaral, Vânia ^b   Duarte, Joana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Depression and Anxiety; Recall of Threat and Submissiveness Experiences in Childhood; Self criticism

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; RECALL; RECALL OF THREAT AND SUBMISSIVENESS EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD; SELF CONCEPT; SELF-CRITICISM; YOUNG ADULT;

DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY; RECALL OF THREAT AND SUBMISSIVENESS EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD; SELF-CRITICISM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL RECALL; MIDDLE AGED; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84892839696     PISSN: 10633995     EISSN: 10990879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1821     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Allan, S., & Gilbert, P. (1997). Submissive behaviour and psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 467-488. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01255.x
2. Baldwin, M.W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461-484. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.112.3.461
3. Baldwin, M.W. (1997). Relational schemas as a source of if-then self-inference procedures. Review of General Psychology, 1, 326-335. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.4.326
4. Baldwin, M.W. (Ed.). (2005). Interpersonal cognition. New York: The Guilford Press.
5. Baldwin, M.W., & Fergusson, P. (2001). Relational schemas: The activation of interpersonal knowledge structures in social anxiety. In W.R. Crozier, & L.E. Alden (Eds), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions to the self and shyness (pp. 235-275). Chichester: J. Wiley & Sons.
6. Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
7. Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
8. Blatt, S., & Zuroff, D. (1992) Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition. Two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 527-562. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90070-O
9. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.
10. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety and anger. London: Hogarth Press.
11. Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I.H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experiences: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 82-98. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82
12. Castilho, P. (2011). Modelos de relação interna: Auto-criticismo e auto-compaixão. Uma abordagem evolucionária compreensiva da sua natureza, função e relação com a psicopatologia [Self-criticism and self-compassion: An evolutionary approach of its nature, function and relation with psychopathology]. Unpublished doctoral thesis
13. Castilho, P., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2011). Auto-criticismo: Estudo de validação da versão portuguesa da Escala das Formas do Auto-Criticismo e Auto-Tranquilização (FSCRS) e da Escala das Funções do Auto-Criticismo e Auto-Ataque (FSCS). [Self-criticism: Validation of the Portuguese versions of the Forms of Self-criticising/attacking and Self-reassuring Scale (FSCRS) and the Functions of Self-Criticism/Attacking Scale (FSCS)]. Psychologica, 54, 63-87.
14. Gilbert, P. (1989). Human nature and suffering. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Gilbert, P. (1992). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Hove, UK: Guilford/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Gilbert, P. (1993). Defence and safety: Their function in social behaviour and psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 131-154. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01039.x
17. Gilbert, P. (2000a). Varieties of submissive behaviour: Evolution and role in depression. In L. Sloman, & P. Gilbert (Eds), Subordination and defeat: An evolutionary approach to mood disorders (pp. 3-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Gilbert, P. (2000b). Social mentalities: Internal 'social' conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert, & K.G. Bailey (Eds), Genes on the couch: Explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy. London: Routledge.
19. Gilbert, P. (2000c). The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: The role of evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7, 174-189. doi: 10.1002/1099-0879(200007)7:3<174::AID-CPP236>3.0.CO;2-U
20. Gilbert, P. (Ed.) (2005). Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Brunner-Routledge.
21. Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1998). The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: An exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychological Medicine, 28, 585-598.
22. Gilbert, P., Allan, S., Brough, S., Melley, S., & Miles, J. (2002). Relationship of anhedonia and anxiety to social rank, defeat and entrapment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 141-151. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00392-5
23. Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M.W., Irons, C., Baccus, J.R., & Palmer, M. (2006). Self-criticism and self-warmth: An imagery study exploring their relation to depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 183-200.
24. Gilbert, P., Birchwood, M., Gilbert, J., Trower, P., Hay, J., Murray, B., & Miles, J.N.V. (2001). An exploration of evolved mental mechanisms for dominant and subordinate behaviour in relation to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and critical thoughts in depression. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1117-1127. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701004093
25. Gilbert, P., Cheung, M., Grandfield, T., Campey, F., & Irons, C. (2003). Recall of threat and submissiveness in childhood: Development of a new scale and its relationship with depression, social comparison and shame. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 10, 108-115. doi: 10.1002/cpp.359
26. Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J.N.V., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31-50.
27. Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). A pilot exploration of the use of compassionate images in a group of self-critical people. Memory, 12, 507-516. doi: 10.1080/09658210444000115
28. Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Brunner-Routledge.
29. Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self criticism: Overview and pilot study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379. doi: 10.1002/cpp.507
30. Greenberg, L.S., Elliott, R.K., & Foerster, F.S. (1990). Experiential processes in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression. In C.D. McCann, & N.S. Endler (Eds), Depression: New directions in theory, research and practice (pp. 157-185). Toronto: Wall & Emerson.
31. Guidano, V.F., & Liotti, G. (1983). Cognitive processes and emotional disorders: A structural approach to psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press.
32. Hartlage, S., Arduino, K., & Alloy, L.B. (1998). Depressive personality characteristics: State dependent concomitants of depressive disorder and traits independent of current depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 349-354. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.349
33. Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M., Baccus, J., & Palmer, M. (2006). Parental recall, attachment relating and self-attacking/self-reassurance: Their relationship with depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 297-308. doi: 10.1348/014466505X68230
34. Kline, R. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
35. Koestner, R., Zuroff, D.C., & Powers, T.A. (1991). Family origins of adolescent self-criticism and its continuity into adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 191-197. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.191
36. Lopes, B., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2012). Portuguese version of the The Early Life Experiences Scale. Unpublished manuscript.
37. Lovibond, P., & Lovibond, S. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
38. Mongrain, M., Vettese, L.C., Shuster, B., & Kendal, N. (1998). Perceptual biases, affect and behavior in relationship of dependents and self-critics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 230-241. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.230
39. Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualisation of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102. doi: 10.1080/15298860390129863
40. Pais-Ribeiro, J.L., Honrado, A., & Leal, I. (2004). Contribuição para o estudo da adaptação portuguesa das escalas de depressão ansiedade stress de Lovibond e Lovibond. Psychologica, 36, 235-246.
41. Parker, G. (1983). Parental overprotection: A risk factor in psychosocial development. New York: Grune and Stratton.
42. Perris, C. (1994). Linking the experience of dysfunctional parental rearing with manifest psychopathology: A theoretical framework. In C. Perris, W.A. Arrindell, & M. Eisemann (Eds), Parenting and psychopathology. Chichester: Wiley.
43. Perry, B.D., Pollard, R.A., Blakley, T.L., Baker, W.L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and 'use-dependent' development of the brain: How 'states' become 'traits'. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 271-291. doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(199524)16:4<271::AID-IMHJ2280160404>3.0.CO;2-B
44. Richter, J., Richter, G., Eisemann, M., Seering, B., & Bartsch, M. (1994). Depression, perceived parental rearing, and self-acceptance. European Psychiatry, 10, 290-296. doi: 10.1016/0924-9338(96)80310-5
45. Rutter, M., Dunn, J., Plomin, R., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Maughan, B., Ormel, J., Meyer, J., & Eaves, L. (1997). Integrating nature and nurture: Implications of person-environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 335-364. doi: 10.1017/S0954579497002083
46. Safran, J.D., & Segal, Z.V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Basic Books.
47. Schore, A. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
48. Schore, A. (2001). The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 201-269. doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:1<201::AID-IMHJ8>3.0.CO;2-9
49. Siegel, D.J. (2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships "mindsight" and neural integration. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 67-94. doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:1<67::AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-G
50. Sloman, L., & Atkinson, L. (2000). Social competition and attachment. In L. Sloman, & P. Gilbert (Eds), Subordination and defeat. An evolutionary approach to mood disorders (pp. 3-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
51. Teasdale, J., & Cox, S. (2001). Dysphoria: Self-devaluative and affective components in recovered depressed and never depressed controls. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1311-1316. doi: 10.1017/S003329170100424X
52. Whelton, W., & Greenberg, L. (2005). Emotion in self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1583-1595. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.024
53. Zuroff, D.C., Koestner, R., & Powers, T.A. (1994). Self-criticism at age 12: A longitudinal study of adjustment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 367-385. doi: 10.1007/BF02357511
54. Zuroff, D.C., Santor, D.A., & Mongrain, M. (2005). Dependency, self-criticism, and maladjustment. In J.S. Auerbach, K.J. Levy, & C.E. Schaffer (Eds), Relatedness, self-definition and mental representation: Essays in honor of Sidney J. Blatt. London: Brunner-Routledge.